Anatomy of Blood Notes PDF

A. Thyroid Gland “shield of cartilage” - Bilobed gland a. Thyroid hormones 1) Calcitonin decrease blood Ca^2+ levels (osteoblast - secrete Ca^2+ mineral in bone tissue) 2) Thyroxin or T4 (needed for normal energy production & normal growth &development in achild) 3...

A. Thyroid Gland “shield of cartilage” - Bilobed gland a. Thyroid hormones 1) Calcitonin decrease blood Ca^2+ levels (osteoblast - secrete Ca^2+ mineral in bone tissue) 2) Thyroxin or T4 (needed for normal energy production & normal growth &development in achild) 3) Triiodothyronine, T3. b. Two thyroid hormone 1) regulating the metabolic rate of all tissues 2) Help develop the nervous system. c. Parathyroid Glands (4) i. Most have two pairs a. Secrete parathyroid hormones i. Increase blood Ca^2+ levels: by acting osteoclasts to breakdown bone & release Ca^2+ into bloodstream. Ca^2+ needed for muscle contraction d. Adrenal Glands “on the kidney” i. Adrenal medulla (inner structure) a. Secrete epinephrine (adrenaline) & norepinephrine} peptide hormones}modi ed amino acids -norepinephrine —> vasoconstrictor i. Both are secreted into blood stream during stress & exercise ii. Adrenal cortex ( two diseases of cortex: ` Addison’s Disease (hypofunction) & Cushing’s disease (hyperfunction) wh a. Secretes a variety of hormones which are all steroid hormones i. Mineralcorticoids : regulate water & electrolytes a. Most important is aldosterone:” acts on distal convoluted tubules of nephron i. Prompts kidneys to resort more sodium causing water to follow increasing blood volume iii. Glucocorticoids a. Cortisol is main type: increase blood sugars levels i. keep blood levels height enough to support brain function b. Hydrocortisone 1. Both are releases during stress 2. Affect every cell in the body 3. Reduce immune function & reduce cerebral cortical structure c. Gonadocorticoids i. Converted into testosterone and estrogens in peripheral tissues E. Pineal gland (regulating circadian rhythm) i. Secretes melatonin F. Pancreas (has both endocrine and exocrine functions) i. - Alpha cells, clusters of cells within “Islets of langerhans”{endocrine part of pancreas}- in pancreas a. Secrete glucose (hormone) ii. - Beta cells, insulin (hormone) a. Insulin decreases blood sugar level i. By promoting “glycogenesis” - taking sugar out of blood stream & store glycogen in liver ii. Glucagon promotes “glycogen lysis”- the breaking apart of glycogen into glucose & releasing it into bloodstream increase blood sugar levels in blood. G. Thymus (immune system) i. Secrete thymic hormones a. Thymosin: initiates lymphocyte development b. Thymopoietin H. Gonads ii. Testes: produce sperm but mature elsewhere  a. secrete androgens (primarily testosterone) ii. Ovaries: house the ova “eggs” a. Secrete estrogen- feminizing hormone - counterpart of testosterone in males b. Progesterone: i. No counterpart in males ii. Means to prepare for possible pregnancy every month * promotes the growth of B.V. In the endometrial lining of uterus. Anatomy of Blood A. ANATOMY OF BLOOD a) C.T. b) science of blood “hematology” c) Transportation highway: transports; Oxygen, vitamins, & wastes, enzymes d) Formed elements: RBC, platelets, &WBC. e) Maintain body temperature B. PLASMA: Fluid Matrix/Serum i. Water (90%) ii. Nutrients iii. Wastes iv. Proteins (7-9% of plasma) a.Thrombin b. Fibrinogen - formed in the liver (clot blood) c. Albumin - formed in liver d. Globulin - formed in mast cells (role w/ antibodies) C. FORMED ELEMENTS a. Erythrocytes (45% of blood) - RBC i. Biconcave disc ii. No nuclei or organelles iii. Besides water ~ 97% hemoglobin protein iv. 120 day lifespan - destroyed by spleen & liver b. Leukocytes (WBC) - 5 types * Granulocytes - contain many obvious granules that contain digestive enzymes or histamine 1. Neutrophils i. Most common WBC ii. First line of defense in in ammatory response iii. Granules are sacs of digestive enzymes iv. Neutrophils destroy bacteria by phagocytes 2. Eosinophils ( become activated w/ allergies) i. 1% to 4% of all WBC ii. End allergies RXN phagocytizing allergens after allergens are bound to antibodies 3. Basophils i. 0.5% of WBC ii. Mildly Phagocytes * AGRANULOCYTES 4. Lymphocytes: have large nucleus i. 20% to 45% of ii. Involved in speci c immunity a. B-Cells: Secrete antibodies (formed in bone marrow) - attacking bacteria  b. T-Cells: Attack foreign cells directly (formed in bone marrow) - no antibody secretion 5. Monocytes (Phagocytic cell cut in C.T.) i. Largest WBC ~ make up 4% - 8% of Total WBC ii. Transform into macrophage in C.T. iii. Platelets - for blood clotting a. Cell fragments - come from the cytoplasm of big cell called Megakaryocyte b. Plug tear in B.V.