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Questions and Answers
What is the primary purpose of parging?
What is the primary purpose of parging?
What is the primary function of foundation walls?
What is the primary function of foundation walls?
What materials are used to make parging?
What materials are used to make parging?
Which type of concrete slab is typically not structural and is used in conjunction with foundation systems?
Which type of concrete slab is typically not structural and is used in conjunction with foundation systems?
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Which of the following is NOT a factor to consider when deciding on a foundation type?
Which of the following is NOT a factor to consider when deciding on a foundation type?
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What materials are commonly used for foundation walls?
What materials are commonly used for foundation walls?
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What can cause parging to crack and not adhere properly to the wall?
What can cause parging to crack and not adhere properly to the wall?
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Which component is part of foundation systems that helps in moisture control?
Which component is part of foundation systems that helps in moisture control?
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What is the main purpose of damp proofing in foundation systems?
What is the main purpose of damp proofing in foundation systems?
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What does the term 'hydrostatic pressure' refer to in foundation contexts?
What does the term 'hydrostatic pressure' refer to in foundation contexts?
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What is a disadvantage of using wood as a building material?
What is a disadvantage of using wood as a building material?
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What must be done to extra water on a concrete slab before finishing?
What must be done to extra water on a concrete slab before finishing?
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Which type of foundation utilizes insulating concrete forms (ICF)?
Which type of foundation utilizes insulating concrete forms (ICF)?
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What gives wood its low energy consumption rates throughout its lifecycle?
What gives wood its low energy consumption rates throughout its lifecycle?
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What is the function of parging on a foundation wall?
What is the function of parging on a foundation wall?
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What factor is critical when designing strip footings?
What factor is critical when designing strip footings?
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What is the primary purpose of surfacing lumber?
What is the primary purpose of surfacing lumber?
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Which category of lumber is mainly used for renovating older buildings?
Which category of lumber is mainly used for renovating older buildings?
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What does the term 'Nominal' refer to in lumber dimensions?
What does the term 'Nominal' refer to in lumber dimensions?
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How is one board foot defined?
How is one board foot defined?
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What is the typical maximum length for lumber stocked at most yards?
What is the typical maximum length for lumber stocked at most yards?
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Which of the following is an important factor that lumber grading considers?
Which of the following is an important factor that lumber grading considers?
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Which lumber dimension term refers to the size after it has been processed?
Which lumber dimension term refers to the size after it has been processed?
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What is a common method for connecting thicker lumber members together?
What is a common method for connecting thicker lumber members together?
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Which type of nails is used for increased impact resistance?
Which type of nails is used for increased impact resistance?
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What does the 'd' in nail designation refer to?
What does the 'd' in nail designation refer to?
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Which type of stapler is designed to be manually operated?
Which type of stapler is designed to be manually operated?
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What gauge steel is typically used for light-gauge sheet steel connectors?
What gauge steel is typically used for light-gauge sheet steel connectors?
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What is the primary function of a wall in construction?
What is the primary function of a wall in construction?
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Which type of metal connector is typically used for heavy wood framing?
Which type of metal connector is typically used for heavy wood framing?
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In which regions are metal connectors essential for wood light-frame buildings?
In which regions are metal connectors essential for wood light-frame buildings?
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What are Brite nails characterized by?
What are Brite nails characterized by?
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What is the primary purpose of cross-graining in plywood manufacturing?
What is the primary purpose of cross-graining in plywood manufacturing?
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Which of the following is NOT a standard grade of plywood mentioned?
Which of the following is NOT a standard grade of plywood mentioned?
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Which material is primarily used in the fabrication of Waferboard and OSB?
Which material is primarily used in the fabrication of Waferboard and OSB?
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Which product is described as low density fibreboard?
Which product is described as low density fibreboard?
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What adhesive is used in the bonding of Particle Board?
What adhesive is used in the bonding of Particle Board?
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What is a common application for sanded grade plywood?
What is a common application for sanded grade plywood?
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What key property distinguishes OSB from Waferboard?
What key property distinguishes OSB from Waferboard?
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Which of the following properties may OSB be susceptible to?
Which of the following properties may OSB be susceptible to?
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What is the maximum thickness of Glulam members?
What is the maximum thickness of Glulam members?
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Which material is typically used for wall sheathing?
Which material is typically used for wall sheathing?
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What is the primary characteristic of I-Joists?
What is the primary characteristic of I-Joists?
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What is the shape of a typical wood truss?
What is the shape of a typical wood truss?
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What feature improves thermal resistance in wall sheathing materials?
What feature improves thermal resistance in wall sheathing materials?
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Which type of lumber receives loads as beams or columns?
Which type of lumber receives loads as beams or columns?
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What type of fastener is commonly made from low or medium carbon steel wire?
What type of fastener is commonly made from low or medium carbon steel wire?
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What distinguishes Parallel Strand Lumber (PSL/Parallam) from other types of lumber?
What distinguishes Parallel Strand Lumber (PSL/Parallam) from other types of lumber?
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Study Notes
Foundation Systems
- Foundation systems in light frame wood construction typically consist of strip footings, pad footings, and foundation walls.
- Strip footings are built on soil.
- Foundation design considers the soil's bearing capacity and ensures loads are distributed uniformly to prevent exceeding the soil's capacity.
- Strip footings transfer structural loads to a large area of soil.
Strip Footings Key
- Keyways/Key prevent slippage from spreaders.
In-Class Exercise
- Calculating minimum pad size for columns spaced 13'-9" apart supporting two floors.
- Metric calculation, given a column spacing of 4.2m+3.0m, yields a minimum pad size of 1025mm x 1025mm.
- Imperial calculation yields a minimum pad size of 40.34" x 40.34".
Foundation Walls
- Support and transfer building loads to footings below.
- Enclose interior space.
- Retain exterior soil and moisture.
Foundation Type Decision
- Factors influencing foundation type include cost, material availability, site access, skilled labor, technical quality, and client preference.
Foundation Wall Types
- Cast-in-place concrete
- Concrete masonry units (CMU's)
- Preserved/permanent wood
- Insulating concrete forms (ICFs)
Strip Footings - Adjustments
- Exterior walls: increase strip footing widths by 65mm per storey of masonry veneer over wood frame construction, 130mm for each masonry, and 150mm each storey of flat insulating concrete form (ICF) wall construction.
- Interior walls: increase minimum strip widths by 100mm for each storey of load-bearing masonry wall and increase non-loadbearing walls by100mm per 2.7m of height up to a width of 200mm for walls.
Pad Footings
- Details on pad footings are not included.
Basic Footing Widths and areas
- Minimum footing width/area are in tables based on number of floors supported. (exterior and interior walls).
Damp Proofing
- Keeps moisture out of the soil and foundation
- Usually asphalt.
- Applied to the outside of the foundation (machine or hand applied).
Waterproofing
- Prevents water from entering the structure.
- Systems include prefabricated membranes, modified bitumen sheets, or liquid applied sheets.
Parging
- Used to cover above-grade foundation surfaces.
- Protects foundation from moisture.
- Improves energy efficiency.
- Aesthetically appealing.
Foundation Wall - Drainage
- Redirects soil moisture to the base of the wall using a drainage layer
Window Wells
- Drain to the footing level or other suitable location.
- Drainage tile or granular fill.
Concrete Slabs
- Three types:
- Slab-on-ground/floors-on-ground
- Basement slabs
- Garage slabs
- Slab-on-grade
- Elevated slabs
- Basement slabs details are not included.
Wood
- Wood Grain: Wood is anisotropic and stronger parallel to the grain than across. Different grain types, such as flatsawn, quartersawn, are identified. Moisture affects wood's dimension.
- Seasoning: Seasoning is the process for removing excess water in wood. Methods include air drying (natural, stored protected, 12-15% moisture content possible over 1+ years) Forced Air Drying (like air drying). and Kiln Drying (controls temperature, humidity, air pressure, air circulation).
- Lumber: Lumber has dimensions, and seasoning affects dimensions.
- Lumber dimensions: Actual and Nominal dimensions and conversions between imperial and metric.
Wood Degradation:
- Insects: Wood is susceptible to termites, carpenter ants, and wood-boring beetles, affecting strength and structure.
- Fungal Decay: Oxygen, mild temps, water, and food are essential for fungal growth, breaking down wood.
Lumber Surfacing
- High-speed planning machines smooth lumber, round off edges and make it square.
- Surface green lumber is identified as S-GRN.
Lumber Products
- Categorized into board lumber, dimensional lumber, and timbers.
- Board Lumber: used for renovating older buildings.
- Dimensional Lumber: used for new construction.
- Timbers: used for renovation and new construction.
Engineered Wood: Types
- Plywood
- Oriented Strand Board (OSB) and waferboard
- Laminated Strand Lumber (LSL)
- Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL)
- Parallel Strand Lumber (PSL)
- Glued-laminated Timber (Glulam)
- Particle board
- Fibre board
Panel Sheathing
- Structural Insulated Panels (SIPS). manufactured panels with EPS/XPS insulated core.
Lightweight Steel Framing Features and Disadvantages
- Advantages: Lighter weight, higher strength, dimensional stability, uniform quality, durability, noncombustible, and waste recycling.
- Disadvantages: Corrosion, thermal bridging, and bracing and web stiffening problems.
Advanced Framing Techniques
- Reduce lumber usage and redundancies in conventional framing.
- Increase energy efficiency
Additional Building Materials
- Methods for reducing wood usage (Changing Stud Layout, Using Drywall Clips, Using Insulation in Headers, Single Top Plates, and others).
- More specialized techniques such as double stud framing
Fasteners-Types
- Nails (made of low or medium carbon steel wire) used for construction.
- Screws and Bolts.
- Staples.
- Adhesives.
- Metal Connectors (light and heavy gauge sheet steel connectors)
Wall Framing
- Terminology, Construction Process, wood frame systems-loads, sizing studs and connections.
Roof Framing
- Roof Framing: Types and terminology, slopes, roof framing: ceiling joists, intermediate support and sizing ceiling, rafters, roof trusses. Roofing: Flat roofs, sheathing, eaves, soffits and fascias, chimneys, terminologies, and in-class exercises.
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Description
Test your knowledge on foundation systems, the purpose of parging, and materials used in construction. This quiz covers essential elements such as damp proofing, moisture control, and the impact of hydrostatic pressure on foundations. Explore the characteristics and disadvantages of different building materials.
