Study Guide Ethics PDF

Intro to Ethics Get non whites in sororities and fraternity notes (then generate quizlet) What is Ethics? - - - Some Ethical Questions - - - - - The task of Moral Philosophy (Ethics) - Key question - If a person is alone on some deserted island, would anything tha...

Intro to Ethics Get non whites in sororities and fraternity notes (then generate quizlet) What is Ethics? - - - Some Ethical Questions - - - - - The task of Moral Philosophy (Ethics) - Key question - If a person is alone on some deserted island, would anything that person did be moral or immoral, but it will be hard to regard those who acts as either moral or immoral. The Basis of Morality - - - Defining Ethics - - What makes wrong actions wrong and right actions right? - - - Why Should you be moral? Or why should you care? - - Thomas Nagle's Text - - How do we determine right and wrong actions? Utilitarianism Virtue Ethics Kant's Duty Ethics Prima Facie Duty Utilitarianism - - - - - - What is Utilitarianism About? - - Jeremy Bentham- An introduction to the principles and morals of legislation (1781) - Act and Rule Utilitarianism - - - - The value of Utilitarianism - Limitations - - - Aristotle's Virtue Ethics - - - - - - What is the fundamental question of virtue ethics? "What sort of person should I be?" What makes this ethical perspective special? - - What makes a person virtuous? - - Kinds of virtue - - - Virtue Ethics and Human Flourishing - - Aristotle\'s key virtues - - - - Virtue - - - Virtue and Moral Agents - - Moral agents are expected to meet the demands of morality including - - - - Virtue Ethics and AI - - The pervasiveness of AI Systems in our Lives We receive daily nudges from AI systems through: - - - - - AI has been useful to human life - - AI Can influence human actions in negative ways - - - Is AI capable of virtue? - Two reasons Control Condition - - Epistemic Condition - Can we blame AI technology for moral actions? First answer - Second Answer - The idea of virtue by proxy - - Can AI Assist humans in the acquisition of virtue? - What is justice (general understanding) - - - - Distributive Justice - Rawls\'s theory of justice has 2 principles Liberty Principle - - - Difference Principle - - - Theory of Justice - Ethics And Personal Values (on reasoning and human values) - - - Reinghold Niembuhr - Is rationality sufficient for individual and Social living? - - - Who are rationalists? - - On reasoning and Human Values Age of Reason (The enlightenment) - - - Benefits of Reason as the Basis of Moral Virtue - - The limitations of Reason as a moral basis of moral virtue - - - Social Impulse - - - The desire to maintain power - - Unreson and Blind loyalty - - - Our moral obligations (what ought to drive human action) - - - On becoming a Moral Example Ayn Rand (1905-1982) - - - What is Moral Agnosticism - - Moral Agnosticism is the Pathway to an irrational society - - Irrational Society - The manifestation of an irrational society - 3 symptoms of an irrational society - (Failing to condemn morally wrong actions shows your complicity helping to spread the evil you fail to acknowledge) - (Examples "a contemptible liar means well" "a juvenile delinquent needs love") - (to pronounce moral judgment is an enormous responsibility. To be a judge, one must possess an unimpeachable character. It is a fear of this responsibility that promp\[ts most people to adopt an attitude of indiscriminate moral neutrality.) Moral Values and human life - - Moral Exemplar - How can one become a moral exemplar 1. 2. The need to assume responsibility of asserting moral values Kant's Ethical Theory - - The crux of kant's duty ethics - What is the categorical imperative - 3 principles of the categorical imperative 1. - 2. - 3. - How can Kappana's action of not telling a lie about the emission be evaluated using kant;s categorical Imperative? Will this action be considered good or bad? I think it would be good because this theory is based on how you want others to act. Hypothetical imperative- is one that is contingent on your desires. Example: if you want a hamburger, you ought to go to Mcdoinalds Categorical Imperative- an absolute and universal moral obligation. It is an obligation. It is an imperative based on acting out of reason for what one can unervilze as a moral law. Example: a thief should not be motivated to steal because it cannot be made into a univceraloral obligation. Strengths of Kant\'s theory - - Conflicting duties - - Ross is Responding to Kant's duty ethics Kant's Moral Theory (Duty Ethics) creates the problem of the conflict of duties Prima Facie Duties - - What are Prima Facie duties? - - What makes right actions right? - - Ross' Critique of Kant's Duty Ethics - - What is the right to do? - - Divisions of prima Facie Duties - - - - - - - - - Most people (except Kant) can agree that it is sometimes right to tell a lie or break a promise to achieve the most good in a situation.This is the main difference between prima facie duty and Kant's 'absolute' duty. October 22, 2024 The Five Faces of Oppression What is Oppression? - - An important Fact about oppression - The concept of social group - - - Iris Young - - Oppression as a form of injustice Iris Young- Considers oppression as a form of injustice because - - Five Faces of Oppression 1. - - - 2. - - 3. - - - 4. - - 5. - - Ethics of Innovation Ethical Issues in Sperm Donation PHI 180: Intro to Ethics Innovative Interventions in Reproductive Technology Sperm donation - - Innovative Interventions in Reproductive Technology - - Sperm Donation and the Law: The United States - - - - Sperm Donation and the Law: The United Kingdom UK - - - - Sperm Donation and the Law: Denmark - - - What are the Ethical Issues with Sperm Donation? - - - - - The key Issue addressed in the reading: - - First Generation College Students and the Negotiation of multiple identities First generation college student - - Some misconceptions about first generation college students - - - The multiple identities of FGC Students - Identity is located in 4 different frames 1. - - - 2. - - - 3. - - 4. - - These are the multiple frames of identity that FGC students navigate - - - Some of the challenges for FGC students - - - - - - - Overcoming these challenges and conclusions - - - - - The Ethics of Care and Disability Eva Feder Kittay - - Caring for those with disabilities - - - Discrimination against people with disabilities - - - - - - The need for care - The americans with disabilities Act (ADA), 1990 (know year) - - The overmempasis on independence and how it impact people with disabilities - What critics say about the notion of "dependency" in the care of people with disability - - - 1. 2. Conclusion - Profit making and respect for Persons - - Profit Making and Exploitation of Workers - - - Some notable companies that have been accused of pernicious exploitation of their workers - - - What is a sweatshop? - - Outsourcing: Global Markets and Global Perils - - - The ethics of Sweatshops It can be looked at from two angles: (Moral Theory) kantian Theory and the Ethics of sweatshops Categorical Imperative-3 formulations - - - Cont'd - - - - (Rule of Law) The role of lawlessness in Abuse of workers in Sweatshops - - Cont'd - - - Conclusion In so far as we recognise the dignity of humanity, we have an obligation to respect both ourselves and others Understanding the Concept of Terrorism Claudia Card - What is terrorism?There are 2 ways to define the concepts The Traditional Definition - - The Contemporary Definition - - Two Models of Terrorism 1. - - - 2. - - Examples of Terrorist Acts - - - - Terror- Motivated Targeting of Women, Girls and Boys (Rape Terrorism) - - Opposition to Terrorism - - Conclusion - The Questions of Just War and questioning Just War War- a state of armed conflict between different nations or states or different groups with in Why nations go to war - - - -The legal Power to Declare war in the United States is vested in Congress however the president is the commander- in- chief of the military, so he or she holds power the conduct a war once it had been declared \- in many instances, the president has used military force with loud declaring war Aquinas: On weather it is always sinful to Wage a War In Summa Theological, Awiisnas argued that there are three necessary conditions that all instances of war must meet in order to be considered morally defensible 1- It is declared by a legitimate authority. (Individuals who do not constitute a government power cannot wage war) 2- The reason for going to war must be just. (Thoses who are attacked must deserve it on account of some fault) 3- Those who wage war should ensure that the final goal should be the attainment of peace. Anthony Burke Just war Theory- to provide a guide to the right way for states to act in potential conflict situations -presumes that they are legitimate uses of war but also sets moral boundaries on the waging of war Just war theory claims to limit and control violence in two ways -Just as bellum limiting conditions under which the use of military force is justified - Critique of Just War theory - - - Critique of Just War theory -just war criteria have failed to prevent Alternatives to just war theory Ethical peace- the view that nations should seek peace , the use of force should have moral restraint How ethical peace differs from Just War - - - Convulsion Ethical Peace would also demand that action can be taken to ensure that existing international law relating to human rights and armed conflict was consistently enforced