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Questions and Answers
What is the primary focus of Corrective Justice?
What is the primary focus of Corrective Justice?
Which principle ensures that everyone has the same basic liberties?
Which principle ensures that everyone has the same basic liberties?
What does Compensatory Justice focus on?
What does Compensatory Justice focus on?
Distributive Justice is primarily concerned with which aspect?
Distributive Justice is primarily concerned with which aspect?
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What does the Veil of Ignorance concept relate to in justice theory?
What does the Veil of Ignorance concept relate to in justice theory?
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What are the three theological virtues mentioned?
What are the three theological virtues mentioned?
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According to Natural Law, what is considered the final end of all actions?
According to Natural Law, what is considered the final end of all actions?
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In Kantian ethics, what does 'Good Will' refer to?
In Kantian ethics, what does 'Good Will' refer to?
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What does Kant reject as a basis for moral judgment?
What does Kant reject as a basis for moral judgment?
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What aspect of happiness does Kant argue against?
What aspect of happiness does Kant argue against?
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Which of the following actions aligns with the Natural Law principle of preserving life?
Which of the following actions aligns with the Natural Law principle of preserving life?
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What does Kant’s categorical imperative emphasize?
What does Kant’s categorical imperative emphasize?
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What is 'inclination' in the context of Kant’s philosophy?
What is 'inclination' in the context of Kant’s philosophy?
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What is the ultimate goal of human life according to Aristotle's virtue ethics?
What is the ultimate goal of human life according to Aristotle's virtue ethics?
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Which of the following best describes moral virtue?
Which of the following best describes moral virtue?
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According to Thomas Aquinas, what is the first feature used to assess human action?
According to Thomas Aquinas, what is the first feature used to assess human action?
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What does Aquinas consider to be the nature of human actions?
What does Aquinas consider to be the nature of human actions?
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What is the relationship between virtue and habit according to Aristotle?
What is the relationship between virtue and habit according to Aristotle?
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What does 'Natural Law' refer to in Aquinas's ethics?
What does 'Natural Law' refer to in Aquinas's ethics?
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Which of the following virtues is NOT considered a cardinal virtue by Aquinas?
Which of the following virtues is NOT considered a cardinal virtue by Aquinas?
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What is meant by 'the golden mean' in the context of virtue ethics?
What is meant by 'the golden mean' in the context of virtue ethics?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of capitalism?
Which of the following is a characteristic of capitalism?
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What is one of the objectives of taxation?
What is one of the objectives of taxation?
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Which of the following reflects an advantage of socialism?
Which of the following reflects an advantage of socialism?
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What is a disadvantage of capitalism?
What is a disadvantage of capitalism?
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Which type of tax is levied on individual earnings?
Which type of tax is levied on individual earnings?
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What does the AND Difference Principle primarily focus on?
What does the AND Difference Principle primarily focus on?
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Which of the following is NOT a type of distributive norm mentioned?
Which of the following is NOT a type of distributive norm mentioned?
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Which principle emphasizes that everyone should have equal access to wealth?
Which principle emphasizes that everyone should have equal access to wealth?
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Justice as Fairness is primarily associated with which philosopher?
Justice as Fairness is primarily associated with which philosopher?
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Which concept refers to the shared benefits for most members of a community?
Which concept refers to the shared benefits for most members of a community?
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What is the primary focus of Kantian theory?
What is the primary focus of Kantian theory?
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Which type of imperative asserts a command that must be followed regardless of desire?
Which type of imperative asserts a command that must be followed regardless of desire?
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What does political egalitarianism advocate for?
What does political egalitarianism advocate for?
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What does Rule Utilitarianism suggest regarding moral rules?
What does Rule Utilitarianism suggest regarding moral rules?
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Which of the following best describes fairness in the context of equity?
Which of the following best describes fairness in the context of equity?
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Which type of egalitarianism focuses on ensuring everyone is treated equally regardless of race or gender?
Which type of egalitarianism focuses on ensuring everyone is treated equally regardless of race or gender?
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What type of rights are considered to be inherent and not dependent on legislation?
What type of rights are considered to be inherent and not dependent on legislation?
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In the context of Utilitarianism, what are good consequences generally equated to?
In the context of Utilitarianism, what are good consequences generally equated to?
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Which principle is NOT associated with the Hedonic Calculus?
Which principle is NOT associated with the Hedonic Calculus?
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What kind of justice theory does John Rawls propose?
What kind of justice theory does John Rawls propose?
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What is an example of a positive right?
What is an example of a positive right?
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What best defines Act Utilitarianism?
What best defines Act Utilitarianism?
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What is meant by 'innate rights'?
What is meant by 'innate rights'?
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Study Notes
Moral Decision-Making
- Feeling and intuition play a role in moral decisions.
- Subjectivism and emotivism are ethical theories that consider feelings in moral decisions.
- Ethical theories emphasize the role of feelings and reason in decision-making, specifically moral courage.
- Courage involves confronting fear, danger, or difficult situations with bravery.
- Moral courage requires standing up for what is morally right, even in the face of opposition, criticism, or potential harm.
Elements of Moral Courage
- Principle: a rule or code of conduct
- Danger: exposure to injury, pain, and loss
- Endurance: the ability to withstand hardship
Challenges to Moral Courage
- Timidity
- Foolhardiness
- Physical Courage
Will and Willpower
- Will is the mental faculty or capacity to make conscious choices, decisions, or intentions.
- Willpower or self-discipline refers to the ability to resist impulses, delay gratification, and regulate one's behaviours.
Types of Ethical Theories
- Consequentialist Theory: concerned with consequences of actions.
- Nonconsequentialist Theory: concerned with intentions behind decisions.
- Agent-Centered Theory: concerned with the overall ethical status of individuals.
Virtue Theory
- Introduced by Aristotle.
- Emphasises individual's character and personality traits instead of actions.
- Virtuous Person: someone who acts virtuously.
- Virtues: freely chosen character traits that people praise.
Aristotle's Work on Morality
- Self-realizationism: knowing and acting one's telos.
- Eudaimonistic: happiness and good of man.
- Aretaic/Virtue-based: focus on what we should do and be.
- Three natures of man: vegetative, sensitive locomotive, rational
- 2 kinds of virtue include virtue of intellect and moral virtue.
St. Thomas' Natural Law
- Natural law, with its tenets, happiness as constituent moral and cardinal values.
Utilitarianism
- Origins and nature of the theory.
- Business fascination with this theory.
Thomas Aquinas Ethics
- Eternal Law is God's perfect plan (not fully knowable by human).
- Natural Law is an aspect of eternal law accessible to human reason.
- Human law is an ordinance of reason based on natural law.
- Divine law guides individuals towards eternal happiness through scriptures.
Natural Law
- Preserves life.
- Reproduces and educates offspring.
- Knows the truth about God.
- Lives peacefully in society.
Kant and Moral Theory
- Kant's theory emphasizes good will, categorical imperative, and different kinds of rights.
- Rejected feelings, favoring reason in moral judgment.
- Goodwill is the highest good.
- Actions from inclination have no moral worth, only actions from duty do.
- Universality principle: act only according to maxim whereby you can, at same time, will that it should become a universal law.
- Categorical Imperative: commands an action unconditionally as opposed to hypothetical imperative.
- Different kinds of rights include innate, moral, and acquired/legislative.
Utilitarianism
- Focuses on the result of consequences of an action.
- Hedonistic: actions are right if they maximize overall pleasure and minimize pain.
- Hedonic/Felicific Calculus: measures degree of pleasure and pain.
Justice as Fairness (John Rawls)
- Concept of social justice, combining elements of Kantian and Utilitarian philosophies.
- Original Position, Veil of Ignorance.
- Two principles of justice: liberty principle, fair equality of opportunity, difference principle.
- Different kinds of justice: distributive, retributive/corrective, compensatory.
- Common good, fairness as ethical principles of action.
- Egalitarianism: believes in equality of wealth, legal, and political rights and considers racial, and gender aspects.
Economic Systems
- Capitalist: privately-owned profit-driven businesses.
- Socialist: government controls production and services.
Taxation
- A means by which the state accomplishes its responsibilities, imposes financial obligations.
- Aims for revenue generation, wealth redistribution, and behavioral influences.
- Diverse types of taxes (e.g., income tax, property tax, corporate tax).
- Aims for inclusive growth, equitable distribution of wealth, and resource access across society.
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Description
Test your knowledge on various theories of justice, including Corrective Justice, Compensatory Justice, and Distributive Justice. Explore ethical principles discussed by renowned philosophers like Kant and Aristotle. This quiz covers foundational concepts in moral philosophy and justice theory.
