Exam 1 Review Chapter 14 - Blood Study Guide PDF

**Exam 1 Review** **Chapter 14** **[Categories of Blood]** **Plasma:** liquid portion of blood **Formed Elements:** Blood Cells, RBC, WBC, Platelets **Viscosity of whole blood:** 3-4 times thicker than water **Normal pH of Blood:** 7.35-7.45 **Liters of Blood:** Male= 5-6 L Female= 4-5 L **H...

**Exam 1 Review** **Chapter 14** **[Categories of Blood]** **Plasma:** liquid portion of blood **Formed Elements:** Blood Cells, RBC, WBC, Platelets **Viscosity of whole blood:** 3-4 times thicker than water **Normal pH of Blood:** 7.35-7.45 **Liters of Blood:** Male= 5-6 L Female= 4-5 L **Hematocrit (HCT) Percentages:** Male= 40-54% Female= 35-46% **Hematopoiesis/Hemopoiesis:** the formation of blood cells **[Erythrocytes]** **Hemoglobin:** the red pigment of blood 1 molecule of hemoglobin has 4 protein chains, each chain with 1 ion of Fe++ (iron) - Oxygen sticks to the ions of iron **Oxyhemoglobin:** hemoglobin with oxygen. (Bright red) **Deoxyhemoglobin:** hemoglobin without oxygen. (Darker red) **Average lifespan of RBC** = 120 days **Hypoxia:** prolonged oxygen deficiency **Cyanosis:** turning blue **All blood cells produced where after birth?** Red bone marrow **Nuclear Extrusion:** RBC eject their nuclei before entering the bloodstream to carry more O2 **Polycythemia:** a condition in which RBC count is too high **Intrinsic factor:** made in the stomach, used in the small intestine for B12 absorption. **4 vitamins & minerals needed for healthy RBC and blood:** Fe (iron), vit B12, Folic Acid, and vit C **Anemia:** too few RBC or the reduction of hemoglobin **Types of Anemia** ------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- **Primary Cause** **Due To** **Results In** Decreased RBC Number Hemorrhage Hemorrhagic Anemia Bacterial infections or blood transfusion incompatibilities Hemolytic Anemia Deficiency of intrinsic factor Pernicious Anemia Destruction of bone marrow by cancer and poisons Aplastic Anemia Decreased Hemoglobin Concentration Not enough iron production Iron-Deficiency Anemia Abnormal hemoglobin Due to genetics Sickle Cell Anemia & Thalassemia **Biliverdin:** greenish pigment **Bilirubin:** orange pigment **Increase in EPO production:** strenuous exercise and increased altitude **Sites of fetal erythropoiesis:** yolk sac, liver, spleen **[Leukocytes]** **Diapedesis:** WBC leaves blood to enter other tissue to fight infection **Chemotaxis:** Chemicals released from damaged cells to attract leukocytes +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **WBC** | | +===================================+===================================+ | **[Granulocytes]** | **[Agranulocytes]** | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | Basophil: produces both heparin | Lymphocytes: T Cells, B Cells, NK | | and histamine | Cells | | | | | Eosinophil: parasitic worms | Monocytes: the largest one of the | | | WBC | | Neutrophil: most numerous of the | | | WBC | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ Heparin= anticoagulants Histamine= promotes inflammation B Cells produce antibodies Monocytes leave the bloodstream and become macrophages **Leukopenia:** WBC count too low **Leukocytosis:** WBC count too high **Differential WBC count:** level of the different WBC in lab work **[Thrombocytes]** **Megakaryocytes:** large cell Platelets release serotonin to cause constriction of smooth muscles in injured blood vessels **Thrombocytosis:** platelet levels too high **Thrombocytopenia:** platelet levels too low **Petechiae:** tiny, bruise like spots on skin, mucous membranes, etc. **[Plasma Proteins]** Plasma proteins are the most abundant blood solute Plasma proteins aid in creating osmotic pressure for the movement of fluids **Hypoproteinemia:** a low plasma protein concentration. Can lead to edema **Types of Plasma Proteins:** **Albumins:** smallest and most abundant. Synthesized in the liver **Globulins:** antibodies; help transport lipids in blood **Fibrinogen:** blood clotting **Hemostasis**: to stop bleeding. Vascular Spasm -\> Platelet Plug Formation -\> Blood Coagulation **[Blood Clotting Factors]** **Vitamin needed for clotting:** Vit K **Extrinsic:** broken blood vessels or damaged tissue (outside blood vessel) **Intrinsic:** foreign substances (things inside the blood vessel) **Serum =** plasma -- blood clotting factors **Thrombus:** unwanted blood clot **Embolus:** a piece of a clot breaks off and is moving through the bloodstream **Antigen:** anything that triggers the immune system **Antibody:** Y-shaped globulin protein produced after exposure to an antigen (B Cells) **[ABO Blood Typing]** "don't give what one doesn't have" (+) Has the Rh factor (-) Does not have Rh factor +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Blood Type** | **Antigen(s)** | **Antibody/Anti | **Can Accept** | | | | bodies** | | +=================+=================+=================+=================+ | A+ | Rh, A | Anti-B | A+ A- O+ O- | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | A- | A | Anti-B | A. O- | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | B+ | Rh, B | Anti-A | B+ B- O+ O- | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | B- | B | Anti-A | B. O- | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | AB+ | Rh, A, B | Neither Anti-A | AB+ AB- O+ O- | | | | Nor Anti-B | A+ A- B+ B- | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | AB- | A, B | Neither Anti-A | AB- A- B- O- | | | | Nor Anti-B | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | O+ | Rh, Neither A | Anti-A and | O+ O- | | | nor B | Anti-B | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | O- | Neither A nor B | Anti-A and | O- | | | | Anti-B | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ \* AB+ = universal recipient \* \* O- = universal donor \* **Erythroblastosis Fetalis (Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn):** occurs when mom is Rh- **RhoGAM injections:** 1^st^ shot @ 28 weeks 2^nd^ shot given within 72 hours of giving birth **Chapter 15** **Veins:** blood vessels that return blood [toward] the heart; usually carry deoxygenated blood. **Arteries:** blood vessels that take blood [away] from the heart; usually carry oxygenated blood. **Capillaries:** connect arteries and veins; the smallest, thinnest blood vessels; gas exchange (O2/CO2) **Pulmonary Circuit:** load O2 into the blood and unload the CO2 into the lungs **Systemic Circuit:** unloading O2 into tissues and loading CO2 into the blood **Heart:** located in mediastinum, toward the left **Pericardium:** fluid filled sac around the heart (serous membrane) **Epicardium:** visceral pericardium, layer of serous membrane touching the heart **Endocardium:** inner layer of the heart **Myocardium:** heart muscle **Auricles:** earlike flaps on front of the heart; allow atria to hold more blood **Atrium/Atria:** upper chambers of the heart **Ventricles:** lower heart chambers **Septum/Septa:** divides heart into right and left **Apex:** bottom tip of the heart **Base:** top of the heart **Largest Veins:** superior vena cava and inferior vena cava **Largest Artery:** the aorta **Valves:** prevent back flow of blood **[2 Categories of Valves]** - **AV Valves (atrioventricular)** in between an atrium and the ventricle below it. Right AV Left AV ----------- ----------------- Tricuspid Bicuspid/Mitral - **Semilunar Valves** - **Aortic Valve:** blood goes through this valve to the aorta - **Pulmonary Valve:** blood goes through this valve on its way to the lungs **Chordae Tendineae:** attach to the atrioventricular valves to prevent the valves from moving backward **Ischemia:** blood flow blocked off to tissue **Infarction:** blood flow to tissue blocked; tissue death **Angina Pectoris:** chest pains **Myocardial Infarction (MI):** heart attack **[Conduction Through the Heart]** SA Node -- natural pacemaker ↓ AV Node ↓ Bundle of His/ AV Bundle (is in Interventricular Septum) ↓ Purkinjie Fibers (outer ventricular walls) **[ECG]** 1. P Wave Atrial Depolarization (Atria contract) 2. QRS Wave Ventricular Depolarization (ventricles contract) 3. T Wave Ventricular Repolarization **[Heart Sounds]** "Lubb-dupp" S1 "Lubb" (valves closing) S2 "Dupp" (semilunar valves closing) **Hyperkalemia:** Elevated blood potassium levels; decreases the force of myocardial contractions, leading to cardiac arrest. **Hypokalemia:** low blood potassium levels; potentially life-threatening abnormal heart rhythm. **Hypercalcemia:** dangerously extended heart contractions **Hypocalcemia:** depressed heart action **Vasoconstriction:** decrease vessels diameter **Vasodilation:** increase vessels diameter **[Arrythmias]** **Fibrillation:** myocardium contracting in uncoordinated, chaotic fashion **A-Fib:** not life threatening **V-Fib:** often deadly **Tachycardia:** above 100bpm **Bradycardia:** below 60bpm **Flutter:** 250-350bpm **Pulmonary Edema:** - Failing left ventricle - Damaged mitral valve **Blood Pressure:** **Systole:** contraction **Diastole:** relaxation 120 Ventricular systole ----- ---------------------- 80 Ventricular diastole **Pulse:** alternate expanding and recoiling of the arterial wall **Apical Pulse-** stethoscope +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Pulse Sites** | **Location** | +===================================+===================================+ | [Facial] | [Chin] | | | | | [Carotid] | [Neck] | | | | | [Brachial] | [Arm] | | | | | [Radial] | [Wrist] | | | | | [Femoral] | [Groin] | | | | | [Popliteal] | [Behind the Knee] | | | | | [Dorsalis Pedis] | [On Top of Foot] | | | | | [Posterior Tibial] | [Back of Ankle] | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ **Atherosclerosis:** fatty material/plaque built up in artery **Aneurysm:** weakened arterial wall bulges **Age-related changes are most apparent where?** Arteries **Primary/Essential/Idiopathic Hypertension:** cause is unknown **Secondary Hypertension:** caused by some other health condition (kidneys, overweight, etc.) **[Flow of Blood Through the Heart]** Aorta (Largest Artery) → Arteries → Arterioles → Capillaries → Venules → Veins → Superior/Inferior Vena Cava (Largest Veins) → Right Atrium → Right AV Valve (Tricuspid) → Right Ventricle → Pulmonary Arteries → Lungs → Pulmonary Veins → Left Atrium → Left AV Valve (Bicuspid/Mitral) → Left Ventricle → Aortic Valve → Back to Aorta **Sides of the Heart** Right Left -------------------- ------------------ Deoxygenated blood Oxygenated blood