Introduction To 21st Century Literature PDF

INTRODUCTION TO 21 ST CENTURY LITERATURE  MAE ANN A. TABAT, LPT FACULTY, UC MAIN-SHS DEPARTMENT BELL WORK WHAT IS LITERATURE?  derived from the Latin “litaritura” which means “writing formed with letters," although some definitions include s...

INTRODUCTION TO 21 ST CENTURY LITERATURE  MAE ANN A. TABAT, LPT FACULTY, UC MAIN-SHS DEPARTMENT BELL WORK WHAT IS LITERATURE?  derived from the Latin “litaritura” which means “writing formed with letters," although some definitions include spoken or sung texts”  accounts for human experiences through literary tests like- universality and style WHAT IS LITERATURE? (cont.)  the wholeness of our experiences: the artistic record of life  a collection of oral or written work  presents: -feelings -moods -attitudes -thoughts GENRES OF LITERATURE  PROSE  written in ordinary form of language (e.g. sentences or paragraphs) in non-metrical rhythm FICTION PROSE: FICTION FABLE (The Turtle LEGEND (Mayon Volcano) and the Rabbit)  PROSE: FICTION MYTH (Zeus, Greek God of the Sky) PARABLE ( The Prodigal Son) PROSE: FICTION FOLKTALE (Mariang Makiling) FAIRYTALE (Cinderella) PROSE: FICTION NOVEL ( Harry Potter by NOVELETTE (The Strange Case of J.K. Rowling) Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde by R.L. Stevenson) PROSE: FICTION SHORT STORY (Dead Stars by Paz Marquez Benitez) FICTION CAN BE: 1.REALISTIC FICTION A story that has believable events and characteristics that could actually happen in real life. Although it can take place in a real setting, it is not based on history or science. 2. HISTORICAL FICTION A mix of fiction and historical facts thus could possibly have historical character, but the story is mostly untrue. (e.g. legends) FICTION CAN BE: 3. FANTASY The story couldn’t happen in real life and typically involves magic or supernatural powers. This oftentimes takes place in another world or has make-believe characters, such as wizards or dragons. 4. TRADITIONAL LITERATURE Stories that are typically passed down from generation to generation. e.g. fables, fairytales, folktales, myth TERMS (FICTION)  FABLE- a short tale that contains a moral and whose characters are often animals, given various human qualities  LEGEND- tales of the origin of things, events, or forces of nature  MYTH- a story or group of interrelated stories that people accept as making statements about the universe and human life; specific accounts of gods or superhuman beings  PARABLE- a short narrative that use people to illustrate man’s relation to God  FOLKTALE- a narrative filled with superstitions, anecdotes, proverbs, legends, and customs of a particular group, race, geographical region, or culture TERMS (FICTION) CONT.  FAIRYTALE- a narrative that relates the lives and adventures of supernatural spirits or of mysterious creatures, whose behaviors and actions are often benevolent but also sometimes sinister or wicked  SHORT STORY- short fictional narrative that can be read in one sitting; focuses on a single event involving a few fictional characters  NOVEL-an exaggerated narrative that portrays fictional characters engaging in action and conflicts; divided into chapters  NOVELETTE- a fictional narrative that is longer than a short story but shorter than a novel  Characters Setting Six Plot Essential Elements of a Story Conflict Point of View Theme CHARACTERS A. Major Characters -Protagonist -Antagonist B. Minor Characters -Static -Dynamic -Flat -Round A. Major Characters a. Protagonist- main character, around which the whole story revolves b. Antagonist- the character, or group of characters that causes the conflict for the protagonist B. Minor Characters a. Static-characters that do not change (fixed) throughout the story, their use may simply be to create or relieve tension, or they were not meant to change; a major character can remain static through the whole story b. Dynamic- characters that change throughout the story, they may learn a lesson, become bad, or change in complex ways c. Flat- characters with a single trait, usually only all positive or negative; the opposite of a round character; the flaw or strength has its use in the story d. Round- characters with many different traits, good and bad, making them more interesting; multi-dimensional or complex character SETTING  refers to the time and place (or when and where) of the story  usually introduced during the exposition (beginning) of the story, along with the characters  may also include the environment of the story (e.g. physical location, climate, weather, or social and cultural surroundings)  PLOT  refers to the sequence or the events in the story  consists of the following: *Exposition *Rising Action *Climax *Falling Action *Resolution/Denouement PLOT (Cont.)  Exposition- introduces the characters, setting, and the main conflict  Rising Action- introduces the conflict of the story  Climax- introduces the central moment of the crisis that defines the conflict  Falling Action- introduces the aftermath of the conflict (whether it is resolved or not)  Resolution/Denouement- introduces the moment of insight, discovery, or revelation of the character after the falling action CONFLICT  the primary problem that the characters in a story experience  the driving force in any story, as it influences the turn of events in the plot  divided into two: internal conflict and external conflict *External conflict: man vs. man, man vs. nature, man vs. society *Internal conflict: man vs. self CONFLICT (cont.)  External Conflict: *man vs. man- one of the most common type of conflict; can be a physical fight, or it can be a battle of the minds *man vs. nature- puts a character or group of characters against natural forces, such as storms or animals; usually reveals something about human nature, such as man’s fight for life or his perseverance in the face of chaos *man vs. society- usually about a corrupt or unjust legal system, culture or other entity  Internal Conflict: *man vs. self- focuses on a psychological struggle that the character is having POINT OF VIEW  First Person Point of View- a character (participant) from the story is telling the story; uses the pronouns “I” and “me”; narrator  Second Person Point of View- uncommon; unusual observer as narrator; uses the pronoun “you”  Third Person Point of View- an outside narrator (non-participant) is telling the story; uses the pronouns “he”, “she”, “they” THEME  the central, general message, the main idea, the controlling topic about life or people the author wants to get across through a literary work NONFICTION PROSE: NON-FICTION AUTOBIOGRAPHY BIOGRAPHY PROSE: NONFICTION DIARY NEWS PROSE: NONFICTION ESSAY ( I am a Filipino by TRUE STORIES Carlos P. Romulo) TERMS (NONFICTION)  AUTOBIOGRAPHY- the life story of a person written by himself  BIOGRAPHY- the life story of a person written by another person  DIARY- a day-to-day account of a person’s activities and experiences  NEWS- information that is published in newspapers and/or broadcast on radio and television about recent events  ESSAY- a prose composition intended to present a tentative exploration or evaluation of a subject; a brief-prose personal discussion of a restricted topic  TRUE STORIES- adventures/stories that really happen to real people  POETRY  composition in verse which achieves its effect through rhythmic expressions of various patterns of sounds or imagery, either spoken or written  TYPES OF POETRY  Narrative Poetry  Dramatic Poetry  Lyric Poetry  A narrative poem tells a story or a tale; it features an entire story, told by one narrator from beginning to end. Ex: ballads, epics, metrical romance NARRATIVE POETRY NARRATIVE POETRY BALLAD (Bahay Kubo) EPIC (Bi-ag ni Lam-Ang) NARRATIVE POETRY METRICAL ROMANCE (Florante at Laura by Francisco Balagtas)  Dramatic poetry, also known as dramatic verse or verse drama, is a written work that both tells a story and connects the reader to an audience through emotions or behavior; employs dramatic techniques such as dialogue or characters, instead of just a single speaker or persona Ex: Anak by Freddie Aguilar DRAMATIC POETRY DRAMATIC POETRY ANAK by Freddie Aguilar  A lyric poem is a short, emotionally expressive poem with a songlike quality. Ex: sonnet, elegy, song, sonnet, folk song, proverb LYRIC POETRY LYRIC POETRY ODE (Ode on a Grecian Urn by ELEGY (Elegy Written on a Country John Keats) Churchyard by Thomas Gray) LYRIC POETRY (CONT.) SONG (Salamin, Salamin by SONNET (Sonnet XVIII by William Bini) Shakespeare) TERMS (POETRY) NARRATIVE POETRY  BALLAD- a form of verse, often a narrative set to music; written about popular subjects  EPIC- a narrative poem of considerable length (thousand-lined) told in an elevated style and centered on a heroic or quasi-divine figure whose actions depend on the fate of a tribe, a nation, or the human race  METRICAL ROMANCE-a narrative poem of considerable length which treats love, intrigue, and chivalric adventures and romances TERMS (POETRY) CONT. LYRIC POETRY  ODE- a form of lyric poetry that is usually addressed to someone or something; or it represents the poet's musings on that person or thing  ELEGY- a form of lyric poetry in which the poet or speaker expresses grief, sadness, or loss  SONG- verses adapted to musical expression  SONNET- a poem, properly expressive of a single, complete thought, idea, or sentiment, of 14 lines with alternate rhyme schemes and normally employs iambic pentameter  DRAMA a composition whether in verse or prose that tells a story through action and dialogue and designed for theatrical performances TYPES OF DRAMA TRAGEDY (Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare) MELODRAMA (Titanic) TYPES OF DRAMA (CONT.) COMEDY (A Midsummer Night’s Dream by William Shakespeare) TERMS (DRAMA)  TRAGEDY- a serious play in which a character meets with disaster, either because of personal fault or events that cannot be helped  MELODRAMA- a drama (play, film, TV programs), characterized by exaggerated emotions, stereotypical characters, and interpersonal conflicts  COMEDY- a light amusing play with a happy ending  FIGURES OF SPEECH devices that use words or expressions as ornaments of language for the purpose of enhancing its learners, force, brutality, and vividness of expression  Figures of Speech ALLITERATION HYPERBOLE  the repetition of the same consonant  uses exaggerated statements or sound at the beginning of the words claims not meant to be taken Examples: literally “Sally sells sea shells by the seashore.” “Peter Piper picked a pack of pickled Examples: pepper.” “I am so hungry I could eat a horse.” “I've told you a million times.”  Figures of Speech (cont.) IRONY METAPHOR  expresses one's meaning by using  compares two things that are not language that normally signifies the alike and finds something about opposite them to make them alike without Examples: the use of “like” or “as” “I love cold pizza.”(a sarcastic response when one is served cold food) Examples: “Oh great! Now you have broken my new “My heart is a lonely hunter that camera.” hunts on a lonely hill.” “Her voice is music to his ears.”  Figures of Speech (cont.) SIMILE UNDERSTATEMENT  compares two things that are not  a situation in which the thing really the same, but are used to discussed is made to seem much make a point about each other, less important than it really is usually using the words ‘like' or ‘as’ Examples: Examples: “Life is like a box of chocolates; you “I am delighted to win 1 million never know what you're going to get.” (in dollars.” the movie, Forrest Gump, 1994) “Winning five Olympic gold medals “She is as beautiful as Mona Lisa.” isn't a bad record.”  Figures of Speech (cont.) ONOMATOPOEIA PARADOX  the use of a word that actually  a figure of speech that completely sounds like what it means contradicts itself in the same sentence; a seemingly absurd or self- Examples: contradictory statement or proposition “hiss” for the sound made by snakes that when investigated or explained “boom” for the sound of an explosion may prove to be well-founded or true Examples: “This is the beginning of the end.” “Youth is wasted on the young.”  Figures of Speech (cont.) PERSONIFICATION PUN  a way of giving an inanimate object  this play on words uses different the qualities of a living thing senses of the word, or different sounds that make up the word, to Examples: create something fun and interesting “The tree quaked with fear as the wind approached.” Examples: “The sun smiled down on her.” “She had a photographic memory but never developed it.” “Denial ain’t just a river in Egypt. Figures of Speech (cont.) OXYMORON EUPHEMISM  contains two contradicting words  contains words that are used to that are put together to portray a soften the message or make it sound particular image or to produce a better than it striking effect Examples: Examples: “open secret” “My mother passed away.” “deafening silence” “Janet Jackson had a wardrobe malfunction when she performed at the Super Bowl.”