Evolution, Mental Testing, Functionalism 2024 PDF

The Rise of Mental Testing and American Functionalism  EVOLUTIONARY THEORIES AND MENTAL TESTING ROMANTICISM EXISTENTIALISM...

The Rise of Mental Testing and American Functionalism  EVOLUTIONARY THEORIES AND MENTAL TESTING ROMANTICISM EXISTENTIALISM ACT PSYCHOLOGY modern science RATIONALISM WÜRZBURG MATERIALISM 1879 1890 PSYCHOPHYSICS LEIPZIG MENTAL VOLUNTARISM TESTING [PSYCHO]PHYSIOLOGY EMPIRICISM SENSATIONALISM ASSOCIATIONISM EVOLUTIONARY THEORIES Evolutionary Theories & Mental Testing Ivan Sujana & Airin Y. Saleh © 2019 Sejarah Psikologi Fakultas Psikologi UI  What do the evolutionary theorist have in common regarding their theory?​  EVOLUTIONARY THEORIES ▶ JEAN LAMARCK ▶ A change in the environment brings about change in needs, resulting in change in behavior, bringing change in organ usage and development, bringing change in form [or structure] over time – and thus the gradual transmutation of the species [plants, animals]. USE AND DISUSE INHERITANCE OF ACQUIRED various CHARACTERISTICS adaptive characteristics that are characteristics that do not help survival will disappear,successfully WHILE the characteristics developed willneeded be passed on to survive will develop [following changes to the offspring of these organisms that occur in the environment] Evolutionary Theories & Mental Testing Ivan Sujana & Airin Y. Saleh © 2019 Sejarah Psikologi Fakultas Psikologi UI  EVOLUTIONARY THEORIES ▶ CHARLES DARWIN ▶ Applying Malthus's logic to describes the mechanism of evolution: the reproductive capacity of a species allows organisms to have offspring more than can survive in their habitat. ▶ There are individual differences in each member of the species in terms of adaptive characteristics, where these variations occur accidentally. ▶ There is a natural selection of adaptive features, where only members of the species that have the characteristics with the highest adaptive value in their environment will survive (survival of the fittest). features that allow adequate adjustment ADAPTIVE FITNESS to an organism’s environment an organism’s ability to survive and reproduce Evolutionary Theories & Mental Testing Ivan Sujana & Airin Y. Saleh © 2019 Sejarah Psikologi Fakultas Psikologi UI  EVOLUTIONARY THEORIES ▶ HERBERT SPENCER ▶ Evolution is about differentiation, so that each whole undifferentiated system becomes increasingly more complex. ▶ This principle is not only for plant & animal, but also human. ▶ In humans, increasing the complexity of the mind allows more associations to occur, which is guided by the principle of contiguity. ▶ The more individuals make associations, the more intelligent the individual is, so that he will be more accurately recorded events in the environment. ▶ The mind's ability to record events accurately is conducive to survival. ▶ Behavior that is conducive to survival will be followed by a pleasurable event, so that the chances of being repeated will increase - Spencer-Bain principle. Evolutionary Theories & Mental Testing Ivan Sujana & Airin Y. Saleh © 2019 Sejarah Psikologi Fakultas Psikologi UI  EVOLUTIONARY THEORIES ▶ HERBERT SPENCER ▶ Elaborate more comprehensively Lamarck's opinion on evolution. ▶ The characteristics that are inherited are the accumulation of associations conducive to survival. ▶ The result of association that is often used will basically become a habit, which will then be inherited in the form of instincts / reflexes. ▶ Extending Darwin's view of evolution from the sphere of the individual (members of a species) to the social sphere (society in a particular area) - Social Darwinism. ▶ Evolution has a purpose or direction, which is approaching perfection. ▶ Accept natural selection as an evolutionary mechanism. ▶ The government should take a laissez-faire position so that free competition as an evolutionary mechanism can run smoothly (survival of the fittest). Evolutionary Theories & Mental Testing Ivan Sujana & Airin Y. Saleh © 2019 Sejarah Psikologi Fakultas Psikologi UI  What was Darwin's contribution to the development of Psychology? EVOLUTIONARY THEORIES ▶ CHARLES DARWIN ▶ The impact of Darwin's theory of evolution for the development in psychology: ▶ Trigger the development of many sub-disciplines, such as animal psychology, comparative psychology, psychology of emotion, etc. ▶ Emphasizes the importance of individual differences that are necessary for future Research. ▶ Show that observation is the same credible method as experiment. ▶ Show that behavior as important as the mind to be studied / researched. Evolutionary Theories & Mental Testing Ivan Sujana & Airin Y. Saleh © 2019 Sejarah Psikologi Fakultas Psikologi UI  What was Galton's contribution to the development of Psychology?  Mental Testing SIR FRANCIS GALTON Laying the groundwork for Crazy hedonists who are crazy about measuring intelligence. measurement, based on curiosity and Intelligence is a matter of sensory acuity; the more insane creativity acute the senses, the more intelligent a person was presumed to be. Inspired by Darwin's theory of evolution Because sensory acuity is mainly a function of natural which emphasized the importance of endowment, intelligence is inherited, thus it runs in the individual differences. family. Therefore, we can improve living organisms [all kind of species] through selective breeding (eugenics) in their most proper environment. IF THERE WERE IMPORTANT INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES AMONG PEOPLE, CLEARLY THEY SHOULD BE MEASURED AND CATALOGED! Mental Testing SIR FRANCIS GALTON Also the relationships between intelligence and various other aspects (anthropometry). Initiate the use of questionnaires in extensive surveys. Laying the foundation of ethics in psychological research methods. Developed basic statistical techniques: median, correlation, regression. Find justification for projective techniques through word association tests.  MENTAL TESTING Intelligence is related to sensory acuity SHORT BIO Some of the measures he developed are: Ability to remember a series of letters While with Wundt, Cattell did numerous reaction - Accuracy in judging a 10-second time studies (including some while using drugs) → interval Wundt did not share his interest though Ability to discriminate between weights In Galton, Cattell finally found someone who Reaction times shared his intense interest in individual differences → Individual differences could be Using this version measurement of measured objectively! intelligence for college entrance Believe in eugenics → … incentives examination ["Mental Test"], however, it be given “the best elements of all the proved to be not valid for predicting people” to intermarry and have large achievement. families (Sokal, 1971, p. 630) Describe the contribution of Alfred Binet to the field of measurement psychology.  MENTAL TESTING Binet formulated a different approach to measuring intelligence, one that involved directly measuring the SHORT BIO complex mental operations thought to be involved Being independently wealthy allowed Binet to take the Rather than being interested in what people have in time to educate himself, and he read the works of common, Binet was primarily interested in what made Darwin, Galton, and the British empiricists (especially them different John Stuart Mill), among others Putting the measurement of intelligence as a direct measurement aimed at Initially practice hypnotism under Charcot, but felt cognitive ability and not through sensory humiliated throughout his life because of widespread acuity. criticism toward hypnotism This is an important advancement in the Later he developed many ability tests study of intelligence → Previously, The independently and was successful → He use of Galton's intelligence measurement is widely regarded as France’s Father categorize individuals who are blind and of Psychology deaf into groups of mental deficiency (mental retardation).  MENTAL TESTING Intelligence consists of several abilities different specific mentalities [‘s factor’]. Together with Theodore Simon made the "Binet-Simon Scale of Intelligence" to differentiate normal children from mentally deficient children (1905), then expanded its use to differentiate normal children and introduced the concept of "intellectual age" (1911). Several other scholars (William Stern, 1911; Lewis Madison Terman, 1916) developed the concept of "intellectual age" into "mental age" and "intelligent quotient" (IQ) - which Binet actually opposed.  OTHER APPROACHES IN MENTAL TESTING CHARLES LEWIS MADISON LETA STETTER ROBERTS MEARNS SPEARMAN TERMAN HOLLINGWORTH YERKES Two-factor theory of intelligence Ran one of the most famous Challenged the widely accepted Developed the g factor -based longitudinal study in the beliefs that intelligence is largely intelligence tests with two Intelligence can be history of psychology: inherited and that women are parallel forms (Army -Alpha & differentiated into (using factor High IQs participants born intellectually inferior to Army-Beta) for the benefit of analysis statistical testing): continued to excel in many males → Rather, the problems large-scale military personnel 1. general intelligence (g activities throughout the are in the social role assignment selection. factor) → determined almost years, and later had attained and social adjustment. exclusively by inheritance prominence in life. 2. specific abilities (s factors).  AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGY & FUNCTIONALISM IVAN SUJANA & AIRIN Y. SALEH  Early U.S. Psychology FUNCTIONALISM INTELLECTUAL PHILOSOPHY U.S. RENAISSANCE MORAL & MENTAL PHILOSOPHY Sejarah Psikologi F Psi UI Functionalism Ivan Sujana & Airin Y. Saleh © 2019 Gestalt Psychology  Reading Guide #5 Explain about two main themes that characterize the functional psychology. Sejarah Psikologi F Psi UI Functionalism Ivan Sujana & Airin Y. Saleh © 2019 Gestalt Psychology Sejarah Psikologi F Psi UI Functionalism Ivan Sujana & Airin Y. Saleh © 2019 Gestalt Psychology  Reading Guide #6 Explain two of James’s contribution to psychology. Sejarah Psikologi F Psi UI Functionalism Ivan Sujana & Airin Y. Saleh © 2019 Gestalt Psychology  Functionalism FUNCTIONALISM Sejarah Psikologi F Psi UI Functionalism Ivan Sujana & Airin Y. Saleh © 2019 Gestalt Psychology Sejarah Psikologi F Psi UI Functionalism Ivan Sujana & Airin Y. Saleh © 2019 Gestalt Psychology  William James ▪ Pragmatism ❖ If an idea works, it is valid, appropriate, and effective for the individual in a particular situation. ❖ The ultimate criterion for judging an idea should be the idea’s usefulness or “cash-value”. ❖ Behaviors, thoughts, or beliefs must be judged by their consequences. ❖ James used pragmatism to solve the problem, including explain psychology phenomenon. Sejarah Psikologi F Psi UI Functionalism Ivan Sujana & Airin Y. Saleh © 2019 Gestalt Psychology  William James ▪ Stream of consciousness.. ❖..is personal ❖..is continuous and cannot be divided up for analysis ❖..is constantly changing ❖..is selective ❖..is functional Sejarah Psikologi F Psi UI Functionalism Ivan Sujana & Airin Y. Saleh © 2019 Gestalt Psychology  William James ▪ Habits and Instincts ❖ Instinct governs much of animal and human behavior. ❖ Behavior are modifiable by experience. ❖ New instinct-like patterns of behavior develop within lifetime of the organism, called habits. ❖ Habits are functional (read p. 328) Sejarah Psikologi F Psi UI Functionalism Ivan Sujana & Airin Y. Saleh © 2019 Gestalt Psychology  William James ▪ The Self ❖ Empirical self is consist of everything that a person could call his or her own. ❖ Self-esteem is determined by the ratio of things attempted to things achieved. ▪ Emotions ❖ Perceptions causes bodily reactions that are then experienced as emotions. ❖ The emotions we feel depend on what we do 🡪 act the way you want to feel. Sejarah Psikologi F Psi UI Functionalism Ivan Sujana & Airin Y. Saleh © 2019 Gestalt Psychology  William James ▪ Free-will ❖ Science must assume determinism, but for certain approaches to the study of human, the assumption of free-will might be fruitful. VOLUNTARY BEHAVIOR MENTAL SELECT EFFORT ▪ Voluntary behavior.. ❖ An idea of an action precedes RECOLLECT and causes that action. IDEAS OF VARIOUS BEHAVIORAL POSSIBILITIES (based on previous experience) Sejarah Psikologi F Psi UI Functionalism Ivan Sujana & Airin Y. Saleh © 2019 Gestalt Psychology  Hugo Münsterberg ▪ Applied the principles of psychology in practical areas based on everyday experiences. 🡪 pioneer in applied psychology. Granville Stanley Hall ▪ Developing the academic culture in American education: seminar, association, and journal. ▪ Developing the life-span theory based on the Lamarck and Darwin theory of Sejarah Psikologi F Psi UI evolution. Functionalism Ivan Sujana & Airin Y. Saleh © 2019 Gestalt Psychology  Functionalism ideas applicatio organizatio n n FUNCTIONALISM Sejarah Psikologi F Psi UI Functionalism Ivan Sujana & Airin Y. Saleh © 2019 Gestalt Psychology  Reading Guide #7 The development of American Functionalism was centred at two universities, University of Chicago and University of Columbia. What were the differences between the two? Sejarah Psikologi F Psi UI Functionalism Ivan Sujana & Airin Y. Saleh © 2019 Gestalt Psychology  Differences ▪ Chicago University ❖ Encouraged the growth of functional psychology, more philosophical, like James. ▪ Columbia University ❖ Study a wide variety of topics using a wide variety of methodologies ❖ Emphasize the practical values of psychological principles. Sejarah Psikologi F Psi UI Functionalism Ivan Sujana & Airin Y. Saleh © 2019 Gestalt Psychology University of Chicago ▪ John Dewey ❖ Reflex must be viewed as a coordinated system directed toward a goal, which is usually related to survival ❖ “Progressive” education (education should be student- oriented: students learn by doing and by reflecting on what happened) ▪ James Rowland Angell ❖ Three major points of functionalism ❖ Expanding the research topics and the application of the results ▪ Harvey Carr ❖ Adaptive acts has three components (motives, situation, and responses) Sejarah Psikologi F Psi UI Functionalism Ivan Sujana & Airin Y. Saleh © 2019 Gestalt Psychology ❖ Mental activity and learning University of Columbia ▪ James McKeen Cattell ❖ Ideas and methods should always be evaluated in terms of their usefulness. ▪ Robert S. Woodworth ❖ Develop the dynamic psychology that emphasize the motivation. ❖ Eclectic attitude: willing to entertain a wide variety of ideas, believing none of them religiously. ▪ Edward L. Thorndike Sejarah Psikologi F Psi UI Functionalism Ivan Sujana & Airin Y. Saleh © 2019 Gestalt Psychology  Reading Guide #8 Explain why Thorndike considered as the transitional figure from functionalism to behaviourism. Sejarah Psikologi F Psi UI Functionalism Ivan Sujana & Airin Y. Saleh © 2019 Gestalt Psychology  Edward Lee Thorndike ▪ Trial-and-error learning ❖ Learning is incremental: gradually rather than all at once. ❖ Learning occurs automatically: not mediated by thinking. ❖ The same principles of learning apply to all mammals. ▪ Connectionism ❖ Concern: How neural connections between sensory impression and responses change their strength as a function of experience. ▪ Law of learning ❖ Law of effect: If an association is followed by a “satisfying state of affairs” it will be strengthened Sejarah Psikologi F Psi UI Functionalism Ivan Sujana & Airin Y. Saleh © 2019 Gestalt Psychology  Edward Lee Thorndike ▪ Together with Woodworth proved that ‘mental muscle’ approach in education was not appropriate, need to be replaced with “identical elements theory of transfer”. ❖ The extent to which information learned in one situation will transfer to another situation is deter-mined by the similarity between the two situations. ❖ Implication in education: teaching practical knowledge more useful that try to strengthening the certain ‘faculties’ of mind. Sejarah Psikologi F Psi UI Functionalism Ivan Sujana & Airin Y. Saleh © 2019 Gestalt Psychology  Functionalism ideas applicatio organizatio n n FUNCTIONALISM preserve develope initiator r r initiator develope preserve r r more experimental like Galton more philosophical like James Sejarah Psikologi F Psi UI Functionalism Ivan Sujana & Airin Y. Saleh © 2019 Gestalt Psychology  READING GUIDE FOR WEEK 11 1. Explain and give examples of the interactions between the id, ego, and superego. 2. Explain and provide examples of objective, neurotic, and moral anxiety. 3. According to Freud, what is the function of defense mechanisms? Give examples of several types of defense mechanisms. 4. The childhood experiences of boys and girls during the phallic stage are different. What specifically distinguishes these dynamics? 5. What is Freud's contribution to the development of psychology? 6. What is the main difference between psychoanalysis and neo-psychoanalysis? 7. Name and explain two types of defense mechanisms proposed by Anna Freud. 8. How do Jung and Freud differ in their explanations of libido and the unconscious? 9. Explain the main difference between Freud’s and Adler’s personality theories. 10. What is the difference between Horney and Freud in their explanations of the origins of psychological problems?