21st-Q1 - Literature Guide PDF

**Latin origin**: \"**littera**\" means \"**a letter of the alphabet**.\" **Britannica definition**: A **body of written works** associated with **imaginative and creative works** (poetry and prose). It can be classified by: - **Language** - **National origin** - **Historical period** -...

**Latin origin**: \"**littera**\" means \"**a letter of the alphabet**.\" **Britannica definition**: A **body of written works** associated with **imaginative and creative works** (poetry and prose). It can be classified by: - **Language** - **National origin** - **Historical period** - **Genre** - **Subject matter** **Forms**: Literature can be **oral or written.** Common reasons for reading literature: **Entertainment and learning.** **CHARACTERISTICS OF LITERATURE:** **Narration of a story.** **Expression of feelings, thoughts, and ideas,** based on imagination or real-life experiences. **Transmission of significant information,** crossing boundaries of time, place, culture, and language. **LITERARY STRUCTURE:** **Narrative structure** includes: Exposition, Rising action, Climax, Falling action Resolution (denouement) **Murphy (n.d.)**: Literary structure involves organizing elements according to purpose, style, and genre. **Other interpretations**: Structure refers to genre, style, or a specific literary trend **(The Great Soviet Encyclopedia).** **MAJOR FORMS OF LITERATURE** **Poetry**: Characterized by rhythm, sound, imagery, and form. Its purpose is to express emotions and thoughts. Three types: **Narrative Poetry**: Tells a story with characters, setting, conflict, etc. **Dramatic Poetry**: Drama in verse form in front of an audience, meant to be **recited or sung**. **Lyric Poetry**: Focuses on emotions rather than storytelling. **Prose**: Follows a natural flow of speech with grammatical structure. Prose is arranged logically and sequentially into paragraphs. **FICTION AND NON-FICTION:** **Fiction**: A product of the **writer's imagination**, where characters react to conflict and issues central to the story. **Types of fiction include:** Short Story, Novel, Novella **Genres:** Crime, Fantasy, Romance, Science Fiction, Western, Inspirational, Historical Fiction, Horror **Non-Fiction**: Stories inspired by **real events**. Writers present, interpret, or describe real experiences **based on facts**. **Examples include**: Essays, Journals, Diaries, Feature Articles, Editorials **EXAMPLES OF MAJOR FORMS OF LITERATURE:** **Poetry:** **Narrative Poetry**: Includes epic, ballad, and metrical tales. **Dramatic Poetry**: Often written as a dramatic monologue or soliloquy. **Lyric Poetry**: Examples include haiku, ode, elegy, and sonnet. **PROSE:** **Fiction:** Short Story, Novel, Play, Legend, Fable **Non-Fiction**: Biography/Autobiography, Narrative Essay, Memoir, Diaries and Journal **Genres** refer to **forms of literature** that can be **oral or written**, and they are **mainly divided into prose and poetry**. They can be determined by: **Literary technique** Tone, Content, Length (especially in fiction) **Some common genres in literature** Epic, Tragedy, Comedy, Creative Nonfiction **Genres can also include sub-genres** like satire, allegory, or pastoral. They are **defined by the cultural movement of the time** in which they were composed. **Note: Genres should not be confused with:** **Age categories** (e.g., adult, young-adult, or children's literature) **Format** (e.g., graphic novel, picture book) **Literary elements** are the **identifiable characteristics of a text** that are common to all **storytelling forms**. **Examples include**: Setting, Character, Conflict Theme, Point of View, plot These elements are **essential for textual analysis** and must be specifically identified within a particular text. **Poetry has four essential elements**: **Form**: The structure or pattern of the poem (e.g., free verse, couplet, limerick). **Imagery**: The creation of vivid images or pictures through words, which adds depth and color to poetry and other types of literature. **Rhythm**: Refers to the flow or beat of the poem, whether fast or slow, and is concerned with the overall movement. **Sound**: Includes the use of rhyme, alliteration, assonance, and onomatopoeia to give poetry its musical quality. **Sound and Literary Devices:** **Repetition**: **Repeating** words, phrases, or lines for emphasis. **Alliteration**: **Repeating the same consonant sounds** at the beginning of words. **Assonance**: **Repeating vowel sounds** within words. **Onomatopoeia**: The use of **words that imitate sounds** (e.g., \"buzz\" for a bee). **Literary Traditions** **Traditions** in literature **refer to the defining traits** of works that **represent a particular generation or historical period**. A literary tradition is a collection of works that share: Underlying interconnectedness, Cultural or geographical coherence. **For example**, **Irish poetry and drama** span centuries but are distinctively Irish due to shared cultural references, mythology, historical context, and structure. Even **writers outside Ireland can adopt the Irish literary** tradition by drawing from these shared elements. **21st Century Literature:** Refers to **new literary works** created in the **last decade**. - Written by **contemporary authors**. - **Themes**: Often deal with **current issues** and reflect a **technological culture**. - **Style**: Frequently **breaks traditional writing rules**. **21st Century Reader:** Learns through **technology** and is capable of interpreting **digital formats** and **media messages**. - Possesses advanced **literacy skills**, including: - **Keyboarding** - **Internet navigation** - **Interpreting technological language** - **Communicating and deciphering coded language and graphics** **Poetry:** **An imaginative awareness of experience** expressed through meaning, sound, and rhythmic language to **evoke an emotional response**. **Features:** Often uses meter and rhyme, Highly individual and authentic in its mode of expression, making it difficult to define universally. **Drama:** **A composition in prose or verse**, presented in dialogue or pantomime, often involving conflict or contrast of characters. **Written to be performed on stage** and may deal with any situation or series of events filled with vivid emotions, conflicts, and striking interest. **Example:** A play or a series of emotionally charged events. **Illustrated Novel:** **A story or narrative told through words complemented by illustrated images.** In most cases, **50% of the narrative is presented without words**, requiring readers to interpret images to understand the story. **Some illustrated novels may contain little or no text at all.** **Examples:** The Invention of Hugo Cabret by Brian Selznick. The Arrival by Shaun Tan. **Digi-Fiction:** **Also known as Triple Media Literature**, it combines three media: **book, movie/video, and internet website**. Readers must engage in navigating, reading, and **viewing all three formats to understand the full story**. **Examples:** Skeleton Creek by Patrick Carman. Level 26 by Anthony Zuiker. **Graphic Novel** Graphic novels are narratives told in comic-strip formats and published as a book. To differentiate from illustrated fiction**, graphic novels tell a story using a combination of words and pictures in a sequence across the page**. The term is employed in a broad manner, **encompassing non-fiction works and thematically linked short stories** as well as fictional stories across several genres. **Examples:** Archie Comics by John Goldwater and illustrator Bob Montana The Death of Captain Marvel (by Jim Starlin) **Regions in PH**: 18 **Living Languages**: 183\ **Islands**: 7,641 **TIMELINES** **Pre-Colonial:** **Colonial:**\ Spanish\ American (Enlightenment Period)\ Japanese\ \ **21^st^ Century Period**: 2000 present **Illustrated & Graphic** **\ Similarities:** - - **Difference: Graphic Novel** - - - - - **Difference: Illustrated Novel** - - - -