Evolution of Industrialization PDF

Syllabus content: Evolution of Industrialization - features of I4.0 Industrialization, the process of converting to a socioeconomic order in which industry is dominant. Through scientific and technological development agrarian societies have evolved into industrial, changes that took place in Great...

Syllabus content: Evolution of Industrialization - features of I4.0 Industrialization, the process of converting to a socioeconomic order in which industry is dominant. Through scientific and technological development agrarian societies have evolved into industrial, changes that took place in Great Britain during the Industrial Revolution of the late 18th and 19th centuries provided a prototype for the early industrializing nations of western Europe and North America. Modern historians often refer to this period as the First Industrial Revolution, to set it apart from a second period of industrialization that took place from the late 19th to early 20th centuries and saw rapid advances in the steel, electric and automobile industries. By the mid-19th century, industrialization was well-established throughout the western part of Europe and America’s northeastern region. By the early 20th century, the USA had become the world’s leading industrial nation. The Industrial Revolution transformed economies that had been based on agriculture and handicrafts into economies based on large-scale industry, mechanized manufacturing, and the factory system. New machines, new power sources, and new ways of organizing work made existing industries more productive and efficient. Fig: Old steam engine Fig: old Steam Locomotive Fig: Modern History Industrial Age or Industrial Revolution Technology Development. (Vector illustrations of steam engine, coal mining, power loom machine, radio broadcasting, and factory smoke). 2. Evolution of the Industrial Revolution (Industry 1.0 to 5.0) The First Industrial Revolution moving through five iterations as technologies and processes developed over the ensuing centuries… Industry 1.0 Beginning in around 1780, this first revolution focused on industrial production based on machines that were powered by steam and water. Industry 2.0 Some 100 years later, in 1870, this second industrial revolution was based on electrification and took place with mass production through assembly lines. Industry 3.0 Stepping forward another 100 years, to 1970, Industry 3.0 saw automation through the use of computers and electronics. This was enhanced by globalization (Industry 3.5), involving offshoring of production to low-cost economies. Industry 4.0 We are currently living in the fourth industrial revolution, which is based around the concept of digitalization and includes automation, artificial intelligence (AI) technologies, connected devices, data analytics, cyber-physical systems, digital transformation, and more. Industry 5.0 We are now entering the fifth industrial revolution with a focus on man and machines working together. Based upon personalization and the use of collaborative robots, workers are free to deliver value-added tasks for customers. This latest iteration goes beyond manufacturing processes to include increased resilience, a human-centric approach, and a focus on sustainability, which we explore in more detail below. Industry 4.0 and Industry 5.0 Essentials Current (growing) trend of automation and data exchange in manufacturing technologies in whole supply chain. Act fast and maintain sustainable production and supply. Agility and flexibility Industry 4.0 revolves around connectivity through cyber-physical systems Industry 5.0 – Industry 4.0 platform + more collaborative approach between human (creativity) and automation (robotic precision) Together, Industry 4.0 and 5.0 have created a roadmap that industries must follow in order to endure. "The Top 10 Technology Trends of IR4.0.“( Bernard Marr: https://blog.isa.org/whats-the-difference-between-industry-40-industry- 50#:~:text=While%20the%20theme%20of%20Industry,known%20as%20robots% 20or%20cobots.) 1. Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning (AI is said to be human-like problem-solving technological capabilities. It simulates human intelligence—recognize images, write poems, and make data-based predictions) (Machine learning is creating and implementing algorithms that facilitate these decisions and predictions) 2. The Internet of Things (IoT) - collective network of connected devices and the technology that facilitates communication between devices and the cloud, as well as between the devices themselves. 3. Big Data - data that contains greater variety, arriving in increasing volumes and with more velocity.  4. Blockchain Blockchain technology is an advanced database mechanism that allows transparent information sharing within a business network. A blockchain database stores data in blocks that are linked together in a chain. 5. Cloud and Edge Computing Edge computing is a subsection of cloud computing. While cloud computing is about hosting applications in a core data center, edge computing is about hosting applications closer to end users, either in smaller edge data centers or on the customer premises instead. Edge Computing and Cloud Computing: Distinct yet Complementary: These technologies offer unique capabilities to meet diverse demands in data processing and management infrastructures. Real-Time Responsiveness vs. Scalability: Edge Computing prioritizes low- latency processing for immediate action, while Cloud Computing excels in scalable, centralized resource management.  Enhanced Data Privacy vs. Centralized Security: Edge Computing enhances data privacy by processing locally, while Cloud Computing offers centralized security measures for data stored in remote data centers. Integration for Optimal Performance: Organizations can achieve optimal performance by integrating Edge and Cloud Computing, balancing local processing and centralized management effectively. 6. Robots and Cobots A cobot, or collaborative robot, also known as a companion robot, is a robot intended for direct human-robot interaction within a shared space, or where humans and robots are in close proximity. So, cobots share workspace, prioritize safety, flexibility, and ease of use. Robots, particularly industrial robots, are autonomous machines designed for tasks that are repetitive, high-precision, or hazardous, often with minimal human interaction. 7. Autonomous Vehicles  An autonomous vehicle is one that can drive itself from a starting point to a predetermined destination in “autopilot” mode using various in-vehicle technologies and sensors, including adaptive cruise control, active steering (steer by wire), anti-lock braking systems (brake by wire), GPS navigation technology, lasers and radar. 8. 5G 9. Genomics and Gene Editing Genomics is an interdisciplinary field of science that focuses on the structure, function, evolution, mapping, and editing of genomes. A genome is an organism's complete set of DNA, including all of its genes. An organism's genes direct the production of proteins with the assistance of enzymes and messenger molecules. 10.Quantum Computing Quantum computing is an emergent field of cutting-edge computer science harnessing the unique qualities of quantum mechanics to solve problems beyond the ability of even the most powerful classical computers. The field of quantum computing contains a range of disciplines, including quantum hardware and quantum algorithms. While still in development, quantum technology will soon be able to solve complex problems that supercomputers can’t solve, or can’t solve fast enough. #3. Industry 5.0 Advantages and Disadvantages Advantages The main advantage of Industry 5.0 is the creation of higher value jobs that afford greater personalisation for customers and improved design freedom for workers. By allowing manufacturing processes to be handled through automation, human workers are able to focus more of their time on delivering improved, bespoke services and products. This was already beginning with Industry 4.0, but Industry 5.0 pushes this further through improved automation and feedback to create a service-based model where humans are able to focus on adding value for end-users. Meanwhile the increased focus on sustainability and resilience means that businesses become more agile and flexible while also having a positive impact on society – rather than simply mitigating any negative effects. Disadvantages It is difficult to see the disadvantages of Industry 5.0, but the challenge will lie in how organisations are able to adapt to embrace this new concept. Those that are able to become more human-centric, resilient and sustainable will likely spearhead future solutions while those who fail to keep up will fall behind. To understand this better, it is worth looking in more detail at the strategies of Industry 5.0 – namely a human-centric approach, improved resilience and a broader focus on sustainability. What is Industry 5.0? Industry 5.0, also known as the Fifth Industrial Revolution, is a new and emerging phase of industrialisation that sees humans working alongside advanced technology and A.I.-powered robots to enhance workplace processes. This is coupled with a more human-centric focus as well as increased resilience and an improved focus on sustainability. Encompassing more than just manufacturing, this new phase builds upon the fourth industrial revolution (Industry 4.0) and is enabled by developments in I.T. that include facets such as artificial intelligence, automation, big data analytics, the Internet of Things (IoT), machine learning, robotics, smart systems, and virtualisation. Broadening the concepts of Industry 4.0, this new industrial revolution is described by the European Union as providing, “a vision of industry that aims beyond efficiency and productivity as the sole goals and reinforces the role and the contribution of industry to society.” This is an important distinction from the approach of Industry 4.0, as described by the EU, since “it places the wellbeing of the worker at the centre of the production process and uses new technologies to provide prosperity beyond jobs and growth while respecting the production limits of the planet.” This is a shift away from a focus on economic value towards a broader concept of societal value and wellbeing. While this concept has been touched upon in the past, through Corporate Social Responsibility for example, the notion of putting people and the planet before profits creates a new focus for industry. However, the idea of Industry 5.0 goes beyond industry to encompass all organisations and business strategies to create a broader perspective than seen with Industry 4.0. So, how did we reach Industry 5.0? #4. Industry 5.0 Strategies As mentioned above, Industry 5.0 is underpinned by three strategies: 1. Human-Centric Industry 5.0 includes a strategy that moves people from being seen as resources to being genuine assets. In effect, this means that rather than people serving organisations, organisations will serve people. So, instead of talent simply being used to create a competitive advantage and value for customers, Industry 5.0 refocuses to also create added value for workers in order to attract and keep the best employees. 2. Resilience As the world has become more joined-up over the years we have seen the widespread impact of global matters such as the Covid-19 pandemic and international supply shortages. Whereas many businesses look to improving efficiencies and optimising profits, these factors do not improve resilience. In fact, there is a belief that a concentration on agility and flexibility can make companies less resilient, not more. Rather than focussing on growth, profit and efficiency, more resilient organisations would look to anticipate and react to any crisis to ensure stability through challenging times. 3. Sustainability Industry 5.0 extends sustainability from simply reducing, minimising or mitigating against climate damage to actively pursuing efforts to create a positive change. Sometimes referred to as ‘Net Positive,’ this goal aims to make the world a better place with companies becoming part of the solution rather than being a problem or simply paying lip-service to sustainability goals through ‘greenwashing.’ #5. Industry 5.0 Applications and Examples While robots have performed dangerous, monotonous or physically exhausting work in manufacturing plants and other workplaces, Industry 5.0 extends this to allow them to work collaboratively with human workers. For example, instead of being fenced off for safety, a new generation of ‘Cobots’ that are able to work safely alongside people is creating new opportunities for businesses. Human and machine workers operating side-by-side allow people to focus on value-adding processes to take personalisation of products to a new level. For example, the medical profession could use this joined-up, cooperative approach to create devices that are tailored for an individual, such as with a diabetes app that is able to track your lifestyle and inform the manufacture of a device to suit your individual needs. Tailoring products to suit individual needs can be extended to other industries, including electronics, automotive and more, adding a personal, human touch to extend the offerings created through Industry 4.0. Conclusion Industry 5.0 refers to robot and smart machines working alongside people with added resilience and sustainability goals included. Where Industry 4.0 focused on technologies such as the Internet of Things and big data, Industry 5.0 seeks to add human, environmental and social aspects back into the equation. In this regard, Industry 5.0 can be seen as complementing the advances made in Industry 4.0 to support rather than supersede humans. This allows humans to intervene where required and moves away from excessive automation to incorporate critical thinking and adaptability, while still taking advantage of the precision and repeatability of machines. The positives and negatives of the Industrial Revolution are complex. On one hand, unsafe working conditions were rife and environmental pollution from coal and gas are legacies we still struggle with today. On the other, the move to cities and ingenious inventions that made clothing, communication and transportation more affordable and accessible to the masses changed the course of world history. Regardless of these questions, the Industrial Revolution had a transformative economic, social and cultural impact, and played an integral role in laying the foundations for modern society. Industrial Revolution, in modern history, the process of change from an agrarian and handicraft economy to one dominated by industry and machine manufacturing. These technological changes introduced novel ways of working and living and fundamentally transformed society. This process began in Britain in the 18th century and from there spread to other parts of the world. Although used earlier by French writers, the term Industrial Revolution was first popularized by the English economic historian Arnold Toynbee (1852–83) to describe Britain’s economic development from 1760 to 1840. Since Toynbee’s time the term has been more broadly applied as a process of economic transformation than as a period of time in a particular setting. This explains why some areas, such as China and India, did not begin their first industrial revolutions until the 20th century, while others, such as the United States and western Europe, began undergoing “second” industrial revolutions by the late 19th century. Characteristics of the Industrial Revolution The main features involved in the Industrial Revolution were technological, socioeconomic, and cultural. The technological changes included the following: (1) the use of new basic materials, chiefly iron and steel, (2) the use of new energy sources, including both fuels and motive power, such as coal, the steam engine, electricity, petroleum, and the internal-combustion engine, (3) the invention of new machines, such as the spinning jenny and the power loom that permitted increased production with a smaller expenditure of human energy, (4) a new organization of work known as the factory system, which entailed increased division of labour and specialization of function, (5) important developments in transportation and communication, including the steam locomotive, steamship, automobile, airplane, telegraph, and radio, and (6) the increasing application of science to industry. These technological changes made possible a tremendously increased use of natural resources and the mass production of manufactured goods. There were also many new developments in nonindustrial spheres, including the following: (1) agricultural improvements that made possible the provision of food for a larger nonagricultural population, (2) economic changes that resulted in a wider distribution of wealth, the decline of land as a source of wealth in the face of rising industrial production, and increased international trade, (3) political changes reflecting the shift in economic power, as well as new state policies corresponding to the needs of an industrialized society, (4) sweeping social changes, including the growth of cities, the development of working-class movements, and the emergence of new patterns of authority, and (5) cultural transformations of a broad order. Workers acquired new and distinctive skills, and their relation to their tasks shifted; instead of being craftsmen working with hand tools, they became machine operators, subject to factory discipline. Finally, there was a psychological change: confidence in the ability to use resources and to master nature was heightened. The first Industrial Revolution In the period 1760 to 1830 the Industrial Revolution was largely confined to Britain. Aware of their head start, the British forbade the export of machinery, skilled workers, and manufacturing techniques. The British monopoly could not last forever, especially since some Britons saw profitable industrial opportunities abroad, while continental European businessmen sought to lure British know-how to their countries. Two Englishmen, William and John Cockerill, brought the Industrial Revolution to Belgium by developing machine shops at Liège (c. 1807), and Belgium became the first country in continental Europe to be transformed economically. Like its British progenitor, the Belgian Industrial Revolution centred in iron, coal, and textiles. France was more slowly and less thoroughly industrialized than either Britain or Belgium. While Britain was establishing its industrial leadership, France was immersed in its Revolution, and the uncertain political situation discouraged large investments in industrial innovations. By 1848 France had become an industrial power, but, despite great growth under the Second Empire, it remained behind Britain. Other European countries lagged far behind. Their bourgeoisie lacked the wealth, power, and opportunities of their British, French, and Belgian counterparts. Political conditions in the other nations also hindered industrial expansion. Germany, for example, despite vast resources of coal and iron, did not begin its industrial expansion until after national unity was achieved in 1870. Once begun, Germany’s industrial production grew so rapidly that by the turn of the century that nation was outproducing Britain in steel and had become the world leader in the chemical industries. The rise of U.S. industrial power in the 19th and 20th centuries also far outstripped European efforts. And Japan too joined the Industrial Revolution with striking success. The eastern European countries were behind early in the 20th century. It was not until the five-year plans that the Soviet Union became a major industrial power, telescoping into a few decades the industrialization that had taken a century and a half in Britain. The mid-20th century witnessed the spread of the Industrial Revolution into hitherto nonindustrialized areas such as China and India. The technological and economic aspects of the Industrial Revolution brought about significant sociocultural changes. In its initial stages it seemed to deepen labourers’ poverty and misery. Their employment and subsistence became dependent on costly means of production that few people could afford to own. Job security was lacking: workers were frequently displaced by technological improvements and a large labour pool. Lack of worker protections and regulations meant long work hours for miserable wages, living in unsanitary tenements, and exploitation and abuse in the workplace. But even as problems arose, so too did new ideas that aimed to address them. These ideas pushed innovations and regulations that provided people with more material conveniences while also enabling them to produce more, travel faster, and communicate more rapidly. The second Industrial Revolution Industrial Revolution: factory workersWomen working machines at the American Woolen Company, Boston, c. 1912. Despite considerable overlapping with the “old,” there was mounting evidence for a “new” Industrial Revolution in the late 19th and 20th centuries. In terms of basic materials, modern industry began to exploit many natural and synthetic resources not hitherto utilized: lighter metals, rare earths, new alloys, and synthetic products such as plastics, as well as new energy sources. Combined with these were developments in machines, tools, and computers that gave rise to the automatic factory. Although some segments of industry were almost completely mechanized in the early to mid-19th century, automatic operation, as distinct from the assembly line, first achieved major significance in the second half of the 20th century. Ownership of the means of production also underwent changes. The oligarchical ownership of the means of production that characterized the Industrial Revolution in the early to mid-19th century gave way to a wider distribution of ownership through purchase of common stocks by individuals and by institutions such as insurance companies. In the first half of the 20th century, many countries of Europe socialized basic sectors of their economies. There was also during that period a change in political theories: instead of the laissez-faire ideas that dominated the economic and social thought of the classical Industrial Revolution, governments generally moved into the social and economic realm to meet the needs of their more complex industrial societies. That trend was reversed in the United States and the United Kingdom beginning in the 1980s. A brief treatment of steam engines follows. For full treatment of steam power and production and of steam engines and turbines, see Energy Conversion: Steam engines. In a steam engine, hot steam, usually supplied by a boiler, expands under pressure, and part of the heat energy is converted into work. The remainder of the heat may be allowed to escape, or, for maximum engine efficiency, the steam may be condensed in a separate apparatus, a condenser, at comparatively low temperature and pressure. For high efficiency, the steam must fall through a wide temperature range as a consequence of its expansion within the engine. The most efficient performance—that is, the greatest output of work in relation to the heat supplied—is secured by using a low condenser temperature and a high boiler pressure. The steam may be further heated by passing it through a superheater on its way from the boiler to the engine. A common superheater is a group of parallel pipes with their surfaces exposed to the hot gases in the boiler furnace. By means of superheaters, the steam may be heated beyond the temperature at which it is produced by boiling water. In a reciprocating engine, the piston and cylinder type of steam engine, steam under pressure is admitted into the cylinder by a valve mechanism. As the steam expands, it pushes the piston, which is usually connected to a crank on a flywheel to produce rotary motion. In the double-acting engine, steam from the boiler is admitted alternately to each side of the piston. In a simple steam engine, expansion of the steam takes place in only one cylinder, whereas in the compound engine there are two or more cylinders of increasing size for greater expansion of the steam and higher efficiency; the first and smallest piston is operated by the initial high-pressure steam and the second by the lower-pressure steam exhausted from the first. In the steam turbine, steam is discharged at high velocity through nozzles and then flows through a series of stationary and moving blades, causing a rotor to move at high speeds. Steam turbines are more compact and usually permit higher temperatures and greater expansion ratios than reciprocating steam engines. The turbine is the universal means used to generate large quantities of electric power with steam. rotative steam engineJames Watt's rotative steam engine with sun-and-planet gear, original drawing, 1788. In the Science Museum, London.(more) Try Britannica Premium for free and discover more. Subscribe The earliest steam engines were the scientific novelties of Hero of Alexandria in the 1st century ce, such as the aeolipile, but not until the 17th century were attempts made to harness steam for practical purposes. In 1698 Thomas Savery patented a pump with hand-operated valves to raise water from mines by suction produced by condensing steam. In about 1712 another Englishman, Thomas Newcomen, developed a more efficient steam engine with a piston separating the condensing steam from the water. In 1765 James Watt greatly improved the Newcomen engine by adding a separate condenser to avoid heating and cooling the cylinder with each stroke. Watt then developed a new engine that rotated a shaft instead of providing the simple up-and-down motion of the pump, and he added many other improvements to produce a practical power plant. Corliss steam engineThe Corliss steam engine generated all the energy used in Machinery Hall at the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia, 1876.(more) A cumbersome steam carriage for roads was built in France by Nicholas- Joseph Cugnot as early as 1769. Richard Trevithick in England was the first to use a steam carriage on a railway; in 1803 he built a steam locomotive that in February 1804 made a successful run on a horsecar route in Wales. The adaptation of the steam engine to railways became a commercial success with the Rocket of English engineer George Stephenson in 1829. The first practical steamboat was the tug Charlotte Dundas, built by William Symington and tried in the Forth and Clyde Canal, Scotland, in 1802. Robert Fulton applied the steam engine to a passenger boat in the United States in 1807. Though the steam engine gave way to the internal-combustion engine as a means of vehicle propulsion, interest in it revived in the second half of the 20th century because of increasing air-pollution problems caused by the burning of fossil fuels in internal-combustion engines. The Editors of Encyclopaedia BritannicaThis article was most recently revised and updated by Adam Augustyn. Load Next Page