neuro.pdf

parts of the brain function & or associated disorders forebrain more advanced and evolved more recently thalamus sensation, movement, motivated behaviors, and consciousness relays motor and sensory inform...

parts of the brain function & or associated disorders forebrain more advanced and evolved more recently thalamus sensation, movement, motivated behaviors, and consciousness relays motor and sensory information from various locations to the cerebral cortex - reverse disruption between ras and thalamus: delirium hypothalamus controls emotions; regulate body temp also controls pulse, thirst, appetite, sleep patterns, and other processes in the body that happen automatically ; controls the endocrine system - eating disorders limbic system above the thalamus and hypothalamus ; located around the edge of the center of the brain regulate emotional experiences and expressions; ability to control our impulses involved with the basic drives of sex, aggression, hunger, and thirst - anxiety - borderline pd hippocampus regulate hpa axis; learning and ltm - damaged hippocampus in those with ptsd since di nareregulate ng maayos ang hpa axis - shrinkage of hippocampus (during extreme stress) ; smaller volume: DID - shrinkage: alzheimer’s disease cingulate gyrus it is involved in processing emotions, pain, and behavior regulation ; also helps to regulate autonomic motor function - increased activity: ocd septum has a role in limbic regulation amygdala fear and anxiety ; processing fearful and threatening stimuli; emotional responses ** resilience - larger and no/less activation: children with asd (difficulties in social behavior and communication) - anxiety disorders; depression - small volume: DID - deficits: antisocial pd - increased activation: borderline pd = emotion dysregulation basal ganglia base of the forebrain ; control motor activities damage involves changing our posture or twitching or shaking caudate nucleus cn: dopaminergic area of the brain - ocd - smaller cn: adhd cerebral cortex outer surface of cerebrum; largest part of the forebrain distinct human qualities, look to the future, plan, reason, create where ventricles are located - increased activity: ocd - disruption of activity (dorsolateral pfc and posterior cingulate cortex : delirium - shrinkage: alzheimer’s disease - enlarged ventricles: schizophrenia; schizotypal pd cerebrum largest part of the brain divided into hemispheres; left and right hemispheres corpus callosum joins the hemisphere; allows the hemisphere to share info and coordinate commands left hemisphere verbal and other cognitive abilities left temporal, parietal, and occipital regions: phonological awareness - ids ; disorders na impaired ang executive function and other cognitive abilities - damaged: schizotypal - increased activity (as seen in eeg): generalized anxiety disorders - probs in the left temporal, parietal, and occipital regions: dyslexia right hemisphere perceiving the world around us and creating images @andistudiez parietal lobe integrate sensory info; move our bodies through space and manipulate objs in our world - parietotemporal: word analysis (specific learning disorder) - intraparietal sulcus: sense of numbers (dyscalculia) - shrinkage: alzheimer’s disease temporal lobe smell; sounds; memory (ltm); recognizing various sights - deficits: frontotemporal dementia - temporoparietal: dyslexia - shrinkage: alzheimer’s disease - less temporal lobe gray matter: schizotypal pd occipital lobe smallest; vision - occipitotemporal: recognizing word forms (specific learning disorder - dyslexia) frontal higher order thinking; executive function thinking, reasoning, planning * prefrontal cortex synthesizes all info received from different parts of the brain and decides how to respond enables us to relate to the world around us - increased activity: ocd (orbital surface part) - deficits: neurocognitive disorders - deficits: frontotemporal dementia - shrinkage: alzheimer’s disease - less active: schizophrenia (esp in dorsolateral pfc) - elevated (left frontal eeg): bipolar i - anterior pfc: generalized anxiety (high cortisol, low gaba) - medial pfc: less activity in anxiety disorders - disruption (orbitofrontal cortex) : intermittent explosive disorder - smaller and deficits in the frontal lobe: adhd - also less activation when performing cognitive tasks or answering neuropsychological tests - less gray matter in the pfc: psychopaths - Low activity levels and structural changes in the pfc (esp in the anterior cingulate cortex): borderline pd brain stem lower and more ancient part of the brain breathing, heart rate, body temp, sleep wake cycle ; automatic functions 10 cranial nerves midbrain coordinates movement with sensory input contains parts of the reticular activating system (ras) - contributes to process of arousal and tension ; whether we are awake or asleep - reverse disruption between ras and thalamus: delirium hindbrain regulates many automatic activities breathing, pumping action of the heart, digestion cerebellum (litol balance and motor coordination brain) - autism - abnormalities in cerebellum ; connection with motor coordination is not clear pons relays and regulates the signals that give you the sensation of pain from anywhere in your body below your neck balance and movement ; facial movement medulla control vital processes like your heartbeat, breathing and blood pressure basal ganglia manage the signals your brain sends that help you move your muscles ; voluntary movements, rewards, and reinforcements - deterioration of basal ganglia: huntington’s disease, parkinson’s disease - subcortical dementias broca’s area speech production wernicke’s area comprehends the sound we hear and translate it; communicates with hippocampus for ltm brodmann area 17 determines size, shape, and location of objects ventral striatum area linked to dopamine and rewards - those with anorexia nervosa had greater activation in vs when viewing images of underweight individuals fusiform gyrus - no activation: asd @andistudiez  neuro terms functions / importance / relations neurons transmit information throughout the nervous system cell body with 2 branches : axons and dendrites axon transmit impulses to other neurons dendrite with receptors that receive the messages in the form of chemical impulse transformed to electrical impulses synapse connections action potential electrical impulses traveling along the axon terminal button end of an axon synaptic cleft space between terminal button of a 1st neuron and dendrite of 2nd neuron glial cells has an active role in neural activities cns brain and spinal cord pns coordinates with the brain stem to make sure that the body is working properly somatic ns controls muscles damage to somatic ns might make it difficult to engage in voluntary movements such as talking autonomic ns regulate cardiovascular and endocrine system perform various functions such as aiding digestion and regulating body temperature sympathetic ns mobilizing body in times of stress and danger by activating organs and glands under its control 3 things that happen: ○ heart beats faster ○ respiratory increases ○ adrenal glands are stimulated - environmental fear parasympathetic rest and digest ns balance the sympathetic ns takes over after sympathetic ns has been active for a while normalizes arousal and facilitates storage of energy by helping digestive process endocrine system each endocrine gland produces hormones (chemical messengers ) and releases it into the bloodstream endocrine regulation may play a role in depression, anxiety, schizophrenia and other mental disorders oxytocin: low in those with asd adrenal gland produces epinephrine/adrenaline in response to stress, salt regulating hormones ; metabolism, bp, sex dev’t , stress thyroid gland produces thyroxine which facilitates energy metabolism and growth pituitary gland master gland and produces regulatory hormones; in charge of growth gonadal gland produces sex hormones estrogen and testosterone pineal gland melatonin - sleep hpa axis major component of the homeostatic response; beginning through in the hypothalamus running through the pituitary gland mechanism that mediates the effects of stressors by regulating numerous physiological processes, such as metabolism, immune responses, and the autonomic nervous system (ans) dysregulation / overactivity of hpa axis is linked to depression heightened hpa: trauma disorders @andistudiez