ENVI 10.01 _ SEM 1.pdf

ENVI 10.01 1 BFA-ID | 11C | PROF. CLEODETTE LAGATA | SEM 1 2024 ORIENTATION IMPORTANT NOTES! Email: [email protected] Check syllabus and deadlines! Students with at least B in the pre-final standing are exempted from taking the final exam...

ENVI 10.01 1 BFA-ID | 11C | PROF. CLEODETTE LAGATA | SEM 1 2024 ORIENTATION IMPORTANT NOTES! Email: [email protected] Check syllabus and deadlines! Students with at least B in the pre-final standing are exempted from taking the final exam! No extra credit work! Consultation Protocol: M - 1:00-5:00 and T - 15:00-17:00 INDIVIDUAL. Infographic Material, ideally A4 (whether portrait or landscape). JPG. (Can start as soon as possible pero November pa deadline) 1 ENVI 10.01 1 BFA-ID | 11C | PROF. CLEODETTE LAGATA | SEM 1 2024 MODULE 1: our hypothesis is correct or can be supported. THE NATURE OF SCIENCE THERE IS NO PATHWAY IN DOING SCIENCE. Is not just the collection of knowledge. It is the systematic way of knowing everything. SCIENCE AS A PERSPECTIVE Science is a methodical approach used to understand the natural world. Critical Thinking: Science promotes a perspective of skepticism and inquiry, encouraging questioning of It relies on observation, experimentation, assumptions and seeking evidence. and analysis to build and organize knowledge. Scientific perspectives influence how we perceive and interpret various phenomena, from health to The process of science depends on the technology. testing of ideas with evidence gathered from the natural world is called the … SCIENCE AS A PERSPECTIVE SMOKING SCIENTIFIC METHOD Process of investigation to find or produce measurable and reliable results that answer Doll and Hill Alteration of a specific question. (1950) provided Perceptions early evidence 1. Observation linking smoking - increased - Things or information we note by using our to lung cancer. public five senses. awareness - It is the way we notice important details in The US Surgeon our information. General’s - decline in Report on smoking rates 2. Question Smoking and - Details we notice during observation will Health (1964) - increased spark our curiosity. concluded that social stigma - The most interesting ones will make us ask smoking was a questions. major cause of - stricter lung cancer and regulations 3. Research other serious - It is important to look up what is already diseases. - increased known. taxes of - Opens up to answered and unanswered tobacco questions about the topic. products - It also prepares us for the next step in this process. 4. Hypothesis - Tentative explanation to our initial question based on what we know so far. SCIENCE VS PSEUDOSCIENCE - It should be: Testable, Empirical, Lacks empirical support Repeatable, Predictive, and Falsifiable. Often relies on anecdotal evidence Does not adhere to the scientific method 5. Data Gathering - Stage where we get to test our hypothesis. - Can be a test or a series of tests done in a DISTINGUISHING SCIENCE controlled environment to validate our FROM PSEUDOSCIENCE observations and answer our questions. Peer review and reproducibility - Qualitative vs Quantitative Falsifiability - Independent vs Dependent 6. Analysis WARNING SIGNS OF - When we compare our expected results with 1. Use of Psychobabble our actual results, - Usually applied to misuse of words from - We gather measurable results that can Psychology, but the idea of using scientific prove if your hypothesis is true or false. jargon incorrectly applies to all fields of science. 7. Evaluation - We evaluate our results and draw 2. Substantial Reliance on Anecdotal conclusions from it. Evidence - It summarizes the information we gathered - Proponents claim that crystals possess during the scientific process and shares if special energy or healing properties that 2 ENVI 10.01 1 BFA-ID | 11C | PROF. CLEODETTE LAGATA | SEM 1 2024 can improve physical, emotional, or spiritual well-being. - This belief is not supported by rigorous scientific evidence but persists due to anecdotal reports and personal testimonies. 3. Unfalsifiable Claims - Nature is home to beings we cannot see. This is why we have to say tabi-tabi po when we pee. 4. Lack of Self Correction - If it’s been used for thousands of years, it must be correct. 5. Absence of Connectivity to Other Research - Flat earther proponents often ignore or misrepresent the well-established KULANG 6. Absence of Adequate Peer-Review - Lacks peer review and further research. 7. Extraordinary Claims in the Absence of Extraordinary Evidence - Despite numerous stories of aswangs, there is no physical evidence such as biological samples, sightings, or documentation to prove the fact. IMPACTS OF PSEUDOSCIENCE Can mislead people, potentially leading to harmful practices or neglect of effective treatments. Critical evaluation of claims is essential to prevent the spread of misinformation. Science seeks to disconfirm and Pseudoscience seeks to confirm. 3 ENVI 10.01 1 BFA-ID | 11C | PROF. CLEODETTE LAGATA | SEM 1 2024 ○ When the health of humans and EMBRACING ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE the environment is at stake, it may Many assumptions are built into the way not be necessary to wait for science operates. scientific certainty to take protective action. Example: Assumption of Uniformity in Nature ○ In other words, it's better to be ○ Scientists assume that the natural safe than sorry. laws and processes observed in one location or time period will be HOW DO WE PLACE A VALUE ON consistent in others. ANY ASPECT OF OUR ENVIRONMENT BASED ON 8 JUSTIFICATIONS Science is not static. Science is open to verification, and encourages doubt and 1. Utilitarian Justification repetitive logical analysis. - valuable because it benefits individuals economically or is directly necessary to ○ Example: Geocentric Model was untrue, and rather, Heliocentric human survival Model was the real placement of the sun and earth. 2. Ecological Justification - An ecosystem is necessary for the survival Science is not a perfect science. Failing to of some species of interest to us, or that the prove something may lead to discovery and system itself provides some benefit. fresh insight. ○ Discovery of Penicillin 3. Aesthetic and Recreational Justification - Appreciation of the beauty of nature and ○ Invention of Post-It Note our desire to get out and enjoy it Science is a social exercise. Collaborations 4. Inspirational and Creative Justification between scientists of various fields are - based on its benefits to the human spirit, encouraged to bring together different sets of perspective, expertise, and skill. our “inner selves” (inspirational justification) ○ COVID 19 Pandemic - an aid to human creativity (the creative justification) Science has limits. While science can provide useful information for us to make 5. Moral Justification decisions, it cannot tell us whether these - the right to exist and that is our moral choices are right and wrong. obligation to help them, or at least allow ○ Cloning them to persist ○ What is the meaning of life? 6. Cultural Justification - all cultures may value nature, but Also includes studying natural processes, depending on their religious belief, may human impacts, and developing strategies for sustainability. value it in different degrees of intensity WHAT IS ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE? 7. The Tragedy of the Commons An interdisciplinary field that combines - should be preserved for other people and biology, chemistry, geology, and other the next generations. sciences to study the environment and solve environmental problems. Science and values ○ Deciding on what to do about an environmental problem involves both values and science. ○ We must choose what we want the environment to be. The precautionary principle 4 ENVI 10.01 1 BFA-ID | 11C | PROF. CLEODETTE LAGATA | SEM 1 2024 MODULE 2: ○ Outermost region (electrons) UNDERSTANDING THE NATURAL MOLECULES WORLD Formed when two or more atoms join together to form a unit of matter ECOLOGY The term oekologie was coined in 1866 by e.g. carbon dioxide the German biologist Ernst Haeckel. CO2 = 1 Carbon atom, 2 oxygen atoms This is derived from the Greek words oikos, “household” and logos, “study”; therefore, BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES “ecology” means the “study of the Four major classes household of nature.” 1. Carbohydrates Scientific study of the distribution and - essential part of our diet abundance of living organisms and how - natural sources: grains, fruits, and these are affected by the interactions between the organisms and the vegetables environment. - provide energy through glucose (a simple sugar) Scientific study of the processes influencing - (CH20)n the: - n - number of carbons in the molecule ○ Distribution and abundance of - carbohydrate = carbo (C) + organisms hydrate (H20) ○ Interactions between and among organisms and its environment 2. Lipids - Diverse group of compounds such as fats, ○ Transformation and flux of oils, waxes, phospholipids, and steroids organisms’ energy and matter - These are nonpolar/hydrophobic (Water fearing) - insoluble in water Biological science that studies the - Have important roles in energy storages relationships between living organisms and their environment. and building cell membranes throughout the body CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL 3. Proteins FOUNDATIONS OF EARTH - One of the most abundant organic molecules in living systems and have the most diverse range of functions ELEMENTS - May be structural, regulatory, contractile, or Comprise all matter on Earth including protective living things - they may serve in transport, storage, or membranes ○ 118 elements but only 92 occur - they may be toxins or enzymes (speed up naturally biochemical reactions) ○ 5 elements common to ALL living organisms: Oxygen (O), Carbon ©, 4. Nucleic acids Hydrogen (H), Nitrogen (N), - Most important macromolecules for the Phosphorus (P). continuity of life - they carry the genetic blueprint of a cell and carry instructions for the functioning of the cell - Two main types: - deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) - genetic material; controls genes ATOM - ribonucleic acid (RNA) - involved Smallest unit of matter that remains all of in protein synthesis the chemical properties of an element BIOLOGICAL ORGANIZATION Two Regions: ○ Nucleus (Protons and Neutrons) 5 ENVI 10.01 1 BFA-ID | 11C | PROF. CLEODETTE LAGATA | SEM 1 2024 CELLS Smallest fundamental unit of structure and function in living organisms CELLS - TISSUE A group of similar cells Provide specific functions for the cells CELLS - TISSUE - ORGANS A structure composed of different tissues Adaptation that perform a specific function ○ The process by which a species becomes fitted to its environment; CELLS - TISSUE - ORGANS - ORGAN SYSTEM it is the result of natural selection’s A group of organs that work together to acting upon heritable variation perform complex function over several generations CELLS - TISSUE - ORGANS - ORGAN SYSTEM - ORGANISM including living entities Reproduction and Heredity ○ The ability to reproduce to produce new organisms of the same species and to inherit genetic information from the parents in the form of DNA COMMON CHARACTERISTICS OF LIVING THINGS ○ ensures the continuity of life Organization ○ All organisms are highly organized Energy acquisition and release ○ All living organisms require energy to perform various activities Responsiveness ○ Living things can respond to their environment through stimuli, which can be external (Ex. light, temperature, sound) or internal (Ex. hunger, pain) Homeostasis ○ Allows organisms to adapt to ○ The ability of an organism to changes and maintain maintain a constant environment homeostasis despite changes in external conditions to ensure optimal Growth and development conditions for cellular functions ○ Living things grow by increasing in size and often number of cells. ○ Development refers to the process by which an organism changer over its lifetime 6 ENVI 10.01 1 BFA-ID | 11C | PROF. CLEODETTE LAGATA | SEM 1 2024 CELLS - TISSUE - ORGANS - ORGAN SYSTEM - coordination with the abiotic ORGANISM - POPULATION factors of the environment. A group of organisms of the same species living in a specific areas ◆ Grassland - In a grassland ecosystem, the Populations fluctuate based on: vegetation is dominated by grasses and herbs. ○ Seasonal and yearly changes in the environment ◆ Tundra - In physical geography, tundra is a ○ natural disasters (e.g. forest fires, type of biome where the tree volcanic eruptions) growth is hindered by low temperatures and short growing ○ competition for resources seasons. CELLS - TISSUE - ORGANS - ORGAN SYSTEM - ◆ Desert ORGANISM - POPULATION - COMMUNITY - A desert is a barren area of sum of populations inhabiting a particular landscape where little area precipitation occurs and consequently, living conditions are CELLS - TISSUE - ORGANS - ORGAN SYSTEM - ORGANISM - POPULATION - COMMUNITY - hostile for plant and animal life. ECOSYSTEM Consist of all living (biotic) and non-living 2. AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM things (abiotic) in a particular area ➔ Are ecosystems present in a body of water CELLS - TISSUE - ORGANS - ORGAN SYSTEM - ➔ These can be further divided into two types, ORGANISM - POPULATION - COMMUNITY - namely: ECOSYSTEM - BIOSPHERE Collection of all ecosystems ◆ Freshwater - River, lacustrine, pond, marsh Represents the zones of life on earth ◆ Marine - Estuaries, open ocean, ocean LIFE IS… surface, ocean bottom sustained by the interactions of many organisms functioning together, interacting through their physical and chemical environments. ECOSYSTEMS: SUSTAINING LIFE ON EARTH structural and functional unit of ecology where the living organisms interact with each other and the surrounding environment. An ecosystem is a chain of interactions between organisms and their environment. TYPES OF ECOSYSTEM 1. TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEM ➔ A terrestrial ecosystem is a land-based community of organisms and the interactions of biotic and abiotic components in a given area. They are as follows: ◆ Forest - Area of land dominated by trees and animals that live in 7 ENVI 10.01 1 BFA-ID | 11C | PROF. CLEODETTE LAGATA | SEM 1 2024 ○ Also called heterotrophs ECOSYSTEM FOOD CHAIN VS. FOOD WEB Chain of interactions between organisms ★ FOOD CHAIN and their environment. ○ Shows the feeding relationships between organisms 1. Organizations 2. Homeostasis 3. Adaptation 4. Energy Acquisition and Release 5. Responsiveness 6. Reproduction and heredity 7. Growth and development ECOSYSTEM HAVE SEVERAL FUNDAMENTAL ELEMENTS WHICH WE CAN GROUP AS: ★ STRUCTURE - Living and nonliving ★ FOOD WEB ○ Consists of several food chains in ★ PROCESSES a single ecosystem - Cycling of chemical elements and flow of energy ECOSYSTEM STRUCTURE ★ NON LIVING - Physical-Chemical Environment - sunlight - air - water - mineral soil (on land) or other substrate (in water) ★ LIVING - Ecological Community - the set of species interacting within the ecosystem - cycling of chemical elements and a flow of energy - necessary for all life, but no single species can carry out all necessary chemical cycling and energy flow alone - Basic elements: - At least 1 species that produces its own food - Another species that decomposes the wastes of the first species and, - a fluid medium PRODUCERS VS. CONSUMERS ★ PRODUCERS ○ Produce their own food through photosynthesis ○ Also called autotrophs THE POWER OF THE SUN (Self-nourishing) The sun is the source of most energy on Earth. All processes on the planet can be ★ CONSUMERS traced back to the heat and light it radiates. ○ Obtain their energy from eating plants and other animals TROPHIC LEVEL 8 ENVI 10.01 1 BFA-ID | 11C | PROF. CLEODETTE LAGATA | SEM 1 2024 Consists of all organisms in a food chain/web that are the same number of feeding levels away from the original source (sun, inorganic compounds) ★ HERBIVORES ○ second trophic level; ★ CARNIVORES (feed directly on herbivores) ○ third trophic level ★ CARNIVORES (feed directly on 3rd level carnivores) ○ fourth trophic level ★ DECOMPOSERS ○ highest trophic level ECOSYSTEM ENERGY FLOW The movement of energy through an ecosystem from the external environment through a series of organisms and back to the external environment. THE ENERGY PYRAMID NUTRIENT FLOW 9 ENVI 10.01 1 BFA-ID | 11C | PROF. CLEODETTE LAGATA | SEM 1 2024 RECALL: Removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and stores carbon in LAWS OF THERMODYNAMIC plant tissues. First Law 2. Respiration ○ Energy is neither created nor - Both plants and animals release destroyed; but it is transformed carbon back into the atmosphere from one state to another and that sum total can be accounted for. as CO2 through respiration Second Law - When organisms break down food ○ During each energy transfer from to produce energy, carbon is one state to another, some of it is released as a waste product in the transformed into an unusable form of CO2. form, such as heat. 3. Decomposition Laws that can be applied to ecology. - When plants, animals, and other organisms die, decomposers BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES THAT ARE MAJOR (bacteria, fungi) break down their SIGNIFICANCE TO ALL LIVING THINGS bodies. - This releases carbon stored in their WATER CYCLE/HYDROLOGIC CYCLE organic matter back into the soil ★ Involves the continuous circulation of water or as CO2 into the atmosphere. from the oceans to the atmosphere, to the land, and then back to any body of water. 4. Fossilization - Over millions of years, the remains ★ Evaporation – Transpiration (gas or oxygen of dead plants and animals can be coming from plants, being exhaled by the buried under sediment and under plants) – Condensation – Clouds – the right conditions, transformed Precipitation – Surface run-off (back to the into fossil fuels like coal, oil, and ocean) or Infiltration (when absorbed to the natural gas. ground instead of going back to the water) – Percolation (from higher to lower - This process stores carbon in the material) – Throughflow (can seep back to Earth’s crust for long periods. the water or collected again through the plants) 5. Combustion - The burning of fossil fuels (Coal, ★ Throughflow and percolation happens oil, gas) and biomass (Wood plant underground. materials) releases carbon stored in these substances as CO2 into CARBON CYCLE the atmosphere. ★ process by which carbon moves through the Earth’;s ecosystems, atmosphere, oceans, - Human activities such as industrial and geosphere, playing a crucial role in processes and deforestation, have regulating Earth’s climate. greatly increased CO2 emission, contributing to climate change. ★ Can be found in the: ○ Atmosphere: Carbon Dioxide 6. Carbon Sequestration ○ Oceans: Carbonate and - Carbon can be stored in long term Bicarbonate reservoirs, such as rocks (via weathering of carbon-containing MAJOR STEPS IN THE CARBON CYCLE: minerals) and sediments in the coea. 1. Photosynthesis Plants, algae, and some bacteria - This process helps regulate take in atmospheric carbon atmospheric CO2 over geological dioxide and convert it into organic time scales. compounds like glucose through photosynthesis. 7. Ocean-Atmospheric Exchange - The oceans act as both a carbon sink and source. 10 ENVI 10.01 1 BFA-ID | 11C | PROF. CLEODETTE LAGATA | SEM 1 2024 - CO2 dissolves in ocean b. Atmospheric Fixation water, where it can be - lighting converts N2 into used by marine nitrogen oxides - washed organisms for into the soil by rain as photosynthesis or nitrates storage as carbonates in shell c. Industrial Fixation - synthesis of ammonia - CO2 can also be released from N2 and hydrogen back into the atmosphere for use in fertilizers from the ocean. 2. Nitrification Importance of Carbon Cycle - Process of converting ammonia to nitrate - Regulates atmospheric CO2 which is a greenhouse gas - a two step process accomplished by soil bacteria Nitrosomonas or - Excessive CO2 from human activities Nitrococcus increases the greenhouse effect leading to global warming and climate change. - These soil bacteria convert ammonia to nitrate then another Carbon Reservoirs soil bacteria nitrobacter oxidizes nitrite to nitrate. A. Atmosphere - CO2 and Methane. B. Biosphere - Carbon in living organisms. Why do we need to convert C. Oceans - Dissolved CO2 carbon stored in ammonia to nitrate? marine organisms and sediments. D. Lithosphere - carbons stored in rocks, fossil 1) Plant Uptake fuels and sediments. a) Most plants prefer Nitrate to NITROGEN CYCLE ammonia ★ Process by which nitrogen moves between because it is the atmosphere, soil, water, and living more mobile in organisms. the soil and easier for plants ★ Nitrogen is an essential element for life as it to absorb has a crucial role in the formation of through their proteins, DNA, and other biomolecules. roots. ★ Major Source - atmosphere in the form of 2) Detoxification N2 ~ not directly usable by most living a) Ammonia can organisms be toxic to many plants ○ Nitrogen cycle transforms nitrogen and organisms into forms that organisms can at high utilize and ensures continuous concentrations. movement through ecosystems. 3) Energy Efficiency in MAJOR STEPS IN THE NITROGEN CYCLE: microorganisms a) The nitrification 1. Nitrogen Fixation process is Gaseous nitrogen is converted to carried out by ammonia or related compounds – nitrifying usable by Plants bacteria Can occur in several ways: 3. Assimilation - Plant roots absorb the nitrates a. Biological Fixation and/or ammonia - Certain bacteria and archaea (often found in - When animals consume plants, the root nodules of they also assimilate nitrogen and legumes.) 11 ENVI 10.01 1 BFA-ID | 11C | PROF. CLEODETTE LAGATA | SEM 1 2024 use these to produce their own ★ Does not involve a significant atmospheric proteins and nucleic acids. component because phosphorus rarely exists in 4. Ammonification (Decay) - When plants and animals die, ★ Phosphorus is: decomposers (bacteria and fungi) break down the organic nitrogen ○ An essential nutrient for living in their tissues and convert it back organisms into ammonia or ammonium ○ A critical component of DNA, RNA, - This process returns ammonia to ATP, and cell membranes the soil – can be used again for nitrification and assimilation. ○ Primarily found in rocks in the form of phosphate minerals 5. Denitrification - In oxygen-poor conditions, MAJOR STEPS IN THE PHOSPHORUS denitrifying bacteria convert CYCLE: nitrates back into nitrogen gas, 1. Weathering of Rocks returning nitrogen to the - Weathering due to rain, wind and atmosphere and completing the other forces causes rocks to break cycle. down, releasing phosphate into the soil and water. - This process releases N2 and small amounts of nitrogen oxides into 2. Absorption by Plants the atmosphere. - Plants absorb phosphates from the soil or water through their HUMAN IMPACT ON THE NITROGEN roots. CYCLE: - Phosphorus becomes part of the Fertilizers plants’s organic compounds (e.g., ○ Industrial-production of nucleic acids and ATP) nitrogen-based fertilizers increased the amount of 3. Consumption of Animals nitrogen entering the - Animals obtain P by consuming soils – nutrient plants or other animals. imbalances. - Used in bone and tooth formation. ○ Excess nitrogen can 4. Decomposition leach into water systems - Decomposers breakdown the - causing eutrophication, organic matter of dead organisms where algae blooms deplete oxygen in water - Releases phosphorus back to the bodies – harm aquatic soil or sediments life - available for uptake by plants Fossil fuel combustion ○ Burning fossil fuels 5. Runoff and Sedimentation releases nitrogen oxides - Phosphates can be washed away into the atmosphere – air from the soil into the water bodies pollution and acid rain through runoff - absorbed by marine organisms Agriculture ○ livestock farming - Phosphates can be buried in produces large amounts marine sediments - phosphate rich of ammonia from manure rocks – nitrogen imbalances in soils and water systems 6. Geologic Uplift - Tectonic movements can uplift PHOSPHORUS CYCLE phosphorus rich sedimentary ★ Describes the movement of phosphorus rocks from the ocean floor, through the environment 12 ENVI 10.01 1 BFA-ID | 11C | PROF. CLEODETTE LAGATA | SEM 1 2024 exposing them again to weathering, HUMAN IMPACT ON THE PHOSPHORUS CYCLE: Fertilizers ○ Humans mine large amounts of phosphorus-containing rocks to produce fertilizer -> excess phosphorus = eutrophication -> overgrowth in algae -> depletion of oxygen -> damage to aquatic systems Detergents and Industrial waste ○ High amounts of phosphates -> nutrient imbalances in aquatic ecosystems. Soil Depletion ○ Over farming and land use practices can deplete phosphorus in soils, reducing its availability for plants -> lower agricultural productivity BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES - are not only essential for the flow of nutrients on Earth, but also serve as the backbone of ecosystem health and productivity. - These cycles ensure the continuous availability of essential elements that all living organisms depend on for growth, reproduction, and survival. - Disruptions in these cycles– caused by human activities like pollution, deforestation, and industrial agriculture– can have cascading effects on ecosystems, leading to nutrient imbalances, species decline, and habitat degradation. 13 ENVI 10.01 1 BFA-ID | 11C | PROF. CLEODETTE LAGATA | SEM 1 2024 MODULE 3: or short-term, occurring only during specific periods. ECOSYSTEMS AND THE BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT ○ LICHENS - are a mutualistic relationship between fungi and ECOLOGICAL NICHE algae or cyanobacteria. Role and position a species has in its environment. ○ BEES AND FLOWERS - bees collect nectar from flowers to Encompasses how a species interacts with make food (honey). In the process, both biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living they pick up pollen and transfer it factors). to other flowers, facilitating ○ HABITAT - physical environment pollination. where a species lives ○ CLOWNFISH AND SEA ○ RESOURCE USE - how species ANEMONES - clownfish live obtains its food, water, and other among the stinging tentacles of resources sea anemones, while anemones gain nutrients from the waste ○ BEHAVIOR - activities and behaviors a species engages in to products of clownfish. survive and reproduce COMMENSALISM ○ INTERACTIONS - how a species ★ One organism benefits from the interaction, interacts with how organisms, while the other organism is neither helped including competition, predation, nor harmed. and symbiosis ★ This relationship allows the benefiting COEVOLUTION species to gain an advantage without ★ Refers to the process by which two or more affecting the host species. species influence each other’s evolutionary trajectories through their interactions. ★ The benefiting organism may gain food, shelter, transportation, or other ○ PREDATOR - PREY – development advantages. of better hunting strategies vs development of better defenses ○ REMORAS - attach to sharks, gaining transportation, protection, ○ PLANTS - POLLINATOR – plants and food scraps, without evolving traits to attract significantly impacting the sharks’ pollinators; pollinators evolving well-being. traits to better access nectar ○ BARNACLES ON WHALES - SYMBIOSIS barnacles attach to whales, gaining mobility to access another biological factor that influences an organism’s ecological niche plankton-rich waters, while the whales experience no significant any form of intimate relationship or harm or benefit. association between members of two or more different species ○ EPIPHYTIC PLANTS ON TREES - like orchids, they grow on trees, ○ SYMBIONTS - partners of a gaining better access to sunlight, symbiotic relationship air, and rainwater without harming MUTUALISM the trees. ★ Both species benefit from their interaction PARASITISM ★ This mutual benefit enhances the survival, ★ One organism (the parasite) benefits at the growth, or reproduction of both organisms expense of another organism (the host). involved. ★ The parasite derives nutrients, shelter, or ★ Mutualistic interactions can be long-term, other resources from the host, causing harm persisting for the lifespan of the organisms, to the host in the process. 14 ENVI 10.01 1 BFA-ID | 11C | PROF. CLEODETTE LAGATA | SEM 1 2024 ★ The host experiences harm, which can ○ Re-establishment of an ecosystem range from mild discomfort to severe health following disturbance; occurs issues or even death. when there are remnants from the biological community. ○ TAPEWORMS - live in human ○ Change in the species composition intestines, absorbing nutrients. over time in a habitat that is This can cause malnutrition and already modified by a pre-existing digestive issues in humans. community ○ TICKS ON CATS - ticks attach to cats and feed on their blood, obtaining necessary nourishment. This can cause cats to suffer from blood loss, skin irritation, and diseases. ○ RAFFLESIA ON VINES OR BRANCHES - rafflesia plants lack chlorophyll and cannot photosynthesize, deriving nutrients and water from their host vines. This causes the host vine to suffer. WHAT COULD CAUSE ECOSYSTEMS TO CHANGE? PIONEER COMMUNITY ○ the community that initially develops in an area CLIMAX COMMUNITY ○ relatively stable stage in a community’s development TYPES OF SUCCESSION PRIMARY SUCCESSION ○ establishment and development of an ecosystem where one did not exist before. ○ succession occurs in a habitat that has not been previously inhabited by organisms Example: Forests developing on a new lava flows in Hawaii and at the edge of a retreating glacier SECONDARY SUCCESSION 15