English Literature Review PDF

ENGLISH REVIEWER Tuon well LESSON 1 - MAJOR WRITERS IN ROME “The Grandeur that was Rome” Romans were more a doer than a creative thinker. The literature of Rome holds a secondary position in the classic literature of antiquity. Romans made little progress in literary composition until they conque...

ENGLISH REVIEWER Tuon well LESSON 1 - MAJOR WRITERS IN ROME “The Grandeur that was Rome” Romans were more a doer than a creative thinker. The literature of Rome holds a secondary position in the classic literature of antiquity. Romans made little progress in literary composition until they conquered and enslaved the Greeks. >VIRGIL (70-19 B.C) -Publius Vergilius Maro -A Roman Poet; Best known for his major works- the Eclogues, the Georgics, and the Aeneid. -The Roman Emperor, Augustus Caesar, commissioned Virgil to make the Aeneid. >HORACE (68-6 B.C) -Quintus Horatius Flaccus -A prominent poet of ancient Rome. -Best known for his Odes, a collection of short poems famous for their irony and refinement. Also published satires, letters, and epodes. “Don’t think, Just do” >MARTIAL (A.D 43-104) -Marcus Valerius Martialis -A Latin poet from Hispania -Best known for his twelve books of Epigrams, Published in Rome between A.D 86 and 103. -His poems cheerfully satirises city life and the scandalous activities of this acquaintances, and romanticises his provincial upbringing. >EPICTETUS (A.D. 50-138) -Was a Greek sage and Stoic philosopher. -Was born a slave at Hierapolis, Phrygia. -Philosophy, he taught, is a way of life and not just theoretical discipline. -To Epictetus, all external events are determined by fate, and are thus beyond our control, but we can accept whatever happens calmly and dispassionately. LESSON 2 - THE AENEID The Aeneid was written by Rome’s greatest poet, Virgil. Originally, it is a Latin epic poem that tells the legendary story of Aenead (Trojan) who travelled to Italy to become the ancestor of the Romans. The epic was unfinished because Virgil caught a fever while visiting a town in Greece. He grew weak and died while going back to italy. There are 12 books; FIRST HALF (6 books): Aeneas’s wanderings from Troy to Italy. SECOND HALF (6 books): The Trojans’ victory against the Latins. Emperor Augustus Caesar requested to edit the epic to legitimize his reign. ``CHARACTERS: AENEAS -The Trojan hero who survived the war at Troy. -It was his Destiny to settle in Italy, not far from the present site of Rome. -Son of Anchises and His mother who was the Roman goddess- Venus. -He had a son named Ascanius. JUNO (Greek; Hera) -Roman goddess of marriage, home, and family. Protector & special counselor of the state. -She intervenes and tries to prevent Aeneas from fulfilling his destiny because of 2 reasons: 1. She is aware that Rome was destined to overthrow her favorite city, Carthage. 2. Lingering resentment for Trojans. DIDO -Queen of Carthage -She fell madly in love with Aeneas and took care of him, This is because Venus and Cupid intervened. -She symbolises the ruin that awaits when love is at its most passionate. -When Aeneas left to fulfill his destiny, Dido ended herself. THE SYBIL OF CUMAE -Lives in a cave nearby the town of Cumae. -They are prophetesses and guides to the underworld. -She helped Aeneas reach the underworld to meet his father. LAVINIA -The ONLY daughter of King Latinus of Latium. -She is destined to marry the Trojan hero Aeneas according to her father and their descendants will be the founders of Rome. -Has many suitors including Turnus, a young Rutulian king. TURNUS -Aeneas’ major rival in the 2nd half of the story. -Legendary warrior and leader of the Rutuli people. -Most handsome and fitting suitor of Lavinia. -Waged war against Aeneas after hearing about their engagement. Latium is the region of central western Italy in which the city of Rome was founded and grew to be the capital city of the Roman empire. AENEID SUMMARY On the Mediterranean Sea, Aeneas and his fellow Trojans flee from their home city of Troy, which has been destroyed by the Greeks. They sail for Italy, where Aeneas is destined to found Rome. As they near their destination, a fierce storm throws them off course and lands them in Carthage. Dido, Carthage’s founder and queen, welcomes them. Aeneas relates to Dido the long and painful story of his group’s travels thus far. Aeneas tells of the sack of Troy that ended the Trojan War after ten years of Greek siege. In the final campaign, the Trojans were tricked when they accepted into their city walls a wooden horse that, unbeknownst to them, harbored several Greek soldiers in its hollow belly. He tells how he escaped the burning city with his father, Anchises; his son, Ascanius; and the hearth gods that represent their fallen city. Assured by the gods that a glorious future awaited him in Italy, he set sail with a fleet containing the surviving citizens of Troy. Aeneas relates the ordeals they faced on their journey. Twice they attempted to build a new city, only to be driven away by bad omens and plagues. Harpies, creatures that are part woman and part bird, cursed them, but they also encountered friendly countrymen unexpectedly. Finally, after the loss of Anchises and a bout of terrible weather, they made their way to Carthage. Impressed by Aeneas’s exploits and sympathetic to his suffering, Dido, a Phoenician princess who fled her home and founded Carthage after her brother murdered her husband, falls in love with Aeneas. They live together as lovers for a period, until the gods remind Aeneas of his duty to found a new city. He is determined to set sail once again. Dido is devastated by his departure, and kills herself by ordering a huge pyre to be built with Aeneas’s castaway possessions, climbing upon it, and stabbing herself with the sword Aeneas leaves behind. As the Trojans make for Italy, bad weather blows them to Sicily, where they hold funeral games for the dead Anchises. The women, tired of the voyage, begin to burn the ships, but a downpour puts the fires out. Some of the travel-weary stay behind, while Aeneas, reinvigorated after his father visits him in a dream, takes the rest on toward Italy. Once there, Aeneas descends into the underworld, guided by the Sibyl of Cumae, to visit his father. He is shown a pageant of the future history and heroes of Rome, which helps him to understand the importance of his mission. Aeneas returns from the underworld, and the Trojans continue up the coast to the region of Latium. The arrival of the Trojans in Italy begins peacefully. King Latinus, the Italian ruler, extends his hospitality, hoping that Aeneas will prove to be the foreigner whom, according to a prophecy, his daughter Lavinia is supposed to marry. But Latinus’s wife, Amata, has other ideas. She means for Lavinia to marry Turnus, a local suitor. Amata and Turnus cultivate enmity toward the newly arrived Trojans. Meanwhile, Ascanius hunts a stag that was a pet of the local herdsmen. A fight breaks out, and several people are killed. Turnus, riding this current of anger, begins a war. Aeneas, at the suggestion of the river god Tiberinus, sails north up the Tiber to seek military support among the neighboring tribes. During this voyage, his mother, Venus, descends to give him a new set of weapons, wrought by Vulcan. While the Trojan leader is away, Turnus attacks. Aeneas returns to find his countrymen embroiled in battle. Pallas, the son of Aeneas’s new ally Evander, is killed by Turnus. Aeneas flies into a violent fury, and many more are slain by the day’s end. The two sides agree to a truce so that they can bury the dead, and the Latin leaders discuss whether to continue the battle. They decide to spare any further unnecessary carnage by proposing a hand-to-hand duel between Aeneas and Turnus. When the two leaders face off, however, the other men begin to quarrel, and full-scale battle resumes. Aeneas is wounded in the thigh, but eventually the Trojans threaten the enemy city. Turnus rushes out to meet Aeneas, who wounds Turnus badly. Aeneas nearly spares Turnus but, remembering the slain Pallas, slays him instead. LESSON 3- ESSAY An Essay is a brief work of nonfiction that discusses a focused topic and often includes the writer’s personal experiences and opinions. PARTS OF AN ESSAY >INTRODUCTION -General statements and information about the topic -Starts with a GRABBER (quotes, facts, definition) -Ends with a THESIS STATEMENT (The main idea in an essay, it is the most important point in the essay) >BODY // BODY PARAGRAPHS -Support the main ideas of the thesis statement. -Begins with topic sentences. -It has at least 3 or more paragraphs. -The support of your topic sentence; Statistics & Experts Opinion. >CONCLUSION -The Last paragraph of your essay. -It begins with a TRANSITION TERM (To summarize, In summary, or To conclude) -After writing the transition term, It states the GENERALIZATION -Generalization is a broad statement about a subject based on provided information, observations and experiences. TAKE NOTE; -Do not use first person or second person pronouns (I, you, we, my, your, our, etc.) TYPES OF ESSAY; >NARRATIVE ESSAY -Tells a story of actual events or the life experiences of an individual. TIME ORDERS: -Chronological order (Time events) -In medias res. (Start in the middle) >DESCRIPTIVE ESSAY -Aim at helping you illustrate something to your reader in a way that they can see, feel, or hear what you are talking about. It builds an overall impression of a person, an object, or an experience by describing it and using images that appeal to the senses. >PERSUASIVE ESSAY -It attempts to convince the readers to take a course of action or adopt the writer’s point- A heartfelt emotional appeal or a well-defended opinion. >REFLECTIVE ESSAY -It expresses the writer’s thoughts and feelings in response to a personal experience or an idea. >ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY -It agrees or disagrees with something or someone, and tries to convince the reader to accept your opinion using scientific studies, statistics and quotes from experts. >EXPOSITORY ESSAY -Written discourse that serves the purpose of explaining, describing, and providing information to the reader. Aka informative. OKAY THATS ALL STUDY WELL PO Ready na mga yellow book nyo ah