Ethics 2024 PDF

Feeling Moral Emotions Courage Intuition Subjectivism Will Emotivism Feelings and Will Power Moral Decision- Feeling and Making Developing Reason in...

Feeling Moral Emotions Courage Intuition Subjectivism Will Emotivism Feelings and Will Power Moral Decision- Feeling and Making Developing Reason in Will and Moral Decision Moral Courage Courage Making  Feeling Moral Emotions Courage Intuition Subjectivism Will Emotivism Feelings and Will Power Moral Decision- Feeling and Making Developing Will Reason in and Moral Decision Moral Courage Courage Making FEELINGS AS AN OBSTACLE IN DECISION MAKING ETHICAL SUBJECTIVISM – holds that the truth or falsity of ethical propositions is dependent on the feelings, attitude or standards of the decision-maker ETHICAL EMOTIVISM – known as Boo-Yhay Theory - when someone makes a moral statement, they are not providing factual information about right or wrong but are instead expressing their own emotional response or personal approval or disapproval. COURAGE – quality or virtue that involves the ability to confront fear, danger, or difficulty with bravery, resolve, and determination. - the willingness to take action and face challenges despite potential risks or adverse consequences MORAL COURAGE - a form of courage that pertains to standing up for what is morally right, just, or ethical, even in the face of opposition, criticism, or potential harm. - requires individuals to act in accordance with their deeply held moral beliefs and values, even when it may be socially or personally costly to do so. ELEMENTS OF MORAL COURAGE 1. Principle – a rule or code of conduct 2. Danger – exposure to injury pain and loss 3. Endurance – the ability to withstand hardship CHALLENGES 1. Timidity 2. Foolhardiness 3. Physical Courage WILL - the mental faculty or capacity to make conscious choices, decisions, or intentions. - It involves the power of the mind to direct actions and desires towards specific goals or outcomes. WILL POWER - also known as self- control or self-discipline, refers to the ability to resist impulses, delay gratification, and regulate one's behaviors and emotions in line with long-term goals or values. Unit IV: Frameworks and Principles behind our Moral Deposition Frameworks Consequentialist Theory concerned with the ethical consequences of particular actions; Nonconsequentiali st Theory concerned with the intentions of the person in making decisions about particular actions Agent-Centered Theory concerned with the overall ethical status of individuals, and are less concerned to identify the morality of particular actions VIRTUE THEORY by Aristotle (Telos , Virtue as a Habit, and Happiness as Virtue) Virtue Ethics – a moral philosophy that emphasizes individual’s character and personality traits instead of their action – (an action is right if it is an action that a virtuous person would perform) Virtuous Person – someone who act virtuously (posses and live the virtues) Virtues – freely chosen character traits that people praise in others (good moral quality) *difficult to develop *corrective of natural deficiency *beneficial to both self and society VIRTUE THEORY by Aristotle (Telos, Virtue as a Habit, and Happiness as Virtue) Aristotle’s work concerning morality Nicomachean Ethics, Eudemian Ethics and Magna Moralia General Description on his Ethical System 1. Self-realizationism (knowing and acting your telos is the true happiness) *telos – nature, end or purpose - the ultimate human goal 2. Eudaimonistic (focus on happiness, the good of man) - making ourselves good 3. Aretaic or Virtue based (focus on what we should do and what we should be – the character of person we should struggle to become) VIRTUE THEORY by Aristotle (Telos, Virtue as a Habit, and Happiness as Virtue) Three Nature of Man a. vegetative b. sensitive locomotive c. rational *The awareness of our nature and the development of our potential is the key to human happiness. 2 Kinds of Virtue a. Virtue of Intellect – corresponds to the fully rational part of the soul b. Moral Virtue – an expression of character formed by habit (virtue of character)  ARISTOTLE’S VIRTUE ETHIC TELOS Courage An end or our purpose in life HAPPINESS AND VIRTUE Temperance The ultimate human goal is self-realization VIRTUE AS HABIT Justice Happiness should be understood in the sense of human flourishing Prudence VIRTUE AND THE GOLDEN MEAN Virtue refers to an excellence of intellect & moral character  St. Thomas: Natural law (the natural and its tenets, happiness as constitutive of moral and cardinal values) Utilitarianism - Origins and nature of theory - Business fascination with utilitarianism  THOMAS AQUINAS ETHICS Eternal Law – God’s Feature of Human Action (use to assess human action) perfect plan, not fully 1. Species – object of the action knowable by human (action must be good or at least not bad in species 2. Accident – the circumstances Natural Law – aspect of eternal law surrounding the action that is accessible to human reason 3. End – agent’s intention -using reason to lead every human being Virtues -the human nature is to do good and to 1. Moral Virtues – human activities that are virtuous avoid evil -acquired trhough practice and habits Human Law – an ordinance of Prudence reason for the common good Fortitude -positive laws that the natural law Temperance Justice prescibes (civil and criminal law) 2. Theological virtues - concerned Divine Law – a law disclosed from the Scripture directly to God (infused virtues) Faith that guide individuals directed towards eternal Hope happiness (law of revelation, law of God) Love - Focus on how man can be holy and attain salvation  NATURAL LAW Believes that all actions are directed towards the end and that happiness is the final end True happiness is not attainable in this life, for To preserve Life happiness in the present life is imperfect. True – to survive happiness is to be found only in the souls of the blessed in heaven with God. To reproduce and Practical reason naturally educate offspring comprehends that good is to be promoted and evil should be avoided To know the truth about god To live peacefully in the society Lesson 2: Kant and Right theorist - Kant (Goodwill, categorical imperative) - Different kinds of Rights (Legal- Moral)  2 Works of Immanuel Kant Inclination – refers to The Foundations of the the feeling that pushes Metaphysics of Morals us to select particular Critique of Practical Reason option or decision Rejected feelings as bases of moral Duty or Obligation – judgment but reason alone which we ought to do despite our inclination Good Will – the highest good and (deontological theory) the condition of all other goods KANTIAN ETHICS (produce a will which is good no Immanuel Kant matter what) -people performs the act (1724 -1804) which please them Rejected that happiness is the (wishes, passions, desires – highest good.(can be corrupting) no moral worth) -people act morally when Who is a person of good will? (a restraining the feelings person who acts from a sense of and inclination duty and not by inclination) – exhibiting good will even in the face of difficulty UNIVERSABILITY – Act only 2 Classes of Maxims on that maxim through of Conduct – which you can, at the same Hypothetical time will that it should Imperative – Means To become a universal law An End (the command you Right - entitlement to act in a KANTIAN Theory follow if you want certain way Right Based Theory Immanuel Kant something) - There are some right that is (1724 -1804) Categorical positive and negative Imperative - universal - Can be natural and conventional moral law Different Kinds of Right Innate – right that possess by virtue (commands you must Moral Right – rights that are not follow regardless of dependent upon the action of jurist your desire) or legislator - the barometer of Acquired – gain through social contract or legal system reason in determining whether the action is Legal Right – right found within the ethical or not existing law  Theory that focuses on the THE PRINCIPLE OF UTILITY result or consequences of the action Act Utilitarianism Rule Utilitarianism Good Consequences = Good Action Rule Utilitarianism – we ought to live by rules that UTILITARIANISM in general are likely to HEDONISTIC – action is right if it amplifies overall tham Jeremy Benhap lead to the greatest good piness and (action is right if it increase for the greatest number pleasure and minimize wrong if it increase pain) pain ill John Stuart M Hedonic/Felicific how much (action is right in proportion to Act Utilitarianism – In happiness they promote) Calculus-use to measure any given situation, We the degree of pleasure should always choose and pain (pleasure – pain the action that produce =balance) Action should be measured the greatest good for Intensity Duration in terms of the happiness or the greatest number Certainty Propinquity pleasure that they produce Fecundity Purity  JUSTICE AS FAIRNESS – John Rawl Different Kinds of Justice A concept of social justice that used the elements of 1. Retributive or Corrective Justice – Kantian and utilitarian philosophy in describing a refers to the extent to which method of moral evaluation of social and political punishments are fair and just. institutions Corrective Justice - focuses on repairing the harm caused by an offense and The Concept of restoring the relationship between the Original Position and Veil of offender, victim and society Ignorance 2. Compensatory Justice – refers to the extent to which people are fairly 2 Principle of Justice as compensated for their injuries by those Fairness who have injured them. 1 - Liberty Principle – st 3. Distributive Justice – the concept that everybody has the same basic deals with the fair distribution of resources, opportunities and benefit liberties within the society 2 - Fair Equality of nd a perceived fairness of how rewards and costs Opportunity – open to every shared by, or distributed across group individual members. AND Difference Principle- unequal distribution of social and economic goods Common Type of Distributive Norms – least-advantaged members Equity, Equality, Power, Need, Responsibility of society  JUSTICE AS FAIRNESS – John Rawl EGALITARIANISM- A set of closely related socio- FAIRNESS – concern with actions, processes and economic-political theories that promote the consequences, that are morally right honorable and proposition that all society members ought to have equitable exactly equal amount of resources - Broader concept that encompasses the idea of treating people equitably and without bias TYPES OF EGALITARIANISM JUSTICE- refers to the principles of upholding ECONOMIC-believe every member of society what is right and fair particularly in terms of should have equal access to wealth and the the law and legal systems ability to make money. LEGAL -the principle that everyone is subject to Common Good- refers to the same laws, meaning no group has unique either what is shared and legal protections over another. beneficial for all or most POLITICAL- posits that each individual has the members of the given same social power or influence over politics in community or alternatively work, government, and daily life. what is achieved by RACIAL and GENDER -idea that everyone citizenship, collective action should have equal respect for one another no and active participation in matter their race or ethnicity and supports the realm of politics and equal rights, roles, and responsibilities for men public service and women.  JUSTICE AS FAIRNESS – John Rawl Capitalist- someone who believes in the economic philosophy of Capitalism, a system of privately-owned, for- profit businesses. A system where the driving force is income generation Characteristics 1. Private ownership[ 2. Market economy 3. Profit motive 4. Free Enterprise 5. Limited government intervention 6. Specialization and division labor Advantage Disadvantage 1. Efficient Production 1. Inequality 2. Innovation 2. Short term Inequality 3. Long-term Inequality  JUSTICE AS FAIRNESS – John Rawl Socialist -A system where the government controls the production of good and services Characteristics 1. Public Ownership 2. Receiving Share Advantages 1. Workers are no longer exploited 2. All profits are spread equitable 3. Work what is best and enjoy by individua;  JUSTICE AS FAIRNESS Taxation- a means by which the state and its citizens accomplish their responsibilities to each other Impose by the government Financial obligation Objectives Revenue generation for public cause Redistribution of wealth Economic stabilization Behavioral influences Types Income tax – individual earnings Corporate tax - business profit Capital gain tax - asset appreciation Inclusive Growth – economic growth that creates opportunity for all segments of the population and distributes the dividends fairly across the society -having access to essential services such as health and education