Exam Prep Modules 2-5 PDF

Exam notes to study Module two -foundation systems In light frame wood construction, foundation systems are customarily considered to consist of: 1. Strip footings 2. Pad footings 3. Foundation walls Strip footing All structures are built on soil F...

Exam notes to study Module two -foundation systems In light frame wood construction, foundation systems are customarily considered to consist of: 1. Strip footings 2. Pad footings 3. Foundation walls Strip footing All structures are built on soil Foundation is required to transmit the loads of the structure onto a large are of soil Foundation design is based on bearing capacity The imposed loads must not exceed the capacity of the soil Loads must be imparted to the soil or bearing surfaces in a uniform manner Strip footing – key In class exercise Strip footings – OBC 9.15.3.6  Pad footings Foundation walls Function 1. To support and transfer the load from the above building to the footing below in a uniform manner 2. To enclose an interior space 3. To retain an exterior soil and moisture How to decide which foundation type to use 1. Cost. 2. Availability of materials 3. Access to the site 4. Availability of skilled labour 5. Technical quality 6. Client preference Foundation wall types 1. Cast in place concrete 2. CMU’s 3. Preserved/permanent wood 4. Insulating concrete forms CMU’s `Preserved/permanent wood 1. Employs many of the standard wood frame details 2. Requires special attention to detail 3. Requires special sub-draining detail Insulating concrete forms Insulating concrete form walls are used as exterior walls for residential and commercial buildings The walls high R-value makes ICF construction an attractive alternative where energy conservation is important Damp proofing 1. damp proofing is intended to keep moisture out of the soil 2. damp proofing is a coating, usually asphalt based that is either machine applied, or hand applied to the outside of the foundation water proofing hydrostatic pressure exerted by a stationary liquid against an adjacent surface typically a system prefabricated membranes modified bitumen sheets liquid applied sheets exterior side/ positive side least problematic interior side/ negative side preventing water from entering space does not prevent the water from entering the wall  easily accessible after construction Parging Used to cover the above grade surface of a foundation wall. Protects the foundation from moisture penetration. Helps improve energy efficiency by sealing holes and leaks in your concrete walls. Like stucco. Esthetically appealing. Parging How is It Made? Parging is made from a blend of lime, water, and cement. If it is not done correctly, it can cause cracking and problems with the parging adhering to the wall. How is It Applied? Applied to a wet wall with a masonry trowel. It can be smooth or textured. Foundation Wall - Drainage Moisture in the soil adjacent to foundation walls is to be redirected to the base of the wall by a drainage layer. Window wells Concrete Slabs Three Types: 1. Slab-on-Ground / Floors-on-Ground: 2. Basement Slabs. 3. Garage Slabs. 4. Slab-on-Grade. 5. Elevated Slabs. 1. Slabs on Ground / Floors-on-Ground, a) Basement Slabs Basement Slabs: Not structural. Used in conjunction with foundation systems. Typically poured after the house is framed in. Ensure all plumbing and drainage systems are “roughed-in”. Foundation Systems - Components B. Drainage layer. C. Damp proofing. D. Concrete Masonry Unit (CMU). E. Cast-in-place concrete foundation wall. F. Free draining granular material. G. Drainage tile. I. Slab-on-ground / floors-on-ground: Basement slab. J. Compacted granular fill. M. Finished grade. Concrete Slabs Always specify concrete for basement slabs as per 9.16.4.5. 25 MPa, with no damp proof. Extra water – bleed water must depart before finishing can take place. Over troweling can bring bleed water to the surface. Polyethylene under a slab prevents bleeding water draining to the substrate. OBC references 9.12. Excavation 9.13. Damp proofing, Waterproofing and Soil Gas Control 9.14. Drainage 9.15. Footings and Foundations 9.16. Floors-on-Ground Exam Notes to study – module 3 All about wood 1. Wood: Wood Grain. Moisture. Seasoning.  Lumber Surfacing. Sawn Wood Products Lumber Dimensions. Board Feet Calculations. Lumber Grading. Wood Degradation. Pros: Good weight to strength ratio. Easily cut and worked. Easily fastened. paint and stains. Good insulation properties. Doesn’t readily transmit sound. Low co-efficient of thermal expansionChemical Treatment of Wood. Cons: Shrinks and swells in response to moisture. Prone to warping. Susceptible to decay. Susceptible to insect attacks. Degraded by sunlight. Combustible. Across its lifecycle, no building product has lower energy consumption rates. Wood essentially acts as storage for CO2, even after it becomes a building material. When recycled as fuel, it releases more energy than was used in its production. Biodegradable. Rapidly renewable. Reclaimed and repurposed. Native trees in Canada are divided into 2 categories: 1. Conifer / Coniferous: Soft woods. Evergreens. 2. Deciduous: Hard woods. Broad leaf. Some hardwoods are softer than some softwoods. Hard and soft does not necessarily describe relative wood densities. In construction, species which share characteristics are grouped together.  Douglas Fir & Larch. Western Hemlock & Amabilis Fir. Spruce, Pine & Fir. Northern species Tree form: Crown. Trunk. Roots. Under normal conditions, total cell development in a year/growing season is referred to as an annual ring, or growth ring. Counting rings give us the age of the tree. Maturity varies greatly between species: Poplar +/- 20 years. White Pine +/- 100 years. Bristlecone Pine +/- 4500 years. Wood is anisotropic – a material that has properties in different directions Three types of loading: 1. Compression. 2. Tension. 3. Shear. Wood is much stronger parallel to the grain than it is perpendicular to the grain.  Wood grain Wood - Moisture Seasoning wood is the general term that describes the removal of excess water in wood.  At 19% moisture content, wood is not readily susceptible to insect attack or can give rise to decay. Prolonged contact with soil, masonry or water leakage will lead to a higher moisture content. Green Wood Wood that has been recently cut and not had an opportunity to season (dry) by evaporation of the internal moisture. Seasoned to meet the moisture content. Ensures stability. Improves stability. Reduces susceptibility to decay, insect attack. Improved capacity to receive treatments. Easier to work with and finish. Weight reduction. Lumber Seasoning There are three methods of seasoning: 1. Air Drying: Natural. Stored protected. +1 year. 12-15% Moisture content possible. 2. Forced Air Drying: Like air drying. Enclosed. Fans draw air. 22-40% less time than air drying. 3. Kiln Drying: Controls temperature, humidity, air pressure, air circulation. As low as 3% moisture content possible.  Controlled seasoning minimizes the loss of wood value by reducing the effects of drying. Tangential and radial shrinkage may combine to create lumber defects. Lumber defects are not the same as natural defects. Lumber Surfacing Surfacing is done by high-speed planning machines, a replacement for the traditional hand-held carpenter’s plane. Surfacing smooths lumber, rounds off edges, and makes it squarer, removing some of the distortions that have occurred during the seasoning process. Lumber that has been surfaced before seasoning is identified as S-GRN (Surface Green). Sawn Wood Products Lumber – Product of a sawmill. Classified into one of three categories: 1. Board lumber: Renovating older buildings. 2. Dimensional lumber: New construction. 3. Timbers: Renovation or new construction Lumber Dimensions The term Actual is used for lumber that is cut to standardized width and depth (specified in inches). The term Nominal is larger than the actual standard dimensions. Historically, the dimensions were the size of the green (not dried) rough boards that eventually became smaller through drying and planning (to smooth the wood). Early standards called for green rough lumber to be of full nominal dimension when dry. The dimensions have diminished over time. Today, standards specify the actual final dressed size dimensions, and the mill cuts the logs to whatever size it needs to achieve these. Though the actual measured size has gotten smaller over time, the names have remained the same. Board Feet Calculations Most of the lumber used in structural framing of wood buildings is dimensional lumber. 2”x (referred to a two by) lumber is most used. If a member thicker than 2” is required, two or more 2”x members are nailed, screwed or bolted together. Most lumber yards do not regularly stock lumber longer than 20’-0”.  Local availability should be checked before specifying a certain length One board foot equals the volume of 1’-0” length of board x 1’-0” wide by 1” thick. Larger cross-sections, longer lengths and higher grades cost more. In home-improvement building material stores, lumber is typically sold by piece, rather than by board foot. In Europe and other countries, where the metric system prevails, lumber is sold by the cubic meter Lumber Grading A minimum standard which describes the extent and the limitations (natural defects, etc.) of the characteristics permitted in lumber, having regard to the probable end use for which it is intended. In North America, each piece of lumber used for structural framing is graded and stamped. The grading is done by an independent inspection agency, employing trained inspectors. Visual inspection (visual grading) of growth characteristics. Whereas the lumber used in the structural frame of a typical wood building is visually graded, the lumber used in more demanding structural applications, such as wood truss, is machine graded. Machine graded lumber is referred to as machine stress-rated (MSR) lumber. 1. Checks, shakes, splits, reduce the strength of the wood. 2. Their sizes and numbers are considered in the grading of lumber. Checks: Separation of wood fibers. This is caused by drying of wood and occurs at the ends of the members and on its faces. Results from the surfaces of the wood drying faster than the interior. Shakes: Separation on wood fibers along growth rings. Occurs during the growth of the tree, not due to drying. Splits: Occur at the ends and is a complete separation of wood fibers through the entire end.  Believed to be caused by a weakness occurring during the growth of the tree and aggravated during drying. 1. Wanes and pitch pockets reduce the strength of the wood. 2. Their sizes and numbers are considered in the grading of lumber. Wanes: Absence of wood or the presence of barking at the corner or the edge that results from the sawing process. Pitch Pocket: A cavity in the wood is caused by insects or some impact on the tree. Sap fills the void and results in a resin-filled pocket that may appear solid but can severely reduce the strength of a board. 1. Knots reduce the strength of the wood. 2. Their sizes and numbers are considered in the grading of lumber. Wood is an organic material subject to agents of degradation: 1. Fungal decay. 2. Insects. 3. Weathering. Wood Degradation - Fungal Decay Because fungus is plant life, four factors are necessary for its survival and growth: 1. Oxygen. 2. Mild temperature. 3. Water. 4. Food. Wood Degradation - Insects 1. Termites. 2. Carpenter Ants 3. Wood Boring Beetles Chemical Treatment of Wood 1. Preservation. 2. Fire resistance (not fireproof). 3. Paints and stains. OBC reference 9.3.2 lumber and wood products Engineered Wood and Fasteners 1. Engineered wood: Types. I-Joists. Light Frame Wood Trusses. 2. Fasteners: Types. Engineered Wood - Types 1. Plywood. 2. Oriented Strand Board (OSB) and waferboard. 3. Laminated Strand Lumber (LSL). 4. Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL). 5. Parallel Strand Lumber (PSL / Parallam). 6. Glued-laminated Timber (Glulam). 7. Particle Board. 8. Fibre Board / Hardboard. Plywood Plywood panels are made by gluing wood veneers together under heat and pressure. As wood is stronger along the grain than across the grain, cross-graining tends to equalize the strength of a plywood panel in its two principal directions. The most common plywood panel size is 4’x8’ with a thickness varying from 1/8” to 1 ¼”. Longer plywood panels are manufactured for siding and industrial use. Plywood Standard grades Canadian Exterior Plywood. Sanded Grades: Applications where a high-quality finish is required: Paneling, cabinetry, underlay, etc. Unsanded Grades: Applications such as subflooring, sheathing, etc. Grades of piles may vary but not the species group.  Fabricated by bonding strands or wafers of wood. From fast growing species such as Pine or Aspen (Aspenite). Bonded together under heat and pressure with phenolic resin adhesive. Waferboard and OSB are distinguished by the shape, size and orientation of the strands or wafers that are used in their fabrication. Oriented Strand Board (OSB) Fabricated by bonding strands or wafers of wood. From fast growing species such as Pine or Aspen (Aspenite). Bonded together under heat and pressure with phenolic resin adhesive. Waferboard and OSB are distinguished by the shape, size and orientation of the strands or wafers that are used in their fabrication. Good strength, stability and nail holding properties. Skid resistant surface treatments. Material is used in the fabrication of other products. May be susceptible to water damage. Thickness ¼” to 1 1/8”. Available square or tongue and groove Fibre board / Hardboard A term that describes a range of products manufactured by pressing wood fibres together. Varying the fibre density crates 3 different products (in order of increased density): 1. Particle Board (low density fibreboard). 2. Medium Density Fibreboard (MDF) 3. Hardboard / High Density Fibreboard (HDF). Particle Board Bonding of wood particles with urea-formaldehyde resin adhesive. Limited use in construction. Do not be exposed to water. Used extensively as a core material with laminated melamine plastic or wood veneer for cabinetry and furniture. Panel sizes 1220mm x 2440mm (48”x96”). 12mm (1/2”) to 18mm (11/16”) thickness. Low density panel product (not as dense as wood). 4’x8’ Sheets. Used as a wall sheathing. Typically coated / impregnated with an asphalt-based material to provide water resistance. Improved thermal resistance. Dimensionally stable. Laminated Strand Lumber (LSL) Similar in nature to Orient Strand Board (OSB). Stands up to 200mm (8”) long. Up to 8’-0” wide, 48’-0” long and 5 ½” thick.  It is commonly used in wood frame construction. Straight and dimensionally stable Can be used in wall framing. Actual size - 89mm (3 ½”), 140mm (5 ½”) and 184 (71/4”). Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL) Veneers are laid with all grain parallel. Up to 4’-0” wide, 80’-0” long and 3 ½” thick. It is commonly used in wood frame construction. Dimensionally stable. Receive loads as beams. Parallel Strand Lumber (PSL / Parallam) Strands are laid with all grain parallel. Up to 11” wide, 66’-0” long and 20” deep. Dimensionally stable to receive loads as beams or columns. Extremely strong. Glued-Laminated Timber (Glulam) Large cross sections of glulam members made by gluing laminations side-by-side and face-to- face Dimensional lumber. 1” to 2” thick, never more than 2”. Glued and compressed. Large spans possible. Curved members possible. I-Joists Typically referred to as pre-engineered floor joists. Manufactured products are made up of an assortment/combination of wood, wood products or metals, depending on the manufacturers. High strength/weight ratio. Dimensionally stable, stiff and strong. Large openings are possible. Hole charts are provided for solid webs (never cut a flange). Long spans available. Light Frame Wood Trusses Parallel chord truss. Prefabricated structural frames. Wide variety of shapes, designs and sizes are possible. Trusses consisting of individual members that are joined together to form an array of interconnected triangular forms. The triangle is a naturally rigid geometric shape that resists being distorted when loaded from any direction, a truss is more rigid than a beam with the same amount of material. Several shapes are common for wood trusses. Either a roof or floor truss. The shape and size of a truss are limited by manufacturing and transportation capabilities. Fasteners - Types 1. Nails. 2. Screws and Bolts. 3. Staples. 4. Adhesives. 5. Metal Connectors. Nails Generally made of low or medium carbon steel wire that is heat treated to increase its stiffness. Where increased impact resistance is needed (such as for masonry nails), steel with a higher carbon content is used. Nails made without any further treatment for corrosion are called “Brite” nails. In exterior siding and decks where greater corrosion resistance is needed, hot-dip galvanized nails are used. Stainless steel nails can provide even higher corrosion resistance, but are expensive Nails - Types and Sizes The “d” is associated with the Roman penny called the “denarius”. 16d refers to a 16-penny nail. Indicates nail length. The cost of the hand-forged nails. Staples Staplers fire a fastener with two legs and a crown; unlike staples, all nails have one point, not two. Construction staplers hold sheathing for roofs, floors, roofing felts and house wrap. They can be used to lay carpeting, holding media cabling in place, and assembling cabinets. Electric and pneumatic staplers are most common in construction, except for the hammer stapler. Hammer staplers look like a hammer but fire a staple in place when the user whacks it manually against the surface Metal Connectors Can be divided into two types: 1. Light-gauge sheet steel connectors (generally 16 to 20 gauge): Conventional wood framing, such as joists between rafters or trusses and the top plate, between studs and bottom plates, etc. 2. Heavy-gauge steel connectors (generally 7 to 12 gauge): Heavy wood framing, such as joints between a post and a beam, between two beams, between a post and the foundation, etc. 3. Also used in high-wind or high-seismic regions in wood light-frame buildings, which would otherwise require light-gauge connectors. Metal Connectors - Joist Hangers Mechanical connectors which simplify floor joist connections. Single or double hangers. Engineered to meet the requirements of OBC Part 9. OBC references 9.23.3. Fasteners 9.23.9. Floor Joists 9.23.16. Roof Sheathing Module 5 -wall framing Module 5 - Wall Framing 1. Terminology. 2. Construction Process. 3. Wood Frame Systems – Loads. 4. Sizing Studs. 5. In-class Exercise 1. 6. Connections. 7. Openings: Lintels. Sizing Lintels. In-class Exercise 2. 8. Bracing and Lateral Support. 9. Panel Sheathing. 10. Lightweight Steel Framing. 11. Advanced Framing Techniques. A wall: Provides structure. Keeps the elements out. Maintains indoor comfort. Durable. Able to be repaired. Function in a variety of conditions. Walls are inherently complicated: They connect to the foundation, floors, and roof.  We cut holes in them. We fasten things to the inside and outside of them. They contain mechanical and electrical systems. Sizing Studs 1. Type of stud – loadbearing or non-loadbearing. 2. Location of the studs in the building or loads imposed on the studs. 3. Size of studs desired/required (R value in exterior walls?). 4. Spacing of studs desired/required. 5. Height of the studs desired/required. `  Makes the house more stable and easier to install gypsum board. The lines are guidelines placed on the panels at 12”, 16” and 24” o.c. to help framers locate studs, joists or rafters behind the panels. Advanced wall framing techniques Some of the ways to reduce the amount of wood waste are  Additional building material Double Stud Framing Pros: High R-value. Space for mechanical and electrical. Familiar framing techniques. Soundproofing. Cons: Smaller interior footprint. Additional building material OBC references 9.23.5. Notching and Drilling 9.23.10. Wall Studs 9.23.11. Wall Plates 9.23.12. Framing Over Openings 9.23.16. Wall Sheathing Module 6 roof framing 1. Types & terminology. 2. Slopes. 3. Roof Framing: Ceiling Joists and Rafters. Intermediate Support. Sizing Ceiling, Rafter, and Roof Joists. In-class Exercise 1. 4. Roof Trusses: Terminology. Framing. 5. Roof Rakes / Ladders / Lookouts. 6. Flat Roofs. 7. Roof Sheathing. 8. Eaves, Soffits and Fascias. Chimneys.