Foundation Systems and Parging Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of parging?

  • To enhance structural integrity
  • To improve energy efficiency (correct)
  • To replace concrete slabs
  • To provide additional insulation

What is the primary function of foundation walls?

  • To support and transfer the load from the building to the footing (correct)
  • To serve as insulation against temperature changes
  • To provide ventilation for the building
  • To enhance the aesthetic appeal of the structure

What materials are used to make parging?

  • Cement, soil, and clay
  • Sand, water, and gravel
  • Lime, water, and cement (correct)
  • Lime, clay, and brick

Which type of concrete slab is typically not structural and is used in conjunction with foundation systems?

<p>Basement Slabs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a factor to consider when deciding on a foundation type?

<p>Color preference of the materials (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What materials are commonly used for foundation walls?

<p>Cast in place concrete and CMU’s (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can cause parging to crack and not adhere properly to the wall?

<p>Incorrect application techniques (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is part of foundation systems that helps in moisture control?

<p>Drainage layer (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of damp proofing in foundation systems?

<p>To keep moisture out of the soil (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'hydrostatic pressure' refer to in foundation contexts?

<p>Pressure exerted by a stationary liquid against a surface (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a disadvantage of using wood as a building material?

<p>Prone to warping due to moisture (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must be done to extra water on a concrete slab before finishing?

<p>It must be removed (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of foundation utilizes insulating concrete forms (ICF)?

<p>Residential and commercial buildings (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What gives wood its low energy consumption rates throughout its lifecycle?

<p>Its capability to store CO2 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of parging on a foundation wall?

<p>To protect the foundation from moisture penetration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor is critical when designing strip footings?

<p>Uniform load distribution to the soil (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of surfacing lumber?

<p>To smooth, round edges, and remove distortions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which category of lumber is mainly used for renovating older buildings?

<p>Board lumber (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'Nominal' refer to in lumber dimensions?

<p>Dimensions larger than the actual standardized size (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is one board foot defined?

<p>1' long by 1' wide by 1' thick (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical maximum length for lumber stocked at most yards?

<p>20'-0&quot; (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an important factor that lumber grading considers?

<p>The presence of natural defects (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which lumber dimension term refers to the size after it has been processed?

<p>Actual (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common method for connecting thicker lumber members together?

<p>Nailing, screwing, or bolting them together (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of nails is used for increased impact resistance?

<p>Higher carbon content steel nails (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'd' in nail designation refer to?

<p>Length of the nail (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of stapler is designed to be manually operated?

<p>Hammer stapler (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What gauge steel is typically used for light-gauge sheet steel connectors?

<p>16 to 20 gauge (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a wall in construction?

<p>To provide structure and maintain indoor comfort (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of metal connector is typically used for heavy wood framing?

<p>Heavy-gauge connectors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which regions are metal connectors essential for wood light-frame buildings?

<p>High-wind or high-seismic regions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are Brite nails characterized by?

<p>They are untreated for corrosion. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of cross-graining in plywood manufacturing?

<p>To equalize strength in two directions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a standard grade of plywood mentioned?

<p>Decorative Grades (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which material is primarily used in the fabrication of Waferboard and OSB?

<p>Fast growing species like Pine or Aspen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which product is described as low density fibreboard?

<p>Particle Board (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What adhesive is used in the bonding of Particle Board?

<p>Urea-formaldehyde (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common application for sanded grade plywood?

<p>Cabinetry (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key property distinguishes OSB from Waferboard?

<p>Shape, size, and orientation of strands (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following properties may OSB be susceptible to?

<p>Water damage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum thickness of Glulam members?

<p>2 inches (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which material is typically used for wall sheathing?

<p>Laminated Strand Lumber (LSL) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of I-Joists?

<p>High strength-to-weight ratio (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the shape of a typical wood truss?

<p>Triangular (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What feature improves thermal resistance in wall sheathing materials?

<p>Low density (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of lumber receives loads as beams or columns?

<p>Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of fastener is commonly made from low or medium carbon steel wire?

<p>Nails (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes Parallel Strand Lumber (PSL/Parallam) from other types of lumber?

<p>Strands are laid with all grains parallel (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Strip Footing

A continuous foundation element that runs along the length of a load-bearing wall, transferring structural loads to the soil beneath.

Pad Footing

A spread footing designed to support a concentrated load, such as a column or a pier. It has a wider base to distribute the load over a larger area of soil.

Foundation Wall

A vertical structural element that encloses a space and transfers building loads to the foundation footing below.

Bearing Capacity

The ability of soil to withstand the weight of a structure without collapsing

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Damp Proofing

A coating applied to the exterior of a foundation wall to prevent moisture from penetrating the soil. It's usually asphalt-based.

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Waterproofing

A membrane or system used to prevent water from entering a structure, especially below grade.

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Hydrostatic Pressure

The force exerted by water against a surface, especially on foundation walls due to groundwater.

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Parging

A thin layer of mortar applied to the above-grade surface of a foundation wall to protect it from moisture and weathering.

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S-GRN Lumber

Lumber that has been surfaced before seasoning. It is identified with the marking 'S-GRN'.

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Nominal Lumber Dimension

The larger, traditional dimension of lumber, typically referring to the size before drying and surfacing. It's larger than the actual size.

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Actual Lumber Dimension

The standardized, smaller dimension of lumber after drying and surfacing, representing the actual measured size.

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Board Lumber

Lumber typically used for renovations and other projects where appearance is prioritized.

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Dimensional Lumber

Lumber primarily used for new construction, often 2x lumber.

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Timbers

Larger, stronger lumber used in renovations or new construction, suitable for heavier loads.

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Board Foot

A unit of measurement for lumber volume, calculated as 1ft x 1ft x 1 inch.

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Lumber Grading

A system for classifying lumber based on its quality and the allowed natural defects, determining its suitability for specific uses.

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Plywood

A sheet material made by gluing thin layers of wood veneer together with alternating grain directions for strength and stability.

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Oriented Strand Board (OSB)

A panel made from wood strands that are arranged in specific directions for strength and stability, used in structural applications.

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Waferboard

Similar to OSB, but uses larger, more irregular wood flakes instead of strands.

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Laminated Strand Lumber (LSL)

Strong, engineered lumber made from wood strands bonded together under heat and pressure, often used in structural beams and joists.

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Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL)

Strong, engineered wood made from thin layers of wood veneer glued together, often used for beams and structural framing.

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Parallel Strand Lumber (PSL)

Engineered lumber made from large, lengthwise wood strands that are glued together, used for bigger structural elements.

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Glued-laminated Timber (Glulam)

Strong, engineered wood made by gluing together smaller pieces of wood, often used for beams and columns.

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Particle Board

A sheet material made from wood particles bonded together with resin, used for furniture and interiors.

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What is a 'Brite' nail?

A nail that is made without any further treatment for corrosion.

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When are hot-dip galvanized nails used?

They are used for exterior siding and decks where greater corrosion resistance is needed.

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What is a '16d' nail?

It refers to a 16-penny nail, which indicates the nail's length.

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What are staples used for in construction?

Staples are fired with two legs and a crown, holding sheathing for roofs, floors, roofing felts, and house wrap. They are also used for carpeting, media cabling, and assembling cabinets.

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Types of metal connectors

Light-gauge sheet steel connectors are used for conventional wood framing, while heavy-gauge steel connectors are used for heavy wood framing.

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What are joist hangers?

They are mechanical connectors that simplify floor joist connections.

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What are the OBC references for fasteners, floor joists, and roof sheathing?

The references are 9.23.3, 9.23.9, and 9.23.16, respectively.

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What are the main functions of a wall?

A wall provides structure, keeps out the elements, maintains indoor comfort, is durable, reparable, and can function in various conditions.

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What is OSB?

Oriented Strand Board (OSB) is a wood panel product made from wood strands pressed together with resin and wax. It's similar to plywood but uses strands instead of veneers, making it more cost-effective. OSB is used for sheathing, subfloors, and roofs.

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What is LSL?

Laminated Strand Lumber (LSL) is a engineered wood product made from wood strands bonded together with resin. It's strong and dimensionally stable, making it suitable for structural applications.

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What is LVL?

Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL) is a wood product made by gluing together thin wood veneers with the grain running parallel. It's a strong, stable, and dimensionally accurate product used for beams, headers, and other structural applications.

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What is PSL?

Parallel Strand Lumber (PSL) is a type of engineered wood product made from wood strands glued together with the grain running parallel. It's strong, stable, and dimensionally accurate, making it suitable for beams and columns.

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What are I-Joists?

I-Joists are engineered wood joists that resemble the letter 'I'. They are made with a strong top and bottom flange connected by a web. I-Joists are dimensionally stable, strong, and lightweight, making them suitable for floor and roof systems.

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What is Glulam?

Glued Laminated Timber (Glulam) is a wood product made by bonding together layers of wood (laminations) with glue. It's highly customizable, strong, and stable, making it suitable for beams, columns, and arches.

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What are Wood Trusses?

Wood trusses are pre-engineered structural frames made from individual wood members joined together to form triangles. They are strong, lightweight, and can span large distances, making them suitable for roof and floor systems.

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What is the advantage of using Wood Trusses?

Wood trusses are strong and lightweight, can span large distances, and are pre-engineered for easy installation. The triangular shape provides superior strength and resists distortion.

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Parging Mixture

Parging is made by mixing lime, water, and cement, offering a protective barrier for the foundation wall.

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Slab-on-Ground

A concrete slab directly poured on the ground, often used for floors, basements, and garages.

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Basement Slabs

Concrete slabs poured within a basement, supporting the building's weight but not part of the structural foundation.

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Moisture Control in Slabs

Polyethylene layers under slabs prevent bleeding water from affecting the concrete's strength.

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Wood's Advantages

Wood offers weight-to-strength benefits, easy workability, good insulation, and sound absorption.

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Wood's Disadvantages

Wood shrinks and swells with moisture, warps, decays, attracts insects, fades in sunlight, and is combustible.

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Wood's Environmental Impact

Wood has a low energy consumption rate and essentially acts as CO₂ storage.

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Study Notes

Foundation Systems

  • Foundation systems in light frame wood construction typically consist of strip footings, pad footings, and foundation walls.
  • Strip footings are built on soil.
  • Foundation design considers the soil's bearing capacity and ensures loads are distributed uniformly to prevent exceeding the soil's capacity.
  • Strip footings transfer structural loads to a large area of soil.

Strip Footings Key

  • Keyways/Key prevent slippage from spreaders.

In-Class Exercise

  • Calculating minimum pad size for columns spaced 13'-9" apart supporting two floors.
    • Metric calculation, given a column spacing of 4.2m+3.0m, yields a minimum pad size of 1025mm x 1025mm.
    • Imperial calculation yields a minimum pad size of 40.34" x 40.34".

Foundation Walls

  • Support and transfer building loads to footings below.
  • Enclose interior space.
  • Retain exterior soil and moisture.

Foundation Type Decision

  • Factors influencing foundation type include cost, material availability, site access, skilled labor, technical quality, and client preference.

Foundation Wall Types

  • Cast-in-place concrete
  • Concrete masonry units (CMU's)
  • Preserved/permanent wood
  • Insulating concrete forms (ICFs)

Strip Footings - Adjustments

  • Exterior walls: increase strip footing widths by 65mm per storey of masonry veneer over wood frame construction, 130mm for each masonry, and 150mm each storey of flat insulating concrete form (ICF) wall construction.
  • Interior walls: increase minimum strip widths by 100mm for each storey of load-bearing masonry wall and increase non-loadbearing walls by100mm per 2.7m of height up to a width of 200mm for walls.

Pad Footings

  • Details on pad footings are not included.

Basic Footing Widths and areas

  • Minimum footing width/area are in tables based on number of floors supported. (exterior and interior walls).

Damp Proofing

  • Keeps moisture out of the soil and foundation
  • Usually asphalt.
  • Applied to the outside of the foundation (machine or hand applied).

Waterproofing

  • Prevents water from entering the structure.
  • Systems include prefabricated membranes, modified bitumen sheets, or liquid applied sheets.

Parging

  • Used to cover above-grade foundation surfaces.
  • Protects foundation from moisture.
  • Improves energy efficiency.
  • Aesthetically appealing.

Foundation Wall - Drainage

  • Redirects soil moisture to the base of the wall using a drainage layer

Window Wells

  • Drain to the footing level or other suitable location.
  • Drainage tile or granular fill.

Concrete Slabs

  • Three types:
    • Slab-on-ground/floors-on-ground
    • Basement slabs
    • Garage slabs
    • Slab-on-grade
    • Elevated slabs
    • Basement slabs details are not included.

Wood

  • Wood Grain: Wood is anisotropic and stronger parallel to the grain than across. Different grain types, such as flatsawn, quartersawn, are identified. Moisture affects wood's dimension.
  • Seasoning: Seasoning is the process for removing excess water in wood. Methods include air drying (natural, stored protected, 12-15% moisture content possible over 1+ years) Forced Air Drying (like air drying). and Kiln Drying (controls temperature, humidity, air pressure, air circulation).
  • Lumber: Lumber has dimensions, and seasoning affects dimensions.
  • Lumber dimensions: Actual and Nominal dimensions and conversions between imperial and metric.

Wood Degradation:

  • Insects: Wood is susceptible to termites, carpenter ants, and wood-boring beetles, affecting strength and structure.
  • Fungal Decay: Oxygen, mild temps, water, and food are essential for fungal growth, breaking down wood.

Lumber Surfacing

  • High-speed planning machines smooth lumber, round off edges and make it square.
  • Surface green lumber is identified as S-GRN.

Lumber Products

  • Categorized into board lumber, dimensional lumber, and timbers.
  • Board Lumber: used for renovating older buildings.
  • Dimensional Lumber: used for new construction.
  • Timbers: used for renovation and new construction.

Engineered Wood: Types

  • Plywood
  • Oriented Strand Board (OSB) and waferboard
  • Laminated Strand Lumber (LSL)
  • Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL)
  • Parallel Strand Lumber (PSL)
  • Glued-laminated Timber (Glulam)
  • Particle board
  • Fibre board

Panel Sheathing

  • Structural Insulated Panels (SIPS). manufactured panels with EPS/XPS insulated core.

Lightweight Steel Framing Features and Disadvantages

  • Advantages: Lighter weight, higher strength, dimensional stability, uniform quality, durability, noncombustible, and waste recycling.
  • Disadvantages: Corrosion, thermal bridging, and bracing and web stiffening problems.

Advanced Framing Techniques

  • Reduce lumber usage and redundancies in conventional framing.
  • Increase energy efficiency

Additional Building Materials

  • Methods for reducing wood usage (Changing Stud Layout, Using Drywall Clips, Using Insulation in Headers, Single Top Plates, and others).
  • More specialized techniques such as double stud framing

Fasteners-Types

  • Nails (made of low or medium carbon steel wire) used for construction.
  • Screws and Bolts.
  • Staples.
  • Adhesives.
  • Metal Connectors (light and heavy gauge sheet steel connectors)

Wall Framing

  • Terminology, Construction Process, wood frame systems-loads, sizing studs and connections.

Roof Framing

  • Roof Framing: Types and terminology, slopes, roof framing: ceiling joists, intermediate support and sizing ceiling, rafters, roof trusses. Roofing: Flat roofs, sheathing, eaves, soffits and fascias, chimneys, terminologies, and in-class exercises.

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Exam Prep Modules 2-5 PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on foundation systems, the purpose of parging, and materials used in construction. This quiz covers essential elements such as damp proofing, moisture control, and the impact of hydrostatic pressure on foundations. Explore the characteristics and disadvantages of different building materials.

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