Origin, Development & History of English Language PDF

Technoarete Transactions on Language and Linguistics Vol-1, Issue-2, July 2022 e-ISSN: 2583-3103 Origin, Development and History of English Language: A Stu...

Technoarete Transactions on Language and Linguistics Vol-1, Issue-2, July 2022 e-ISSN: 2583-3103 Origin, Development and History of English Language: A Study Sweetchields Ordeniza 1*, Jolina M. Lucas 2 1 English Language Teacher, Philippines. 2 Philippines. *Corresponding Author Email: 1 [email protected] Abstract The study has focused on the history of the “language of English” origin and the revolution period of the “English language” considering the chronology of the “English based language”. Different variation of the “English language” also has been discussed in the study. The influence of the Latin and Scandinavian language in the “English language” also has been depicted over here. History and development of “English language” is critically evaluated here. Several types of periods are available such as: pre old period, old period, middle and modern English period. Old English Period is critically discussed in this study. The poetry and poems of that time are also mentioned in this study. Several awards are also given by British Bookseller association. This is advantageous for this Old English Period. Different periods of English language have been discussed over here. Modern English era and its contribution to the modern edge have been highlighted here. Keywords “English language”, history, Modern English. language of English. The chronology of the language of INTRODUCTION English can explain the improvisation of the “English English is the West Germanic language originated from language” from the origin of the “English language” to the the Ingvaeonic language that is considered as the dominating late modern English. language of the United States, United Kingdom, New Table 1: Chronology of “English language” Zealand, Australia and many more countries. The “English language” has a heritage value as the language belongs to the 55 BC Julius Caesar has written Local German language family. A long history is present in the the “Roman invasion” of Inhabitants speak behind of the “English language” which also has a cultural AD 43 Britain ”“Roman Celtish contribution to the language. German tribes the Angels, the invasion” and Local Saxons and the Jutes have crossed the Denmark in 5th “occupation” has Inhabitants speak century AD and the arrival of the German tribes; Britain considered as the Celtish citizens have been influenced by the language of the German beginning of Roman rule tribes and adopt the language to communicate with the of Britain people. Considering the changes of this particular language, the language has started the journey and spread the language 1066 William the Conqueror, Old English all over the world. Revolution of the languages has been Duke of Normandy has accumulated by the people according to the comfort ability of established his kingdom communication. and conquered England The Improvised language of English now called the modern English and the unchanged language is called the old 1362 English replaces the law Middle English English which is difficult to understand by the people of the language from French new era. The revolution of the “English language” is still in along with it has been the process and the modern language is divided into the two used in Parliament for the segments, one is the early modern English and another one is first time the late English which is still used by the people of different countries. There are different varieties of “English language” c1388 Chaucer has started Middle English that mesmerize the expression of the communications of writing “The Canterbury human feelings. Americanism's flavour of “English Tales” language” is carrying out the heritage of origin of the “English language”. Beside this, some people love to c1400 The Great Vowel Shift Middle English express their feelings with the Shakespeare‟ English rather has started to revolute. than using the modern “English language”. The “English language” also symbolized the unity of diverse cultures such as Spanish; French language has effectively influenced the 6  Technoarete Transactions on Language and Linguistics Vol-1, Issue-2, July 2022 e-ISSN: 2583-3103 English. 1476 William Caxton has Early modern Old English is mostly influenced by the Germanic established the first English language whereas modern English is inspired by the Latin English printing press language. Romanians are one of the progressive cultural communities of the world that synchronize modern English 1604 “Table Alphabetical”, the Early modern with a dignified improvisation of the “English language” to first English dictionary, English enhance the quality of the literature background. Romans has been published brought the Latin language in Britain as a commercial language that also influenced the “English language” to 1607 English first permanent Early modern follow and adopt the Latin language. Examples of the Latin settlement in the New English words agenda, aberration, democratic, imaginary are most World has established popular in modern English and used by people all over the world. 1623 Shakespeare's First Folio Early modern has been discovered in English Scandinavian influence this era. Old English and Old Norse language combination have been influenced by the Scandinavian invasions and 1702 The daily Early modern settlement in the eighth and ninth century that impacted the English-language English “English language”. 46% of the words in English have the newspaper, “The Daily flavour of Scandinavian influence considering the present Courant”, has published day English lexicon. The Scandinavian “language of in London first English” has been mostly influenced by the grammar of modern English including the noun, pronouns, verbs and 1755 Samuel Johnson has Early modern adverbs. Strengthening the grammatical perspectives of published his English English the modern language of English has a great contribution of dictionary again the Scandinavian influences. Vocabulary improvisation of the language also has been impacted by the Scandinavian language that enhances the speaking and writing ability of the 1828 Webster publishes also Late modern common people and the schools are also adopting the has been published English language to teach the students to strengthen the roots of the American English children's English. dictionary Revolution in the daily life of the English based language has a remarkable influence on the Scandinavian language. 1922 The British Broadcasting Late modern The Norwegian language, considering the Scandinavian Corporation is founded English language is mostly used in the language of English as the Norwegian language is the easiest and accessible language to 1928 The “Oxford English Late modern learn. The origin of the English and Norwegian languages Dictionary” has been English both originated from the Germanic language therefore they published are infinitely similar with each other. 60% of daily words of the English based language are rooted from the Old Norse which is considered as the Scandinavian language. The core RESULTS AND DISCUSSION language family of the English, Swedish, Norwegian and Danish are the same as a result they share various similarities Latin influence in English literature. The classical and medieval forms of the Latin language modified the “English language” remarkably and implicated Norman influence a dignity to the language to express the feelings through Norman language has an embraced word effect on the communication. About 80% of English dictionary words are English word and expression of feelings. 30% of modern adopted by the Latin language along with 60% of English English vocabulary is impacted with the French language words that have the flavour of the Latin language. The considering the Norman language. The Anglo Saxons tribe‟s collaboration of the Latin speaking Romans and the German language, the old English has been replaced with Latin tribes who carried out the language has enhanced the quality language first by the Normans and Anglo Norman language of the language of English with the influence of Latin formation has been done in the English literature. The language. Language of modern English has a great Norman French language became the official language of influence from the Latin language that borrowed a revolution England. Influence of the Norman French language in the in the literature world and enhanced the quality of skill English vocabulary is clear with the replacement of English writing that is also highlighted in the dictionary of modern words into French words in the vocabulary. Revolution in the 7  Technoarete Transactions on Language and Linguistics Vol-1, Issue-2, July 2022 e-ISSN: 2583-3103 language of Britain administrative, law and literature has The language was first inspired by the French language in been driven by the Norman language influences. The 1066. The “French language” also has been considered as the conquest of Norman has brought change in the linguistic, romance language which was derived from the language of cultural and political landscape of England that also spread ancient Rome. Original French language is 27% similar to the the influence of the Norman language in the “English language of english as the origin of both languages is the language”. Germanic language. The motive of the “English language” to Royal dignity of the Norman language has an effective adopt the French influence is to enhance the quality of the approach in the formation of the “English language”. Henry language along with simplifying the accent to speak that can IV was the first king who had taken an oath in the “English elaborately express the feelings in words. Understanding language” which was influenced by the Norman language. the words helps to learn the lessons and French influenced Up gradation of the “English language” followed by the “English language” meet the objectives of the English Norman language has become a revolutionary act of the literature. Norman Conquest that has impacted the English vocabulary of the modern era. “Surrender”, “Occupy”, “majesty” is HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF “ENGLISH the most popular Modern English words that came from LANGUAGE” Norman French words. In 11th century Normandy, William, Pre Old English Period the king after the battle of Hastings brought the French language to England. Trading language of England has been Prehistoric stage of English is developed between 5th- influenced by the Norman French language that became the century and 7th century. English plays an essential role in royal dignified language in England after some decay. Syntax literature to gain several types of concepts. The Beginning of and the Anglo Saxon Germanic language based vocabulary pre Old English period is located by these West Germanic have been impacted by the French language with determined inhibitors also considered as “Indo- European linguistic positive effect that has been carried out in the future as heritage”. Several types of innovative words and phrases are modern “English language”. implemented at that time to smooth literature concepts to everyone. “Indo-European” and “Proto-Germanic French influence morphological structure” is provided with help of this pre old Sociolinguistic factors have influenced the adoption of the English period. Pre Old English period helps to maintain French language in the “English language”. Affixing of phonological and morphological changes of literature in a native and foreign words has influenced the “English successive manner. Pre old English period vocabulary is language” considering the French language. Most influential unmixed and pure. One can easily express new ideas and impact of the French language on the “English language” has thoughts with help of several new words and phrases. considered the syntactic, morphological and semantic effects Old English Period that enhance the quality of the English literature as well. The Norman Conquest of 1066 has highlighted the arrival of the German, Dutch and Frisian are closely related to West Anglo-Norman rulers that mostly impacted the “English Germanic language in English. History of “English language” with the flavour of French language. The language” is divided into some segments such as: “pre period Anglo-French language has more influential effects on of English language”, “old English edge”, “Middle era of modern English literature along with language than the centre English” and “modern time of English” period. Old English French language. The first French word adopted in the Period lies between 5th century AD-1066 AD. Anglo-Saxon “English language” was the Crown which was derived from is also known as Old English Period. This is the oldest variant the French word Coronation in 1388. of “English language” in literature. The age of “English The lexical expansion is one of the important language” is near about 1600 years. Several types of Epic consequences of the French language adoption that has poem and Newell Codex are also included in this particular increased the popularity of the “English language”. 30% of period. “Beowulf” is one of the oldest and longest Germanic the “English language” has borrowed from French words and epics. “The Wandered”, “The Seafarer”, “The Battle of enriches the vocabulary of English with quality. Malden” and “The Dream of the Road” are also included in Personal competence also has been enhanced by the French this period. Two known poets from this particular time are words adoption in the “English language”. Royalty and “Caedmon” Christian poet and “Cynewulf”. Four dignity of the French language and its impacts on the manuscripts of this particular period are “Exeter Book”, “English language” has considered the language as the “Junius Manuscript”, “Vercelli Book” and “Beowulf dominant language in England along with the official manuscript”. Legal case based writings, medical issues and language of speaking and writing in Britain. French and Latin religious context and translations are also included in this Old influence in the “English language” are much more impacted English period. Literary awards are given annually to writers than any Other Germanic language. Moreover, 10000 words who live in the United Kingdom. in English vocabulary are borrowed from the French Awards are given mainly in five categories such as: first language. New words innovations in the “English language” novel, novel, biography, poetry and children‟s. The British also have been influenced by the French enactment. booksellers association mainly awarded those poets. British 8  Technoarete Transactions on Language and Linguistics Vol-1, Issue-2, July 2022 e-ISSN: 2583-3103 corporation is also initially sponsored in this old English More well documentation including the shifting of vowels period. Costa Book awards are given in this particular period. has been prioritized the evolution of middle to modern Several types of novels, poetry and biography are written in English that ended the era of the middle English period and the old period of English. The overall tendency in started the modern English period. The Middle English era making literature of the old edge of English, which has also has been acted with a revolutionary approach in the literature been popularly known as the Anglo-Saxon period has been which basically depends on the language and voice, heroes focused on elaborating the history and the culture of England and heroines, gender, myths, sexuality, monsters, and Anglo-Saxon tribes within literature. It has been focused imagination, religion and generic. “Sir Gawain and Green on making literature where the lead protagonist has obtained Knight” is considered as the masterpiece of literature in the an empirical power within the literature and describes the Middle English era and it was composed in the 14th century‟s entire glorified actions of them. The overall writing end. The invasion of the Ottoman Empire and end of the process of the Anglo-Saxon or Old English literature have “Middle English period” has taken place simultaneously. well evidently showcased the entire picture of the livelihood Modern English Period process and kingly lifestyles of the high class people while making a superior aesthetic value. The old English literature The “Early Modern English period” started the journey in has provided the initial assistance for the growth of English 1450 and gradually the late modern English era developed in literature in upcoming years. the 1800 BC which still remains. Literature history has entirely changed in the early 1900s and the process was going Middle English Period on till the 1940s. The linguistic definition of “modern The Middle English period started at 1150 CE and ended English” is the time period of 1400 to the present era around 1450 CE. Identification of Middle English has been considering the categorization of the “early modern English” difficult as the period is the connection of the old English and and “late modern English period”. The increasing modern English era. In this period, many old English popularity of modern English is dependent on the grammars has been corrected or disappeared from the characteristics of modern English that highlights the English Vocabulary. Simplification and transformation of the vocabulary and orthographical insights of modern English. English words have been prioritized in this era. The Analogical creation ability of modern English has introduced revolution of “English language” considering the Middle new words to modern English literature. The composition English period development has been followed by the arrival capability of modern English literature has a reflection on the of Norman French in Britain along with the impact of Old affixation that has been reversibly impacted the modern Norse on the “English language” has focused in this period of English characteristics. time. Middle English period has been of Vikings Revolutionary enactment of modern English in the population have been influenced the Middle English era. vocabulary and syntax of English grammar has changed the Momentous changes have taken place in the Middle era of conception of English literature. Evolvement of modern English as the extensively and fundamental activities of English started from the beginning of the “Tudor period” and “English language” has been accelerated. The transformation continued the process till interregnum and restoration of of the “English language” started its journey in the Middle England. The British Empire had started to spread modern English age and created an exclusive place in the literature English as a dominant language of England considering the with royal dignity. colonies and geopolitical surface of England. Revolution of Grammatical revolution in “English language” has been English literature in the “modern English era” has been executed in this period and heterogeneous characteristics of followed by William Shakespeare, the father of modern the Middle time of English have been shown considering the English. Fictional themes were the basic pillar of colonization of the different language influences such as modern English Literature which was exploring the Latin, French, and Scandinavian. The 12th to 15th century alienation, transformation, consumptions and the relativity of has been covered up with the Middle English era and “The truth in the literature. Every movement of modern English Canterbury Tales” by Geoffrey Chaucer has become a literature has a vintage value considering modernism and significant symbol of Middle English literature. postmodernism significantly. International communication Modification of English grammar with a simplified approach has been driven by the modern “English language” that was the prior motive of the Middle English era. Reduction encourages the progress of society. and inflections in Old English grammar words have been Importance of modern English has impacted the people to highlighted in the Middle English era. The demographical, reach the goal considering the personal and professional political and religious upheavals were the main cause of the aspect. “Glamping”, “lookalike”, “Handover”, are examples collapse of the Middle English era. Dialects of the “Middle of Modern English words which have influenced modern English period” are the Kentish, “Southern”, “Northern”, literature remarkably. Modern trends of literature have “east midland” and „West midland”. Standardization of the impacted the modern English period considering the documents and printing language in England has enforced the Dadaism stream of consciousness, futurism, cubism, evolution of Middle English into modern English. expressionism and imagism. Modern English literature also has prioritized individualism, experimentation, 9  Technoarete Transactions on Language and Linguistics Vol-1, Issue-2, July 2022 e-ISSN: 2583-3103 formalism, symbolism and absurdity to enhance the quality English period” and “Modern English” era. Transformation of the English literature along with setting a standard for of the “English language” has started the journey in a English literature to maintain the progression of the extensively and fundamental manner. The Middle English revolution in English literature. The combination of the period has a heritage value as the “The Canterbury Tales” by Latin, French, Dutch and Afrikaans language has influenced Geoffrey Chaucer explored the heterogeneous characteristics the modern “English language” that also impacted the culture of Middle English literature. Modern English period began in of Britain. 1450 BC and continues the journey till now. The The rich history of modern English has carried out the characteristics of the “Modern English” period have influence on other countries' languages. Modern English is increased the popularity of the language considering the enriched with the influence of Latin Germany and French vocabulary and orthographical insights of the language. language. Colonization of the language along with the Evolvement of English grammar including syntax, cultures has defined the scenario of the “early modern vocabulary has been emphasized in this era that impacted the English era” and the current period of time to evaluate the Britain Empire. The popularity of the “language of English” depth effect of the revolution of “language of English” in the has been declared the language as the official language of “Modern English age”. Britain. In recent days international communication has been influenced by modern English literature that helps to reach CONCLUSION the goal of personal and professional aspects. Standardization The “language of English” has a long history that has of the “language of English” has been started by the arrival of impacted the English literature of the current era. The origin the Modern English era. William Shakespeare is considered of the language is based on the arrival of “Germanic tribes” as the father of “modern English literature” and the time Saxon, Angels and Jutes in 5th century AD in Britain. period has created an epic history in English literature. Revolution of the “English language” has been gradually developed with the comfort ability of the communities. REFERENCES Gradually development of language has been explained in the Arnaus Gil, Laia, and Amelia Jiménez-Gaspar. "Catalan as a chronology of the language Different influences of the heritage language in Germany." Languages 7.1 (2022): 43. “English language” also have been discussed over here Aqil, MammadovaGunay. "American English in Teaching considering the Latin influence, Scandinavian influence, English as a Second Language." International Journal of Norman influence and the French influence. 60% of English “English language” Studies 3.2 (2021): 52-57. Unubi, Sunday Abraham, and C. E. Bello. "Essential linguistic words are flavoured with Latin influence that reflects on the knowledge on the French and “English language”s." Global dictionary words of “English. Modern English” is highly Journal of Applied, Management and Social Science 16 influenced by the Latin language whereas the old English is (2019): 52-66. mostly inspired by the Germanic language. The Eight and Pethő, Ágnes. "The Exquisite Corpse of History. Radu Jude Nine century has been influenced by the Scandinavian and the Intermedial Collage." ActaUniversitatisSapientiae, “English language” that reflects on the old “English Film and Media Studies 21.1 (2022): 36-100. language”. Kovbasko, Yurii. "Grammatical Approaches to Prepositions, Vocabulary improvisation started the journey followed by Adverbs, Conjunctions, and Particles in Late Modern the Scandinavian “English language” which enhanced the English." KalbųStudijos 38 (2021): 99-114. Leskelä, Leealaura. "Easy Language in Finland." Handbook of speaking and writing skills of the common people in Easy Languages in Europe 8 (2021): 149. England. Mostly the daily used words are influenced by the Arnaus Gil, Laia, and Amelia Jiménez-Gaspar. "Catalan as a Scandinavian language which increases the popularity of the heritage language in Germany." Languages 7.1 (2022): 43. “English language”. The Norman language and the French Aqil, MammadovaGunay. "American English in Teaching language simultaneously impacted the “English language” English as a Second Language." International Journal of and created a royal dignity for the “English language” that “English language” Studies 3.2 (2021): 52-57. has a vintage value of the language. The English period has Unubi, Sunday Abraham, and C. E. Bello. "Essential linguistic been divided into specifically time periods according to the knowledge on the French and “English language”s." Global revolutionary act of the language. The 5th to 7th century has Journal of Applied, Management and Social Science 16 (2019): 52-66. been considered as the pre old English period which helps to Pethő, Ágnes. "The Exquisite Corpse of History. Radu Jude maintain the phonological and morphological changes in the and the Intermedial Collage." ActaUniversitatisSapientiae, English literature in successive manner. Film and Media Studies 21.1 (2022): 36-100. 1066 AD has explored the Old English period when Kovbasko, Yurii. "Grammatical Approaches to Prepositions, several Germanic epics have been composed such as “The Adverbs, Conjunctions, and Particles in Late Modern Wandered”, “The Seafarer”, “The Battle of Malden” and English." KalbųStudijos 38 (2021): 99-114. “The Dream of the Road”. The longest old English poem Kamola-Uberman, Weronika. "Polish-English cognates and “Beowulf” also has been composed in the “old English era”. doublets: Morphosemantic evolution of selected The Middle period started its journey in the 1150 CE and Proto-Indo-European roots into related lexemes in Polish and English." Beyond Philology An International Journal of ended in the 1450 CE. It is a connector between the “Old Linguistics, Literary Studies and “English language” 10  Technoarete Transactions on Language and Linguistics Vol-1, Issue-2, July 2022 e-ISSN: 2583-3103 Teaching 18.2 (2021): 43-71. Cossio, Andoni. "The Forest Haven Episode: How Sir Gawain Ashurova, Shahnoza. "" Beowulf"-the largest monument of and the Green Knight‟s Hautdesert Shaped The Lord of the anglo-saxon epic poetry." Chet Rings‟ Caras Galadhon." ISLE: Interdisciplinary Studies in tillarnio'qitishdadolzarbmuammolar, innovatsiyalar, Literature and Environment 29.4 (2022): 1306-1327. an'analar, yechimlarvabadiiyadabiyotlartahlili 1.01 (2022): Garcia-Castro, Laura. "The Diachronic Evolution of the 75-78. Complementation Profile of REMEMBER from Late Modern Marsden, S., and W. Smith. "And the Winner Is…? Prizes and to Present-day British English." Neuphilologische Awards in Arts and Culture." Journal of Cultural Analysis and Mitteilungen 121.1 (2020): 144-180. Social Change 4.2 (2019): 1-10. Rosell, Maria Consuelo Forés. "Shakespeare for Revolution: Yates, Luke. "Prefigurative politics and social movement From Canon to Activism in V for Vendetta and Sons of strategy: The roles of prefiguration in the reproduction, Anarchy." English Literary Studies Today: From Theory to mobilisation and coordination of movements." Political Activism Guest Editors: Remedios Perni & Miguel Ramalhete Studies 69.4 (2021): 1033-1052. No. 33 December 2020 33 (2020): 85-103. Almuways, Yasir Sulaiman. "The History of Irish and Morris, Nigel. "Eisenstein: Revolutionary and International Canadian Englishes: A Comparative Historical Overview." Modernist." The Yearbook of English Studies 50.1 (2020): International Journal of “English language” Studies 3.2 95-115. (2021): 58-64. Yıldız, Nazan. "The Medieval Borderline Identities: The Guildsmen in History and in Geoffrey Chaucer‟s The Canterbury Tales." Journal of Narrative and Language Studies 10.19 (2022): 83-97. 11