Justice Theories and Ethical Principles Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of Corrective Justice?

  • Distributing benefits equitably among society
  • Punishing offenders proportionately
  • Repairing harm caused by an offense (correct)
  • Establishing overall societal benefits

Which principle ensures that everyone has the same basic liberties?

  • Liberty Principle (correct)
  • Distributive Justice
  • Corrective Justice
  • Fair Equality of Opportunity

What does Compensatory Justice focus on?

  • Fair compensation for injuries by those responsible (correct)
  • Equitable distribution of resources
  • Establishing criminal penalties for offenders
  • Repairing social relationships adversely affected

Distributive Justice is primarily concerned with which aspect?

<p>The equitable distribution of resources and benefits (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Veil of Ignorance concept relate to in justice theory?

<p>Assessing fairness without knowledge of personal circumstances (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three theological virtues mentioned?

<p>Faith, Hope, Love (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Natural Law, what is considered the final end of all actions?

<p>Happiness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Kantian ethics, what does 'Good Will' refer to?

<p>A will that is good regardless of consequences (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Kant reject as a basis for moral judgment?

<p>Feelings (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of happiness does Kant argue against?

<p>Happiness is the highest good. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following actions aligns with the Natural Law principle of preserving life?

<p>Avoiding harmful substances (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Kant’s categorical imperative emphasize?

<p>One should act only according to that maxim which one can will to become a universal law. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is 'inclination' in the context of Kant’s philosophy?

<p>A feeling leading to a specific choice (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ultimate goal of human life according to Aristotle's virtue ethics?

<p>Happiness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes moral virtue?

<p>An expression of character formed by habit (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Thomas Aquinas, what is the first feature used to assess human action?

<p>Species (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Aquinas consider to be the nature of human actions?

<p>Must be good or at least not bad in species (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between virtue and habit according to Aristotle?

<p>Virtue is an excellence achieved through practice and habit. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'Natural Law' refer to in Aquinas's ethics?

<p>An aspect of eternal law accessible to reason (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following virtues is NOT considered a cardinal virtue by Aquinas?

<p>Charity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by 'the golden mean' in the context of virtue ethics?

<p>The ideal balance between extremes in virtues (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of capitalism?

<p>Market economy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the objectives of taxation?

<p>Revenue generation for public causes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following reflects an advantage of socialism?

<p>Equitable distribution of profits (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a disadvantage of capitalism?

<p>Inequality (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of tax is levied on individual earnings?

<p>Income tax (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the AND Difference Principle primarily focus on?

<p>Least-advantaged members of society (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of distributive norm mentioned?

<p>Meritocracy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which principle emphasizes that everyone should have equal access to wealth?

<p>Economic egalitarianism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Justice as Fairness is primarily associated with which philosopher?

<p>John Rawls (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which concept refers to the shared benefits for most members of a community?

<p>Common Good (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Kantian theory?

<p>The intent behind actions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of imperative asserts a command that must be followed regardless of desire?

<p>Categorical Imperative (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does political egalitarianism advocate for?

<p>Equal influence over politics and governance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Rule Utilitarianism suggest regarding moral rules?

<p>We ought to live by rules likely to generate the greatest good for the greatest number. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes fairness in the context of equity?

<p>Tailoring resources based on individual needs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of egalitarianism focuses on ensuring everyone is treated equally regardless of race or gender?

<p>Racial and Gender egalitarianism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of rights are considered to be inherent and not dependent on legislation?

<p>Moral Rights (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of Utilitarianism, what are good consequences generally equated to?

<p>Increasing overall happiness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which principle is NOT associated with the Hedonic Calculus?

<p>Cultural Context (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of justice theory does John Rawls propose?

<p>Justice as Fairness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a positive right?

<p>The right to education (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best defines Act Utilitarianism?

<p>Choosing actions that maximize overall happiness in each specific situation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by 'innate rights'?

<p>Rights possessed by virtue of being human (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Moral Virtue

A state of character that is developed through habit and reflects a person's moral excellence.

Telos

The ultimate goal and purpose of life, according to Aristotle's ethics.

Happiness (Eudemonia)

A state of flourishing or living well, achieved through the pursuit of virtue and self-realization.

Virtue as Habit

The idea that virtues are developed through repeated actions and habits.

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The Golden Mean

The concept that virtue lies in a happy medium between extremes (excess and deficiency).

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Natural Law

The natural law that all humans share, accessible through reason, leading to the understanding of moral and cardinal values.

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Utilitarianism

The idea that the ethically right action is the one that produces the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people.

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Thomas Aquinas Ethics

The system of moral philosophy based on a set of eternal, natural, and human laws.

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Divine Law

A law revealed directly from God, found in Scripture. It guides individuals toward eternal happiness.

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Theological Virtues

The three theological virtues: Faith, Hope, and Love.

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Categorical Imperative (Kant)

The categorical imperative requires that we consider the moral implications of our actions, regardless of our personal desires.

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Good Will (Kant)

A person acts out of 'good will' when they do something morally right, even if it conflicts with their personal desires.

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Good Will vs. Happiness (Kant)

According to Kant, happiness is not the highest good, as it can be corrupting. The highest good is a good will, acting morally.

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Inclination (Kant)

An inclination is a feeling that motivates us to act or make a specific decision due to our desires.

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Duty (Kant)

A duty or moral obligation we are bound to perform regardless of our personal feelings or desires. It's a deontological theory.

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Retributive Justice

A method of ethical evaluation that examines how punishments are fairly and justly applied within a society.

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Corrective Justice

This justice concept emphasizes the restoration of harm caused by an offense, aiming to rebalance the relationship between the victim, the perpetrator, and society as a whole.

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Distributive Justice

This concept deals with the fair allocation of resources, opportunities, and benefits among members of a society. It's about ensuring a fair distribution system.

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Liberty principle

A principle within the concept of 'Justice as Fairness,' this states that everyone deserves equal basic liberties - think free speech, free assembly, etc.

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Fair Equality of Opportunity

Another principle within 'Justice as Fairness,' this principle emphasizes the fair opportunities for success and participation in society, regardless of one's background.

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Duty-based action

Acting from a sense of duty, regardless of personal inclination.

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Universability

The principle that a maxim (rule) of action is ethical only if it can be universalized without contradiction.

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Categorical Imperative

A command that applies regardless of personal desires, based on universal moral principles.

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Act Utilitarianism

An approach to utilitarianism where individual actions are judged based on their ability to produce the greatest good in each specific situation.

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Rule Utilitarianism

An approach to utilitarianism where actions are judged based on whether they follow rules that are likely to produce the greatest overall good.

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Justice as Fairness

A theory of justice that emphasizes fairness and equality, advocating for a social contract that ensures everyone's basic rights and freedoms.

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Innate Right

A right that is inherent to all humans and does not depend on any specific laws or actions.

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Acquired Right

Rights gained through societal agreements or legal systems.

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Legal Right

Rights recognized and codified in existing law.

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Socialism

An economic system where the government controls the production and distribution of goods and services.

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Capitalism

A system of economic organization based on private ownership of capital goods, in which the driving force is income generation.

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Taxation

A method used by governments to collect revenue from individuals and businesses to fund public services and programs.

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Inclusive Growth

Economic growth that benefits all segments of society and distributes the benefits fairly.

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Corporate Tax

A type of taxation imposed on the profits earned by corporations.

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AND Difference Principle

A principle that emphasizes the importance of fair and equitable distribution of social and economic goods, particularly focusing on the well-being of the least advantaged members of society.

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Justice

A broad concept that encompasses treating people equitably and fairly, upholding what is right and just, particularly in legal systems.

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Economic Egalitarianism

A type of egalitarianism that focuses on ensuring equal access to wealth and opportunities for all members of society.

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Legal Egalitarianism

A type of egalitarianism that emphasizes equal legal protection for everyone, regardless of their social status, ensuring no group enjoys unique legal advantages.

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Political Egalitarianism

A type of egalitarianism that advocates for equal social and political power for all individuals, ensuring everyone has equal influence in decision-making processes.

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Racial and Gender Egalitarianism

A type of egalitarianism that emphasizes equal respect and rights for individuals regardless of their race or ethnicity, promoting the same opportunities and responsibilities for all.

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Common Good

A concept that emphasizes the shared benefits and responsibilities of a community, focusing on what is beneficial for most or all members of the society.

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Study Notes

Moral Decision-Making

  • Feeling and intuition play a role in moral decisions.
  • Subjectivism and emotivism are ethical theories that consider feelings in moral decisions.
  • Ethical theories emphasize the role of feelings and reason in decision-making, specifically moral courage.
  • Courage involves confronting fear, danger, or difficult situations with bravery.
  • Moral courage requires standing up for what is morally right, even in the face of opposition, criticism, or potential harm.

Elements of Moral Courage

  • Principle: a rule or code of conduct
  • Danger: exposure to injury, pain, and loss
  • Endurance: the ability to withstand hardship

Challenges to Moral Courage

  • Timidity
  • Foolhardiness
  • Physical Courage

Will and Willpower

  • Will is the mental faculty or capacity to make conscious choices, decisions, or intentions.
  • Willpower or self-discipline refers to the ability to resist impulses, delay gratification, and regulate one's behaviours.

Types of Ethical Theories

  • Consequentialist Theory: concerned with consequences of actions.
  • Nonconsequentialist Theory: concerned with intentions behind decisions.
  • Agent-Centered Theory: concerned with the overall ethical status of individuals.

Virtue Theory

  • Introduced by Aristotle.
  • Emphasises individual's character and personality traits instead of actions.
  • Virtuous Person: someone who acts virtuously.
  • Virtues: freely chosen character traits that people praise.

Aristotle's Work on Morality

  • Self-realizationism: knowing and acting one's telos.
  • Eudaimonistic: happiness and good of man.
  • Aretaic/Virtue-based: focus on what we should do and be.
  • Three natures of man: vegetative, sensitive locomotive, rational
  • 2 kinds of virtue include virtue of intellect and moral virtue.

St. Thomas' Natural Law

  • Natural law, with its tenets, happiness as constituent moral and cardinal values.

Utilitarianism

  • Origins and nature of the theory.
  • Business fascination with this theory.

Thomas Aquinas Ethics

  • Eternal Law is God's perfect plan (not fully knowable by human).
  • Natural Law is an aspect of eternal law accessible to human reason.
  • Human law is an ordinance of reason based on natural law.
  • Divine law guides individuals towards eternal happiness through scriptures.

Natural Law

  • Preserves life.
  • Reproduces and educates offspring.
  • Knows the truth about God.
  • Lives peacefully in society.

Kant and Moral Theory

  • Kant's theory emphasizes good will, categorical imperative, and different kinds of rights.
  • Rejected feelings, favoring reason in moral judgment.
  • Goodwill is the highest good.
  • Actions from inclination have no moral worth, only actions from duty do.
  • Universality principle: act only according to maxim whereby you can, at same time, will that it should become a universal law.
  • Categorical Imperative: commands an action unconditionally as opposed to hypothetical imperative.
  • Different kinds of rights include innate, moral, and acquired/legislative.

Utilitarianism

  • Focuses on the result of consequences of an action.
  • Hedonistic: actions are right if they maximize overall pleasure and minimize pain.
  • Hedonic/Felicific Calculus: measures degree of pleasure and pain.

Justice as Fairness (John Rawls)

  • Concept of social justice, combining elements of Kantian and Utilitarian philosophies.
  • Original Position, Veil of Ignorance.
  • Two principles of justice: liberty principle, fair equality of opportunity, difference principle.
  • Different kinds of justice: distributive, retributive/corrective, compensatory.
  • Common good, fairness as ethical principles of action.
  • Egalitarianism: believes in equality of wealth, legal, and political rights and considers racial, and gender aspects.

Economic Systems

  • Capitalist: privately-owned profit-driven businesses.
  • Socialist: government controls production and services.

Taxation

  • A means by which the state accomplishes its responsibilities, imposes financial obligations.
  • Aims for revenue generation, wealth redistribution, and behavioral influences.
  • Diverse types of taxes (e.g., income tax, property tax, corporate tax).
  • Aims for inclusive growth, equitable distribution of wealth, and resource access across society.

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Description

Test your knowledge on various theories of justice, including Corrective Justice, Compensatory Justice, and Distributive Justice. Explore ethical principles discussed by renowned philosophers like Kant and Aristotle. This quiz covers foundational concepts in moral philosophy and justice theory.

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