21st Century Literature (Teacher's Notes) PDF

Introduction The first step to appreciate literature is through READING. Literature - refers to highly acclaimed classical works that are considered exemplary because they provide knowledge and understanding of the world and man. It comes from the Latin word -littera which literally means an acquain...

Introduction The first step to appreciate literature is through READING. Literature - refers to highly acclaimed classical works that are considered exemplary because they provide knowledge and understanding of the world and man. It comes from the Latin word -littera which literally means an acquaintance with letters. literature - encompasses a broad range of written works, often distinguished by their artistic merit and lasting value. It includes various forms such as novels, poems, plays, John McRae (1994) distinguishes between literature with a capital L - the classical texts e.g. Shakespeare, Dickens - and literature with a small 1, which refers to popular fiction, fables and song lyrics. Literature is life - It transcends time and space. It encompasses all human life. It mirrors life itself. It gives us a glimpse of what we were in the past, what we are in the present and what we will become, everything as reflected in the pages of literature. 10 DEFINITIONS OF LITERATURE ACCORDING TO EXPERTS 1. literature is an art form that uses language as an instrument of expression and communication. 2. literature is the science of linguistic communication. 3. literature is a form of human expression that reflects the culture of a society. 4. literature is a way of exploring the human experience. 5. literature is a way of understanding the world around us. 6. literature is a way of exploring the human psyche. 7. literature is a way of exploring the human condition. 8. literature is a way of exploring the human imagination. 9. literature is a way of exploring the human spirit. 10. literature is a way of exploring the human soul. How do you define 21st century literature? -is anything that was written and published in the year 2000s or within the last decade. -refers to world literature in prose produced during 21st century. -deals with current themes and reflect technological culture. Course Description for Q1: Study and appreciation of the literature of the region where the school is located in relation to the literature of the other regions of the country. Course Description for Q2: Study and appreciation of literature of the world originally written in the 21st century. And as a 21st century READER, you tend to. have higher levels of digital literacy highlight. type bookmark. reproduce save. scan LITERARY GENRES: 1. Poetry (poems, epics, odes, etc) - the art of expressing various emotions by a poet using a language that speaks more than what an ordinary language deliver. Commonly expressed in verse, rhythm, measure, sound, and imaginative language. literary genre with no formal metrical structure. It relies on a natural flow of speech and 2. Prose - literary genre with no formal metrical structure. It relies on a natural flow of speech and ordinary grammatical structure. It involves clear, concise paragraphs that may be fiction or nonfiction. When writing prose, writers divide the text into paragraphs. 2 Types of Prose 1. Fiction - mysteries science fiction, romance, fantasy, chick lit, crime thrillers. refers to literature created from the imagination. 2. Non-Fiction - biography, memoir or autobiography, essays, and speeches.refers to literature created from the imagination. 3. Drama - are representations of fiction that involve dialogue and performance. Dramatic literature includes epic poetry, lyric poetry, and novels. The performance of a dramatic piece of literature may occur on stage in front of a live New Yorker in Tondo audience or through radio, film, by Marcelino Agana and television. LITERARY STANDARDS 1. UNIVERSALITY - appeals to everyone regardless of culture, race, sex, and time which are all considered significant 2. ARTISTRY - has aesthetic appeal and thus possesses a sense of beauty. 3.SUGGESTIVENESS - appeals to our emotions. It makes us sympathize and empathize with the people involved in a literary piece 4.VALUE SPIRITUAL - appeals to our sense of morality by making us undergo self-realization that makes us better persons. It subsumes the capacity to inspire, ordinary people who do things extraordinarily well 5. VALUE INTELLECTUAL - stimulates critical thinking that enriches mental processes of abstract reasoning, making man realize the fundamental truths of life and its nature 6. PERMANENCE - it stands the test of time.It can be read on several occasions with the feeling you are reading it for the first time. Each reading provides new insights about the world we live in. 7. STYLE - it manifests the artist's ingenuity and originality; refers to the distinct way the author expresses his or her thoughts. A particular literary piece must possess these seven literary standards in order to be called a peerless epitome of artwork Geographic, linguistic, and ethnic dimensions of the Philippine literary history from Precolonial to the Contemporary Introduction (Philippine Literary Periods) Philippine Languages The Philippines is an archipelago consisting of more than 7,000 islands and is a home to more than 170 languages. These languages belong to various language families, including Austronesian, Sino-Tibetan, and Austroasiatic. The linguistic diversity of the Philippines has given rise to a rich tapestry of literary traditions, with each language having its own distinct style and form. The Filipino People The Philippines is home to a diverse range of ethnic groups, including indigenous peoples, lowland Christian groups, and Muslim groups. Each ethnic group has its own unique culture, traditions, and beliefs, which are reflected in their literature. Philippine Literary Periods Pre Colonial Literature Before-1521 Before the arrival of the Spanish in the 16th century, the Philippines had a rich tradition of oral literature. This included epics, folktales, riddles, and proverbs. These oral traditions were passed down from generation to generation and were an important part of the cultural heritage of the various ethnic groups in the Philippines. According to Damiana Eugenio, the "Mother of Philippine Folklore," Philippine folk literature encompasses a wide variety of oral and written traditions, including myths, legends, folktales, riddles, proverbs, and folk songs Historical Background: Certain events in the Philippines during the precolonial period started even before 1521. The evolution of Philippine Literature depended on the influence of colonization and spirit of age. The society was organized into strict classes such as Datu, Maginoo, Maharlika, Timawa, and Alipin. The subject of literary works was about life, its blessings, and its consequences containing ideas from birth to the grave. Literature was oral in nature, it has been passed on by word of mouth. Philippines Folk Literature three major groups: Folk narratives can either be in prose: the myth, the alamat (legend), and the kuwentong bayan (folktale), or in verse, as in the case of the folk epic. Folk speech includes the bugtong (riddle) and the salawikain (proverbs). Folk songs that can be sub-classified into those that tell a story (folk ballads) are a relative rarity in Philippine folk literature. These form the bulk of the Philippines rich heritage of folk songs. FOLK NARRATIVES: MYTHS - These are stories that explain about the actions of the gods, heroes' exploits or the elements of nature's origins. Philippine mythology - The stories of ancient Philippine mythology include deities, creation stories, mythical creatures and beliefs. FOLKTALES - These are about the origins of the world. They are not factual but are told for entertainment. FABLES - These are stories that have animal characters. They intend to teach lesson or moral, which is usually stated at the end of the table. LEGENDS - These are widely told stories about the past. These are often include elements of magic and supernatural. FOLK SPEECH: RIDDLES (Bugtong) - Riddles involve reference to one or two images that symbolize the characteristics of unknown obiects that are to be guessed. It is made up of more measured lines with rhymes and may consist of 4 to 12 syllables. PROVERBS (Salawikain) It is a short poem that has been customarily used and served as a law or rule on good behavior by our ancestors. Rhyming couplets (5,6,8) CHANTS (Bulong) Chants are used by our ancestors to ask permission from the spirit or super natural beings so as not to have bad things happen to them. TANAGA A short poetic form that is the Filipino equivalent of Japanese Haiku consists of four lines with seven syllables each with the same rhyme. At the end of each line 7-7-7-7 syllabic verse an AABB rhyme scheme. FOLK SONGS: NARRATIVE - this is a song that tells a story. An example of a narrative folk song is "Paruparong Bukid." LULLABY - it is sung to send a baby to sleep. "Tulog na" is an example of lullaby. CHILDREN'S SONG - these refer to songs that adults sing or teach to children. "Ako av may lobo" is common example of children's song. SERENADE - it is a song consisting of several movements with no fixed form. It is usually played outside a woman's house by an admirer at night to develop their romantic relationship. One of its most famous example is "O Law. WORK SONG - this is a song that inspires people at work. "Magtanim ay di biro." Kapampangan Literature Historical Background: The name was derived from the native Kapampangan words pangpang ilog meaning "riverside" where the early Malayan settlements were concentrated along the Rio Grande de la Pampanga Pampanga is well-known forts rich delicacies and cuisine literature flourished during the early years of Pampanga: rapture introduced thro igh the Spanish-speaking elite ard the nayive speaking friars ZARZUELA DRAMA a zarzuela is musical form of Theater that combined spoken word and song that celebrates various catholic liturgical feasts. Juger Ruego by Francisco Asenjo Darbier was the first zarzuela. introduced in the country in late 1878 over 1879. JUAN CRISOSTOMO O-767 Januar)861- 12 July f918) was a poet, dramatist jourdalist and newspaperman. He was also known as Crissot, the "Father of Pampango Literature." Soto was born Bacolor, Pampanga to Santiag Soto and Marciana Caball: A tragic love story, lang Dios" premiered atthe Teatro Sabina in Bacolor on Now 16, 1902, and was last staged at Caltial Center of the Philopines in 1975. The zarzuela was written in 1901 PLOT It is a tragic love story that involves Enrique, an impoverished painter, and Maria Luz, daughter of a wealthy Don Andres. Enrique, falsely accused of stealing a diamond crucifix belonging to the Don, is jailed. Upon release, he learns of Maria Luz's impending wedding to Ramon. Meanwhile, Clara, a maid of Maria Luz, confesses to have faked the theft that led to Enrique's incarceration, this was too late to stop the wedding. To prevent a duel between Enrique and Ramon, Don Monico intervenes and reveals that Enrique and Ramon are really half-brothers, and that Clara and Maria Luz are half-sisters. Finally reconciled, the brothers come home to find Maria Luz dead, leading them to exclaim, "there is no God!". THEME Working on the theme of forced marriages, "Alang Dios!" consists of three acts, 13 settings and 81 scenes set in the village of Parulog. It tells the tale of Maria Luz Generosa who is forced by her cruel stepmother Dona Cucang to marry the landed Ramon. SETTING. 13 settings and 81 scenes set in the village of Parulog. Parulog is a barangay in the municipality of Bacolor, in the province of Pampanga Characterization - Characterization is the representation of the traits, motives, and psychology of a character in a narrative. Characterization may occur through direct description, in which the character's qualities are described by a narrator, another character, or by the character him or herself. Enrique- a poor painter, the lover of Maria Luz in the story and the half brother of Ramon. He is accused of stealing the diamond crucifix of Don Andres. His character represents LOYALTY as he looked for Maria Luz after his released from jail. Maria Luz- a daughter of a wealthy man known as Don Andres. She is involved in a tragic love story with Enrique. Maria Luz was forced to marry Ramon after Enrique was put into jail. Her character represents LOVE and Strength Don Andres- a wealthy old man and the father of Maria Luz. Donya Cucang- Step Mother of Maria Luz. She planned the arranged marriage of Ramon and Maria Luz. Clara- She accused Enrique of stealing the diamond crucifix and later on confessed The whole truth to Enrique. She is also the step-sister of Maria Luz. The Point of View of the story is in the Third Person. Spanish Colonial Period During the Spanish colonial period (1565-1898), Philippine literature was heavily influenced by Spanish culture and religion. Many Filipinos converted to Christianity and adopted Spanish customs and traditions. This period saw the emergence of new literary forms such as religious poetry, plays, and novels. Juan Crisóstomo Caballa Soto (27 January 1867 - 12 July 1918) was a poet, dramatist, journalist and newspaperman. He was also known as Crissot, the "Father of Pampango Literature." Soto was born in Santa Inés, Bacolor, Pampanga to Santiago Soto and Marciana Caballa. American Period During the American colonial period (1898-1946), Philippine literature was influenced by American culture and education. English became the language of instruction in schools and many Filipinos began writing in English. This period saw the emergence of new literary forms such as short stories, essays, and novels. Notable Authors & their works José García Villa - Footnote to Youth, Carlos Bulosan - America is in the Heart Manuel Arguilla - How my Brother Leon brought Home a Wife, Midsummer, Morning in Nagrebcan Paz Marquez-Benitez - Dead Stars Nick Joaquin - A Portrait of the Artist as Filipino MASTERPIECES of the AMERICAN REGIME HISTORICAL BACKGROUND The American colonial period in the Philippines brought significant changes in the country's literature. English became the language of choice for writers. In this lesson, we will uncove the historical context, major changes and the impact of American influence on Filinino writers and their works. AMERICAN INFLUENCE WRITING STYLES American literature introduced various writing styles, such as realism, naturalism, and modernism, which became influential in the works of Filipino writers LANGUAGE The shift to English as the primary language of literary expression during the American rule left a lasting impact on Philippine literature. TOPICS AND THEMES American literature introduced new themes to Philippine writers, including individualism, self-expression, and the exploration of human emotions and experiences. ELEMENTS OF POETRY Form! The structure of a poem, including its length, rhythm, rhyme scheme, and stanza arrangement (e.g., sonnets, haikus, free verse). Meter: The rhythmic structure of lines in a poem, determined by the number of syllables and the pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables (e.g., iambic pentameter). Rhyme: The repetition of similar sounds, usually at the end of lines (e.g., couplets, alternate rhyme). Tone: The poet's attitude or feelings in the poem. Mood: The feeling the poem creates in the reader. Theme: The underlying message or central idea of the poem. Eniambment is when a sentence in a poem doesn't end at the end of a line but continues onto the next one. This makes the reader keep going without pausing. LITERAL VS FIGURATIVE Literal Language communicates information directly and exactly, with a clear, factual meaning (e.g.,' "The skv is blue"). Figurative Language uses creative comparisons and expressions to convey meanings beyond the literal sense, often through devices like metaphors and similes (e.g., "The sky is a blanket of stars"). Literal language is straightforward and precise, while figurative language is imaginative and symbolic, requiring interpretation. LITERARY DEVICES 1. Figurative Language uses creative language techniques to convey meanings beyond the literal (e.g., metaphors, similes). 2. Symbolism involves using symbols to represent abstract ideas or concepts. 3. Imagery creates vivid mental pictures appealing to the senses. COMMON FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE 1. Simile: A comparison between two unlike things using "like" or "as." Example: "Her smile was like sunshine." 2. Metaphor: A direct comparison between two unlike things without using "like" or "as." Example: "Time is a thief." 3. Personification: Giving human qualities to human entities or objects. Example: "The wind whispered through the trees." 4. Hyperbole: Exaggeration used for emphasis or effect. Example: "I'm so hungry I could eat a horse." 5. Irony: A contrast between expectation and reality, often highlighting a discrepancy between what is said and what is meant or what is expected and what occurs. Example: A fire station burns down. 6. Synecdoche is a figure of speech in which a part of something is used to represent the whole, or vice versa. 7. Paradox is a statement or situation that seems to contradict itself but may reveal a deeper truth when examined. Example: "Less is more." At first, this phrase doesn't seem to make sense because "less" and "more" are opposites. However, it suggests that simplicity can lead to greater impact or value 8. Oxymoron: A combination of contradictor terms to create a paradoxical effect. Example: "Deafening silence." 9. Euphemism: A mild or less direct word or phrase used in place of one that is more direct or harsh. Example: "Passed away" instead of "died." 10. Imagery: Descriptive language that appeals to the senses to create vivid mental pictures. Example: "The aroma of fresh coffee filled th room, making it feel warm and inviting." Japanese Period The Japanese period of Filipino literature refers to the time when the Philippines was under the occupation of Japan during World War II, from 1941 to 1945. During this period, Filipino writers faced various challenges and limitations, such as censorship, propaganda, and scarcity of materials. Some writers chose to cooperate with the Japanese, while others resisted or went underground The Philippine Literature during the Japanese Occupation The stride and growth of the Philippine literature in English language and the development of Philippine literature in general was interrupted during the Japanese period. The Japanese censured all publications except Tribune and Philippine Review. During the Japanese period, Philippine Literature in English was stopped and writers turned to writing in Filipino. Tagalog was favored by the Japanese military authority and writing in English was consigned to a limbo. Japanese were able to influence and encourage the Filipino in developing the vernacular literature. Most writers and authors were led to either go underground or write in Tagalog. So Filipino literature was given a break during this period and experienced renewed attention. A. FILIPINO POETRY DURING THIS PERIOD The common theme of most poems during the Japanese occupation was nationalism, country, love, and life in the barrios, faith, religion and the arts. Three types of poems emerged during this period. Haiku /har'ku/ noun - Japanese poem of seventeen syllables five, seven and five Tanaga - It is also a poem with definite structure: 4 lines with 7 syllables each line and a rhyming pattern of aabb Karanuwang Ayos - It follows the usual and common form of poetry. A few of playwriters were: 1. Jose Ma. Hernandez-wrote PANDAY PIRA 2. Francisco Soc Rodrigo - wrote SA PULA, SA PUTI 3. Clodualdo del Mundo - wrote BULAGA (an expression in the game Hide and Seek). 4. Julian Cruz Balmaceda - wrote SINO BA KAYO?, DAHIL SA ANAK, and HIGANTE NG PATAY. C. THE FILIPINO SHORT STORY DURING THE JAPANESE PERIOD The field of the shot widened Japanese Occupation. Many wrote short stories. Among them were: Brigido Batungbakal, Macario Pineda, Serafin Guinigindo, Liwayway Arceo, Narciso Ramos, NVM Gonzales, Alicia Lopez Lim, Ligaya Perez, and Gloria Guzman. D. PHILIPPINE LITERATURE IN ENGLISH (1941-1945) Because of the strict prohibitions imposed by the Japanese in the writing and publishing of works in English, Philippine literature in English experienced a dark period. The few who dared to write did so for their bread and butter or for propaganda. Writings that came out during this period were journalistic in nature. Writers felt suppressed but slowly, the spirit of nationalism started to seep into their consciousness While some continued to write, the majority waited fo better climate to publish their works. Noteworthy writer of the period was Carlos P. Romulo who won the Pulitzer Prize for his bestsellers I SAW THE FALL OF THE PHILIPPINES, I SEE THE PHILIPPINES RISE and his MOTHER AMERICA AND MY BROTHER AMERICANS. 02 Literary Element CONFLICT provides and showcases the opposing objectives of the protagonist and the antagonist or inside the protagonist. Conflict being synonymous with opposition, is the motivating driving force that involves both characters and readers in the narrative. 1. Character vs. Characters) 2. Character vs. Society 3. Character vs. Nature 4. Character vs. Technology 5. Character vs. Supernatural 6. Character vs. Fate 7. Character vs. Self Reading Selection (Short Story) "LUPANG TINUBUAN' Narcisco Reyes Was a Filipino diplomat who served as the fourth secretary general of ASEAN between 1980 and 1982 and the chairman of UNICEF between 1972 and 1974. Born- February 2, 1914 Tondo Manila Philippines Died- May 7,1996 (Aged 82 years old) Manila Philippines Martial Law Philippine literature during the Martial Law period (1972-1981) reflects the struggles and experiences of Filipinos during this dark chapter in the country's history. Many writers used their works to express their opposition to the oppressive regime of Ferdinand Marcos and to raise awareness about the human rights abuses committed by the government. It became effective throughout the entire country on 21 September 1972, and was announced to the public two days later. It was formally lifted on 17 January 1981, six months before the first presidential election in the Philippines in twelve years. It is not quite correct to argue that it was only in 1972 that Filipino writers started to use their writings to explore socio-political realities. The tradition of protest has always been a potent force in the production of socially committed writings, as a number of critics such as Bienvenido Lumbera, and Epifanio San Juan Jr. have argued. The 1970s, for example, witnessed the proliferation of poems, short stories, and novels which grappled with the burning issues of the times. In a large number of magazines and journals, writers in both English and Pilipino faced the problems of exploitation and injustice, and appropriated these realities as the only relevant materials for their fiction Lualhati Bautista - (December 2, 1945 - February 12, 2023) was a Filipina writer, novelist, liberal activist and political critic. Her most popular novels include Dekada '70; Bata, Themes/Forms of Literature During Martial Law Protest Literature Proletarian Literature Prison Literature. Circumvention Literature Protest Literature Protest literature at other times, in other contexts, referred to as revolutionary literature, literature of engagement, combat literature, committed literature, literature of resistance, proletarian literature, people's literature, socially conscious literature, and perhaps a Philippine contribution to the taxonomy, the literature of circumvention (simply defined as "a body of works that expressed social and political protest in veiled terms") has had a long history in the Philippines. Proletarian Literature The call to create proletarian literature...was too strong to ignore. It was deemed unimaginable, for the committed writer doing political work, to still think of poetry as beauty 'recollected in tranquility" Prison Literature Not a few writers ended up behind bars from day one of martial law. Journalists and prominent political opposition figures were the first to be ensnared in the dragnet cast by the Marcos intelligence and police apparatus, followed by militant activists, including academics who were also noted for their critical literary writings. Circumvention Literature It was in the precious little space afforded, wittingly or unwittingly, by certain publications and institutions sanctioned by the martial law administration, that the so-called "literature of circumvention' began to appear. NOTABLE AUTHORS Pete Lacaba- He contribute to a journalism, poetry, and scriptwriting have become identified with al both literary excellence as well I as social relevance (another pivotal phrase in the canon of protest literature). The name Lacaba has become a literary by-word, for a number of reasons Mila Aguilar - A former teacher of English literature at the University of the Philippines.She had joined her future husband in the guerrilla movement at the beginning of martial law, and after he was killed in an armed encounter, she continued her revolutionary work as writer and propagandist for resistance. Sionil Jose The first instrument of censorship in 1972 was the Army Office of Civil Relations which granted licences for new magazines and newspapers Literary Works in the Post-Martial Law Era The year 1986 demarcates the beginning of new scene in the unfolding narrative of contemporary Philippine Literature. It saw the fall of the dictatorship that President Marcos set up on September 21, 1972, when he placed the Philippines under martial rule, initiating a regime that suppressed the writers' right to free expression. Writing under the Martial Law Regime was characterized by militancy and belligerence, even when it showed up in the legal press. Especially after the assassination of Ninoy Aquino in 1983, the temper of poetry and theatre derived much of its heat and direction from the political culture of the underground national democratic movement. Key Philippine Writers and Their Contributions (Post-Martial Law) Lualhati Bautista Contribution: Dekada '70 (published in 1983, but gained renewed relevance post-Martial Law). This novel portrays the experiences of a family during Martial Law, highlighting the struggles for democracy and human rights. Impact: Dekada '70 became a powerful narrative that captured the essence of resistance against authoritarianism and the longing for freedom. Ricky Lee Contribution: He is the screen writer of Himala (Miracle), which is one of the most iconic Filipino films, directed by Ishmael Bernal and starring Nora Aunor. Impact: The film resonated with many Filipinos. It critiqued the way people, especially in rural areas, are manipulated through religious or superstitious beliefs. This commentary was especially poignant in the context of the Marcos dictatorship, where poverty and inequality were rampant. Jessica Hagedorn Contribution: Dogeaters (1990), a novel set during the Marcos regime, but its influence continued post-Martial Law as it examines the cultural and political landscape of the Philippines. Impact: The novel offers a critical view of the effects of dictatorship on Philippine society, exploring issues of identity, power, and corruption. Jose Dalisay Jr. Contribution: Killing Time in Warm Place (1992), a novel that tells the story of every man, woman and child who lived during the time of martial law under Marcos' orders. It examines the internal conflict of every Filipino during these times. Impact: This novel offers an insight of cruelty suffered at the hands of the Marcos' cronies. The period after Martial Law in the Philippines saw a surge in literary works that addressed the political, social, and cultural issues of the time. Many of these works reflect the struggles for freedom, justice, and the complexities of the post-dictatorship era. Here are some of the notable literary works from this period: NOVELS 1."Dekada '70" by Lualhati Bautista (1983) - Although written during Martial Law, it gained significant attention and continued to be influential in the post-Martial Law period. 2. "Bata, Bata... Pa'no Ka Ginawa?" by Lualhati Bautista (1984) - Another significant work by Bautista, exploring the role of women in the changing society. 3."Gapô" by Lualhati Bautista (1988) - A novel about the impact of American military presence in Olongapo City. 1.) "Empire of Memory" by Eric Gamalinda (1992) - A novel that explores the intersection of history, memory, and personal identity in the aftermath of Martial Law. 2.) "Killing Time in a Warm Place" by Jose Dalisay Jr. (1992) - A semi-autobiographical novel about the author's experiences during Martial Law and the revolution. SHORT STORY COLLECTIONS 1. "The Music Child and Other Stories" by Alfred A. Yuson (1992) - A collection of stories that delve into Filipino life and culture in the post-dictatorship era. 2. "White Turtle" by Merlinda Bobis (1999) - A collection of stories that reflect on the cultural and political landscapes of the Philippines, including the aftermath of Martial Law. POETRY 1. "Skin Voices Faces" by Alfred A. Yuson (1991) - A collection of poems that capture the essence of Filipino identity and experience during the post-Martial Law period. 2. "A Native Clearing: Filipino Poetry and Verse from English Since the 50s to the Present" edited by Gémino H. Abad (1993) - An anthology that includes works reflecting the nation's transition after Martial Law. PLAYS 1."Pilipinas Circa 1907" by Bienvenido Lumbera (1989) - A play that examines Philippine society's struggles for identity and freedom. 2. "Kudeta" by Rene Villanueva (1986) - A play that satirizes the political events surrounding the 1986 PeoplePower Revolution. Contemporary Literature Contemporary Philippine literature reflects the diverse experiences of Filipinos in the modern world. It includes works written in various languages and covers a wide range of themes and topics. Contemporary Philippine literature continues to evolve and adapt to changing times. Contemporary Literature during EDSA  Jose Y. Dalisay Jr. (born January 15, 1954) is a Filipino Charlson Ong is one of the most prolific authors in the Philippines. He has published four collections of short fiction and three novels, with this, his fourth one, White Lady, Black Christ. He has won the National Book Award for both short fiction and the novel and also won numerous awards and prizes for fiction, poetry, drama, non-fiction and screenwriting, including 16 Palanca Awards. Contemporary Literature after EDSA Jose Y. Dalisay Jr. (born January 15, 1954) is a Filipino writer. He has won numerous awards and prizes for fiction, poetry, drama, non-fiction and screenwriting, including 16 Palanca Awards. Jose Dalisay Jr. is known for The Kite (1999), Bakit ngayon ka lang? (1994) and Tayong dalawa (1992) and the Amnestv. WHAT IS Multimedia? MULTIMEDIA IS A COMPUTER-CONTROLLED FORMAT WHERE ANY TYPE OF INFORMATION CAN BE REPRESENTED, STORED, TRANSMITTED, AND PROCESSED DIGITALLY. (MARSHALL, 2001) MULTIMEDIA IS INTEGRATION OF Text, graphics, drawings, pictures, bidoes, animation, audio, or any other forms of media. BLOG / WEB BLOG IT IS A WEBSITE CONTAINING INFORMATIONAL ARTICLES ABOUT A person's own opinions, interests, and experiences. These are usually changed regularly (DepEd 2013, 9). MIND MAPPING IT IS A GRAPHICAL TECHNIQUE TO VISUALIZE CONNECTIONS OF IDEAS AND PIECES OF INFORMATION.THIS TOOL STRUCTURES INFORMATION TO BETTER ANALYZE, COMPREHEND, SYNTHESIZE, RECALL, AND GENERATE NEW IDEAS. MOBILE TEXT TULA It is a traditional Filipino poem written and read on mobile phones. IT IS A TRADITIONAL FILIPINO POEM WRITTEN AND READ ON MOBILE PHONES. SLIDESHOW PRESENTATION It contains series of pictures or pages of information (slides) arranged in sequence and often displayed on a large screen using a video projector. (Computer Hope 2018). TAG CLOUD It is a visual, stylized arrangement of words or tags within a textual content such as websites, articles, speeches, and databases (Techopedia 2020). VIDEO It is an electronic device used to record, copy, playback, broadcast, and display moving visual media (Lexico 2020). INFOGRAPHIC it is a visual representation of information, data, or knowledge intended to present complex information quickly and clearly. it combines images, charts, diagrams, and text to convey messages in a way that is easy to understand at a glance. They are often used to summarize information, highlight key points, explain processes, or compare data.