Development of English Language PDF

Development of English Language Text: English Language= Origin of the Anglo-Saxon people in 5th - 7th century It's a Germanic language --> very complicated They pushed the Celtic language out of England --> but they were adopted in the English language Ch...

Development of English Language Text: English Language= Origin of the Anglo-Saxon people in 5th - 7th century It's a Germanic language --> very complicated They pushed the Celtic language out of England --> but they were adopted in the English language Christianity: Words in Greek and Latin through the church 1066 --> England conquered by French Normans French is the language of the court, for ordinary people it remains English Animals in Anglo-Saxon but dishes on French --> mixed influence in English= many words to express the same Every day speech: Germanic origin --> parallel French and Latin It evolved rapidly Middle English ---> different dialects in regions (predominant in London, Oxford and Cambridge) Standard English because of invention of printed books in the 15th century Renaissance: interest in Greek and Roman civilizations --> Greek and Roman words into English Influence of different languages from other countries in English by travelling Travelling in colonies, they spread the English language and it became mother tongue or a special second language for all of us English around the world 1. In which continents is English spoken most? In which the least? The most in USA and at least in South America 2. How many people speak English today? 1.66 billion people are speaking English today 3. What is a lingua franca? A lingua franca is a language that non native people use to communicate 4. In what fields is English important? English is important in the fields of science, technology, politics, international organizations, tourism, media, communication, internet and entertainment 5. What historical event started the spread of the English language? The colonization started the spread of the English language 6. Which country has contributed to the power of the English language recently? The USA contributed to the power of the English language recently English is a foreign anguish 1. What themes is this poem? It's about the poet's mother tongue and her discrimination of the English language, which she had to learn 2. What did you think about while listening? It's very poetic but it's also very complicated to understand the context 3. What do you think the poet wants to express with poem? She wants to express her emotions about speaking in English, because she misses to speak in her mother tongue US-election The path: As possible president you can choose a political party (democrat or republican) They have a meeting and choose a president (Caucasus and primaries) The first election for the representant of the party is in the party convention The candidates mention their vice president They start campaigning trough the country for support General election: Takes place in November and everyone can vote a president and vice president Popular vote: You are not voting the president, but the elector The elector represent the different parties Each state has a different number of electors depending on the population The majority of the party wins the state The inauguration takes places in January --> election every 4 years --> 50 states in US --> Alaska is the largest --> Biggest population: California --> Candidate that has the most votes in a state wins the state --> All the states don't have the same amount of power in the election --> Win the election by having the most electors in total --> President elected in January Who can become president: 1. US Citizen/ resident for 14 years 2. Over 35 years old 3. Born in the US - No pregnancy Trump: Republican Biden: Democrat Video: US- presidential election 2016/2017 - explainity The U.S. presidential election is a long process with important steps. It starts with the primaries, where the Democratic and Republican parties pick their candidates. In each state, people vote to choose delegates who support the candidates. Some states allow all voters to participate, while others only let party members vote. A big day in this phase is Super Tuesday, when many states vote at the same time. Once each party has its candidate, the main election campaign begins. On Election Day in November, Americans don't vote directly for the president. Instead, they vote for electors who represent the candidates in the Electoral College. Each state has a certain number of electors based on its population, and most states give all their electors to the candidate who wins the most votes in that state. Key swing states, where the outcome is uncertain, often decide the election. A candidate needs more than half of the 538 electoral votes to win. The electors officially vote in December, and Congress confirms the result in January. The new president is sworn in on January 20th. International interest in election: The U.S. presidential election is important to many countries because the U.S. has a big influence on world events. The U.S. is involved in wars in Ukraine, Gaza, and Yemen, and there are tensions with China and Russia. People are worried about who will be the next president, especially if Donald Trump returns. Some countries fear his "America First" policies will hurt global alliances like NATO. In Ukraine, the election outcome could change the course of the war. Ukrainian President Zelensky is worried that Trump might push for peace talks that wouldn't help Ukraine. Russia also supports Trump, which makes European countries nervous. In the Middle East, Biden's support for Israel has caused problems. Some Arab Americans and younger Americans disagree with his policies, while many in Israel now like Biden, which might hurt his chances of re-election. The next president will face many challenges, like climate change and other unexpected problems. How the world sees U.S. leadership will affect how the U.S. deals with these issues, making the election important for everyone, not just America. Aestheticism New aesthetic theories 1. Where and when? The Aesthetic Movement began in France in universities and intellectual circles in the late 1800s, led by Théophile Gautier. 2. What is reflected It expressed artists' frustration and uncertainties with society's focus on money (materialism) and strict morals. Artists wanted art to have a new purpose, separate from these values. 3. What motto "Art for Art's Sake" --> art should be appreciated for its beauty alone, without needing to have a deeper message or purpose. 4. How lived the aesthetic They rejected the boring, traditional lifestyle of the middle class. Instead, they lived freely, seeking excitement, breaking norms, and focusing on creating beautiful art. The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood: The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood was founded by young painters like William Holman Hunt and John Everett Millais in the late 1840s. They opposed the formal style of Raphael and preferred the purity and simplicity of medieval Italian art. The movement emphasized natural detail and beauty as a response to the ugliness of industrialized society. Dante Gabriel Rossetti, a key member, guided the movement's second phase, known as Aesthetic Pre-Raphaelitism, in the late 1850s. This led to William Morris’s Arts and Crafts Movement, which promoted handmade, simply decorated art as a reaction against mass-produced goods. Later, artists like Rossetti and Edward Burne-Jones focused on medieval, sensual themes, blending realism with symbolism to create a dreamlike quality. Walter Pater and Aesthetic Moment 1. The message of the work= was demoralizing --> art is the only certainty, and life should be filled with intense experiences, rejecting traditional religious faith 2. The only way to stop time= was through art 3. Life should be lived as= work of art, focusing on intense experiences and sensations 4. The writers task is= feel and capture sensations, focusing on beauty, rather than on the real world. 5. Art does not have to= refer to real life and morality, teaching any lessons The picture of Dorian Grey: In the preface to The Picture of Dorian Gray, Oscar Wilde presents his philosophy of art, aesthetics, and criticism. He argues that the purpose of art is to reveal beauty while concealing the artist behind it. True art is free from moral judgments; it should be appreciated for its beauty or dismissed for lack of it, without labeling it as "moral" or "immoral." Wilde criticizes those who impose their own biases on art, suggesting that seeing ugliness in beauty reveals a corrupted mind, whereas finding beauty in beautiful things is the sign of a refined soul. He implies that art exists for its own sake, independent of practical purpose or ethical sympathies, and warns that looking too deeply into art can be dangerous. Art, he suggests, mirrors the viewer's perspective more than reality itself. Finally, Wilde concludes that art need not serve any purpose beyond itself: it is "quite useless" except for the admiration it inspires. The Dandy: A dandy is a person who is elegant, stylish, and uses their appearance and wit to stand out. Wilde’s dandy is an aristocrat who sees his beauty and refinement as a sign of his superior spirit. The dandy is an individualist who values freedom and pleasure above all else, enjoying life through beauty and style without worrying about traditional morals. Wilde’s dandy rejects the idea that things are either good or bad, focusing instead on art, beauty, and personal expression. In The Picture of Dorian Gray, Oscar Wilde's "dandy" is a character who is stylish, witty, and focused on beauty and pleasure. This character doesn't follow the usual rules of society and often rejects traditional morals. Wilde uses the dandy to criticize the strict values of Victorian society and to show that life is about enjoying beauty and personal freedom. In the first chapter, Lord Henry tells Dorian that his beauty won’t last forever and urges him to enjoy it while he can. Dorian, amazed by how beautiful he looks in his portrait, wishes that his youth and beauty could last forever, saying: "If it were I who was to be always young, and the picture that was to grow old! For that—I would give my soul!" This moment marks a big change for Dorian, as he decides to focus on enjoying life and beauty, even at the cost of morality. Wilde’s dandy, like Dorian and Lord Henry, is about living for beauty, individuality, and freedom. Wilde himself believed life should be like a work of art, where beauty and personal pleasure are the most important things.