ENG8_1st Term.pdf

Mary Help of Christians College – Salesian Sisters, Inc. Canlubang, Calamba City, Laguna Basic Education Department S.Y. 2024-2025 ENGLISH 8: 1st Term...

Mary Help of Christians College – Salesian Sisters, Inc. Canlubang, Calamba City, Laguna Basic Education Department S.Y. 2024-2025 ENGLISH 8: 1st Term Types of Nouns A noun is a word that names something, such as a person, place, thing, idea, or event. 1. Common Noun is a noun that refers to general items or concepts, not specific ones.  We visited the city to see the new museum.  The teacher explained the complex theory to the class.  The scientist discovered a new element in the laboratory.  The athlete trained rigorously for the upcoming marathon. 2. Proper Noun is a noun that names specific people, places, or things and is always capitalized.  Albert Einstein developed the theory of relativity.  The Eiffel Tower in Paris is a popular tourist attraction.  We drove a Toyota Corolla during our trip to the mountains.  Christmas is celebrated with great enthusiasm around the world. 3. Concrete Noun is a noun that can be physically experienced through one of the five senses.  The sweet scent of her perfume filled the room.  The sound of thunder startled everyone in the house.  She picked a shiny red apple from the basket and took a bite.  He sipped his hot coffee while reading the morning newspaper.  She saw the vibrant flower blooming beautifully in the garden. 4. Abstract Noun is a noun that represents intangible ideas—things you can't perceive with the five main senses.  Her love for her family was evident in everything she did.   His happiness was contagious and made everyone smile.  It took a lot of courage for her to stand up and speak.  It was her determination that helped her overcome the obstacles.  She expressed her gratitude for all the support she had received.  He pursued his dream of becoming a professional musician despite the challenges.  She earned the respect of her peers through her hard work and dedication. 5. Collective Noun is a name for a collection or a number of people or things.  A flock of birds flew overhead, their wings creating patterns against the sky.  The soccer team celebrated their championship victory with a parade through the city.  The audience applauded enthusiastically after the orchestra's performance.  The hospital staff worked tirelessly through the night to care for the injured patients.  The hive of bees buzzed with activity as they collected pollen from the flowers.  The class of students listened attentively to the teacher's explanation of the scientific experiment. 6. Compound Noun is a noun that combines with another noun or any other part of speech to form another noun.  She bought a newspaper from the stand every morning.  The toothbrush was left on the bathroom counter.  She packed her suitcase for the weekend trip.  The children played on the playground during recess. 7. Countable Noun is a noun that combines with another noun or any other part of speech to form another noun.  I read three books last month.  She adopted two cats from the animal shelter.  He presented a fascinating idea during the meeting.  They visited several museums during their trip to Europe. 8. Uncountable Noun is a noun that refers to things that cannot be counted and usually does not have a plural form.   There is a lot of information available on this topic.  She gave me valuable advice about my career. Functions of Nouns 1. Subject The noun that acts or is described in the sentence. It answers the question: Who or what is doing the action?  John loves reading books.  The cat sat on the windowsill.  Technology advances quickly.  The orchestra performed beautifully at the concert last night. 2. Direct Object The noun that receives the action of the verb. It answers the question: Whom or what is receiving the action?  We watched a movie last night.  She gave the book to her friend.  The teacher praised the students.  I found the keys under the couch.  They built a house in the countryside. 3. Indirect Object The noun that receives the direct object itself.  I wrote my sister a letter.  She gave her friend a gift.  He sent his parents a postcard from Paris.  The teacher taught the students a new lesson.  The chef prepared the guests a delicious meal. 4. Appositive The noun or noun phrase that follows or comes before a noun, and gives more information about it.  My brother, a doctor, works in a hospital.   Mr. Smith, our neighbor, is very friendly.  The insect, a butterfly, landed on the flower.  The movie, a thriller, kept us on the edge of our seats. 5. Object of a Preposition The noun or pronoun that follows a preposition in a sentence. It is the thing or person that the preposition is related to.  He is interested in Science.  She sat beside the window.  We walked through the park.  The cat jumped onto the table.  They were talking about the project. 6. Direct Address The noun that is used to refer to someone directly.  John, can you help me with this?  Mom, I finished my homework.  Friends, let's gather for a meeting.  Students, please open your textbooks. 7. Subject Complement It is a word or phrase that follows a linking verb and identifies or describes the subject.  The winner was he.  She became a teacher.  This place was a library.  Her hobby is photography.  Their destination was the beach. 8. Object Complement It is usually a noun, pronoun, or adjective that comes after a direct object to rename or modify the direct object.  We named our dog Buddy.  The committee appointed her chairperson.  The team called their strategy a breakthrough.  Reading Strategies 1. Speed Reading Purpose: The main goal of speed reading is to read quickly and cover a lot of material in a short period. It is useful when you need to get a general idea or the gist of the text. Skimming and scanning are two useful reading techniques. They can help you to find information really quickly in a text. 1.1. Skimming is when you look over a text quickly to get the general idea of it. You don't need to read every word - just pick out key words and sentences. Top tips:  Read the first paragraph and last paragraph in full.  Read the opening words and closing words of the paragraphs in between.  Use of headings, sub-headings, bullet points or key words (those in bold, italics, capitals or underlined) to guide you. 1.2. Scanning is when you look over a text quickly, line by line, hunting for keywords, dates, names, and numbers. It's a useful skill when you need answers to specific questions. Top tips:  You don't need to read every word. Just look for the information you want.  Again, use headings, sub-headings, bullet points or key words to guide you. 2. Intensive Reading Purpose: Intensive reading focuses on detailed comprehension, careful analysis, and critical engagement with the text. It's used to understand every detail, meaning, and nuance. 2.1 Close reading is reading carefully, often line by line, to understand complex content. Top tips:  Read with purpose. Approach the text carefully, paying attention to every word and sentence to understand how they contribute to the overall meaning.  Focus on Diction. Examine the author’s word choice. Why were certain words used? How do they shape the tone and meaning of the text?  Reread Key Sections. Close reading may require re-reading important passages to grasp their full significance or to see connections between different parts of the text.  2.2 Annotation is taking notes, underlining important parts, and looking up unfamiliar words. Top tips:  Highlight Key Ideas. Mark the most important sentences or main points.  Write Quick Summaries. At the end of a paragraph or section, write a short summary (a sentence) in the margins to capture the main idea in your own words. Direct and Indirect Speech Direct speech is the representation of one's message or spoken words in the exact way stated by the speaker. Thus, actual words spoken by the speaker were used in order to convey the message. Quotations (" ") are also used to show that the statement is the actual speech of the speaker. A direct or quoted speech may be presented or put in any position within the sentence. 1. After the reporting verb Example: The teacher reminded, "Do not forget to pass your assignment on Friday.” 2. In a broken speech with the reporting verb in the middle of the sentence Example: "I was about to go," she said, "but they have left me alone." 3. Before presenting the speaker and the reporting verb Example: "I will require everyone to work on Sunday," Mr. President said. An indirect or reported speech is a way of expressing statements without quoting or being required to use the exact words as should be done in a direct speech. An indirect or reported speech is a way of expressing statements without quoting or being required to use the exact words as should be done in a direct speech. 1. QUESTION WORDS (5Ws and 1H) These words are usually introduced by the verb "asked.“ Example Direct: The doctor asked, "When was the last time you had your checkup?” Indirect: The doctor asked me when was the last time I had my checkup. YES/NO QUESTIONS These words are usually introduced by the verb asked + if or "whether." Example: Direct: He asked, "Do you know what you are doing?” Indirect: He asked if I knew what I was doing. IMPERATIVE STATEMENTS In transforming imperative statements, the infinitive to + base form of the verb is used. There are also verbs used in reporting a speech rather than just using "said" such as: advise, instruct, command, order, persuade, suggest, and other similar verbs. Example: Direct: “Submit your activity by Friday,” Teacher Ana told the class. Indirect: Teacher Ana instructed us in class to submit our activity by Friday. Changing direct speech to indirect speech: Types of Pronouns A pronoun is a word that stands in for a noun, often to avoid the need to repeat the same noun over and over. Like nouns, pronouns can refer to people, things, concepts, and places. 1. Personal pronouns replace nouns to avoid repetition and indicate who is doing or receiving the action. Subject Pronouns: I, you, he, she, it, we, they Object Pronouns: me, you, him, her, it, us, them  They invited us to the party, and we decided to bring a gift for them.  She wanted to attend the concert, but she had to study for her exams instead. 2. Possessive pronouns show ownership or possession. mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs   The decision was entirely his, but we all shared the consequences.  The decision to cancel the trip was theirs, and although it was disappointing, the responsibility was also mine to inform everyone. 3. Reflexive pronouns reflect back to the subject of the sentence, emphasizing that the action is performed by the subject on itself. myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves  He blamed himself for the mistake, but he also learned a valuable lesson from it.  They promised themselves they would finish the project by Friday, and they worked late into the night, even though they were exhausted. Note: The subject is also the receiver (object) in a sentence. 4. Demonstrative pronouns point to specific things or people. this, that, these, those  Those are the best photos I've ever taken.  These are the best cookies I've ever made, and those over there are also delicious. 5. Relative pronouns introduce relative clauses and link them to the main clause. A relative clause connects ideas by using pronouns that relate to something previously mentioned and allows the writer to combine two independent clauses into one sentence. who, whom, whose, which, that The student who won the award is also the captain of the basketball team. The movie that we watched last night was thrilling, and the special effects were amazing. The car, which was newly purchased, broke down on the highway, and the driver had to call for assistance. The athlete whose performance was outstanding received a standing ovation, and his coach praised him during the interview. 6. Interrogative pronouns are used to ask questions. who, whom, whose, which, what  Which of these books do you recommend?  Whom did you invite to the event, and what did they say in response?  Who is responsible for this project, and what steps have been taken so far to ensure its success? 7. Indefinite pronouns refer to non-specific people or things. anyone, everyone, someone, no one, none, each, few, many, all, some, etc.  Many wanted to volunteer for the event, and they signed up quickly, so the organizers had plenty of help.  Someone left their jacket in the classroom, but no one has claimed it yet, so it’s been placed in the lost and found.  Someone left their jacket in the classroom, but no one has claimed it yet, so it’s been placed in the lost and found.  Everyone was excited about the new policy, but no one expected the challenges that would come with its implementation, and some people voiced their concerns immediately. African Literature: Poetry Africa Africa my Africa Africa of proud warriors in ancestral savannahs Africa of whom my grandmother sings On the banks of the distant river I have never known you But your blood flows in my veins Your beautiful black blood that irrigates the fields The blood of your sweat The sweat of your work The work of your slavery The slavery of your children Africa, tell me, Africa Is this your back that is unbent This back that never breaks under the weight of humiliation This back trembling with red scars And saying no to the whip under the midday sun  But a grave voice answers me Impetuous child that tree, young and strong That tree over there Splendidly alone amidst white and faded flowers That is your Africa springing up anew springing up patiently, obstinately Whose fruit bit by bit acquires The bitter taste of liberty. Reference: Africa by David Diop. (n.d.). Famous Poems, Famous Poets. - All Poetry. https://allpoetry.com/poem/8562839-Africa-by-David-Diop 1. What characteristics are attributed to Africa as a continent? 2. How are these characteristics reflected in the said selection/ poem? Proud Warriors: Africa is depicted as a land of proud and brave warriors who once roamed its ancestral savannahs. (The "savannahs" refer to the expansive grasslands.) Cultural Heritage: The poem mentions the songs of the grandmother, suggesting a rich cultural and oral tradition passed down through generations. Hard Work: Africa's fields are irrigated by the "beautiful black blood," symbolizing the hard work and sweat of its people. Suffering and Slavery: The poem acknowledges the history of slavery and the immense suffering endured by Africans, highlighting the physical and emotional scars left behind. Resilience and Strength: Africa is characterized by an unbent back that never breaks under humiliation, symbolizing resilience and strength. Renewal and Growth: The image of a young and strong tree amidst faded flowers symbolizes Africa's potential for renewal and growth, rising again with patience and determination. Liberty: Africa's perseverance acquires "liberty," indicating the hard-earned freedom and independence. 3. How does the speaker in the poem learn about Africa? Pick out a line in the poem to support your answer. Africa of whom my grandmother sings  The speaker reflects on their own connection to Africa, despite not having experienced it firsthand. The mention of the grandmother singing about Africa indicates that familial and cultural stories also shape the speaker’s understanding of Africa passed down through generations. This inherited knowledge contributes to the speaker’s connection and identity with the continent. 4. What caused the proud warriors to become abused slaves? The poem reflects on how colonial forces imposed harsh conditions on Africa. The proud warriors, who once lived with dignity and freedom, became enslaved and exploited due to the brutal impact of colonialism. The transformation is depicted through the imagery of blood, sweat, and slavery, symbolizing the physical and emotional toll exacted on African people during the colonial period. The poem critiques this injustice and emphasizes the deep scars. 5. What do you think is the status of Black Africans in the modern world? Has it changed for the better? Support your answer. The following lines show that Africa experienced freedom: That is your Africa springing up anew springing up patiently, obstinately Whose fruit bit by bit acquires The bitter taste of liberty. The poem above is a free verse poem. A free verse poem is a type of poetry that does not follow a specific rhyme scheme, meter, or rhythmic structure. Unlike traditional forms of poetry that rely on a strict pattern of syllables or rhymes, free verse allows the poet to express ideas more flexibly and naturally, similar to everyday speech. Structure: Your beautiful black blood that irrigates the fields The blood of your sweat The sweat of your work Stanza The work of your slavery The slavery of your children A stanza is a grouped set of lines within a poem, typically separated from other stanzas by a space.