INTENSIVE ENGLISH.docx

**NOUN** - is a word that names a person, a place, a thing, or an idea. **PERSON** teacher, uncle, niece, sister-in-law **PLACE** garage, city, park, school **THING** paw, giraffe, bicycle, ice cream, doorknob **IDEA** democracy, fame, love, disappointment **TYPES OF NOUNS** Nouns are class...

**NOUN** - is a word that names a person, a place, a thing, or an idea. **PERSON** teacher, uncle, niece, sister-in-law **PLACE** garage, city, park, school **THING** paw, giraffe, bicycle, ice cream, doorknob **IDEA** democracy, fame, love, disappointment **TYPES OF NOUNS** Nouns are classified into different categories. A. **Proper Nouns** B. **Common Nouns** C. **Concrete Nouns** D. **Abstract Nouns** E. **Collective Nouns** F. **Compound Nouns** **PROPER NOUN** A proper noun is the name of a particular person, place, thing, or idea. **COMMON NOUN** A common noun is the general---not the particular---name of a person, place, thing, or idea. **CONCRETE NOUN** A concrete noun names an object that occupies space or that can be recognized by any of the senses. **ABSTRACT NOUN** These types of nouns stand for ideas that are comprehensible through their manifestations and are perceptible to the senses. Names an idea, a quality, or a characteristic. **COLLECTIVE NOUN** These nouns are used for organized groups, people or things that are regarded as a unit. Names an idea, a quality, or a characteristic. A collective noun is sometimes considered singular and sometimes considered plural. You consider a collective noun singular when you talk about a group as a whole. You consider a collective noun plural when you talk about the individual members of a group. **SINGULAR** The audience shouts its approval. **PLURAL** The audience arrived in small groups. **COMPOUND NOUN** A compound noun is a noun made up of two or more words. Each word makes up part of the meaning of the noun. Compound nouns can be written in three ways: When a compound noun is a single word, make it plural by adding s to the end. If the compound noun is hyphenated or composed of two separate words, remember to add s only to the plural word. **One mother-in-law ⇒ two mothers-in-law** (There are two mothers, not two laws.) **One director general ⇒ two directors general** (There are two directors, not two generals.) **NUMBER OF NOUNS** \- One of the characteristics of nouns is that they carry numbers. \- When a noun is referred to only once, it is in its singular form. \- When it refers to more than one, it is in its plural form. A. For most singular nouns, adding **-s** makes it plural. B. Nouns ending in **s, x, z, sh**, and **ch**, must add **-es** C. Nouns ending in **f or fe** form their plurals by changing the **f or fe** to **v** and adding **-es** D. Nouns ending with a **vowel** and **y**, add **s**. E. Nouns ending with **consonants** and **y**, change **-y** to **i** and add **-es.** F. Some nouns remain the same in their plural form. G. Change vowel/vowels within some singular nouns or add **-en**: H. Retain the plural form of nouns of foreign origin: **GENDER OF NOUNS** \- Nouns can refer to **male or female** people or animals. \- Those nouns that do not have clear gender are called **common or neuter** Animals also have specific gender-based names. Below are some examples: Common gender nouns or neuters are attributed to nouns possessing no sex: **CASES OF NOUNS** \- Cases of nouns are determined by their function in the sentence. \- It can be subjective, objective, or possessive. **1. Subjective case** \- This is sometimes called a nominative case. Nouns in their subjective case are used as the subject of the sentence or as a predicate noun. It is a predicate noun that follows a 'be' verb form while renaming the subject of the sentence. \"The woman is a waitress. " \"The man wants to buy a car. " Pronouns often used in the subjective case include: *"I," \"he,\" \"she,\" \"we,\" and "they."* **2. Objective case** \- A noun is in its objective case when it is used as a direct object, indirect object, object of preposition, and appositive with an object. \"The girl jumped over the couch. " \"The teacher gave us our homework. " *\"Me," "her,\" \"him,\" \"us,\" and \"them\"* are pronouns often used in the objective case. **3. Possessive Case** The possessive form of a noun can show possession, ownership, or the general relationship between two nouns. **SINGULAR POSSESSIVE** the car's hood, a baby's bottle, the dish's pattern, a valley's towns, the calf's mother, the business's payroll **PLURAL POSSESSIVE** the cars' hoods, the babies' bottles, the dishes' patterns, the valleys' towns, the calves' mothers, the businesses' payrolls Add an apostrophe and -s to form the possessive of a plural noun that does not end in -s. the women's decision the children's toys the sheep's wool the women's decision the children's toys the sheep's wool The pronoun \"his\" indicates ownership. Other pronouns often used in the possessive case include: \"her,\" \"my,\" \"mine,\" \"our,\" and \"their.\" **POSITION OF THE NOUN IN THE SENTENCE** \- The function of the noun is dependent on its position in the sentence. Listed below are the different positions of nouns in a sentence: 1\. **As Subject** -- before the verb 2\. **As Direct Object** -- after the verb 3\. **As Indirect Object** -- anther the verb 4\. **As Subjective Complement** -- after the linking verb 5\. **As Objective Complement** -- after the direct object 6\. **As Nominative of Address** -- beginning or end of sentence 7\. **As Adverbial Objective** -- distance, time, and weight used before or after a verb **PRONOUN** A **pronoun** is a word that takes the place of a noun, a group of words acting as a noun, or another pronoun. The word or group of words a pronoun refers to is called its **antecedent**. A pronoun must agree in number and gender with its antecedent. When James Baldwin was fourteen years old, he became a preacher. When Georgia O'Keeffe and Alfred Stieglitz were married in 1924, both were famous artists. Although Georgia O'Keeffe herself was a painter, her husband was a photographer. English pronouns fall into these categories: **personal and possessive pronouns, reflexive and intensive pronouns, demonstrative pronouns, interrogative pronouns, relative pronouns, and indefinite pronouns.** **PERSONAL PRONOUNS** These refer to the **first person** (I), **second person** (you), and **third person** (he, she it). Like nouns, [personal pronouns have three cases]: 1\) **Nominative** -- used for subject and predicate nominative; 2\) **Objective** -- used for the objects of verbs and prepositions; and 3\) **Possessive** -- used to show ownership or belonging. **FIRST PERSON** **I** kept the dog. \[*I* refers to the person speaking.\] **SECOND PERSON** The dog was afraid of **you**. \[*You* refers to the person being addressed.\] **THIRD PERSON** It ran away. \[*It* refers to the dog mentioned in the previous sentence.\] Third-person pronouns also express **gender**. *He* and *him* are masculine; *she* and *her* are feminine; *it* is neuter (neither masculine nor feminine). Some possessive forms are used before nouns. Other possessive forms can be used by themselves. Notice that possessive pronouns do not contain an apostrophe. **USED BEFORE A NOUN** Take your bathing suit. **USED ALONE** That bathing suit is yours. **REFLEXIVE AND INTENSIVE PRONOUNS** \- These are formed by adding -- self (s.) -- selves (p.) to personal pronouns. \- Although they may seem similar, they are used in different ways. \- Reflexive pronouns are used to reflect an action back to the subject, while intensive pronouns add emphasis to another noun or pronoun in the sentence. A **reflexive pronoun** refers, or reflects back, to a noun or pronoun earlier in the sentence. A reflexive pronoun always adds information to a sentence. An **intensive pronoun** adds emphasis to another noun or pronoun in the same sentence.  An intensive pronoun does not add information to a sentence. The sentence still has the same meaning if the intensive pronoun is left out. An intensive pronoun usually comes immediately after its antecedent. **DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS** A **demonstrative pronoun** points out specific persons, places, things, or ideas. Carla's desk is cleaner than **those.** \[*Those* refers to other desks.\] A demonstrative pronoun can come before or after its antecedent. Sometimes the antecedent is understood. **INDEFINITE PRONOUNS** An **indefinite pronoun** refers to persons, places, or things in a more general way than a noun does. They do not have antecedents. **Everyone** needs food. \[The indefinite pronoun *everyone* refers to people in general.\] Did you get **enough** to eat? \[The indefinite pronoun *enough* refers to a general, not a specific, amount.\] After two hamburgers he did not want **another**. \[The indefinite pronoun *another* has the antecedent hamburger.\] **INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS** An **interrogative pronoun** is used to form questions. who? whom? whose? what? which? Who will lead the way? What makes a good leader? Whom would you choose? Which of these paths is easiest? Whose is the lightest pack? The interrogative pronouns include the forms whoever, whomever, whichever, and whatever. Whoever could have made such a mistake? **RELATIVE PRONOUNS** A **relative pronoun** is used to begin a special subject-verb word group called a subordinate clause. These kinds of pronouns refer to the kin fog noun or pronoun they follow. It can be in its singular or plural forms. The people **who** invented Monopoly were surprised by its success. \[The relative pronoun *who* begins the subordinate clause *who invented Monopoly*.\] Dominoes is a game **that** many Texans play. \[The relative pronoun *that* begins the subordinate clause *that many Texans play*.\] **PROPERTIES OF PRONOUN** **A. Number** -- a pronoun is either singular or plural. This is dependent on the number of nouns it stands for. B. **Gender** -- a pronoun has the same gender as the noun it stands for. C. **Person** -- there are three points of view that is referred to in pronouns, these are the first, second, and third persons. D. **Case** -- just like nouns, the case of pronouns is determined by its function in the sentence. **VERBS** \- are words that are used to express an action, a condition, or a state of being. The violinists **begin**. Rehearsals **are** important. A flutist **entered** late. The conductor **seems** enthusiastic. **TYPES OF VERBS** A. **Action Verbs** B. **Linking Verbs** C. **Auxiliary Verbs or Helping Verbs** **ACTION VERBS** \- An action verb tells what someone or something does. \- Some action verbs express physical action; others express mental action. **PHYSICAL ACTION -** The catcher often signals to the pitcher. Examples: dance, sing, throw, jump, paddle **MENTAL ACTION** - A good catcher understands the batter's technique. Examples: trust, consider, analyze, generalize \- A **transitive verb** is an action verb that is followed by a word or words that answer the question What? or whom? \- Transitive verbs transfer the action from the subject towards the direct object Cats **see** their prey in the dark. \[The action verb see is followed by the noun prey, which answers the question see what?\] \- An intransitive verb is an action verb that is not followed by a word that answers the question What? or whom? \- **Intransitive verbs** do not transfer actions and do not have a direct object. Cats **see** well in the dark. \[The action verb may be followed by words that tell how and where or by no words at all.\] **LINKING VERBS** \- A linking verb links, or joins, the subject of a sentence (often a noun or pronoun) with a word or expression that identifies or describes the subject. \- It can connect the subject with a noun, a subject to a pronoun, or an adjective in the predicate. \- In addition, most linking verbs express a state of being, and some express condition. Also, some verbs can function as both action and linking verbs. **VERB PHRASES** \- The verb in a sentence may consist of more than one word. The words that accompany the main verb are called auxiliary, or helping verbs. \- These verbs help the main verb to express action or make a statement. \- These are also used to indicate voice, mood, or tenses. **PROPERTIES OF VERBS** A. ***[Number]*** - verbs can either be singular or plural. To form a singular verb, you can add -s or -es (present tense). B. ***[Tense]*** - this is determined by the time of action the verb is expressing (present, past, future). Generally, there are three sets of tenses 1) simple, 2) progressive, and 3) perfect tenses. C. ***[Mood]*** - this shows the state of mind or the manner in which a statement is made. It can be 1) Indicative, Imperative, or subjunctive. D. ***[Voice]*** - this is determined by the functions of the subjects; it is either a receiver or the doer. **VERB FORMS** **INFINITIVE** This is a verb in its dictionary form. This form is used if the action happens in the present and the subject is a plural noun or pronoun. - An infinitive usually begins with the word "to" and is followed by the base form of a verb (the simple form of the verb that you would find in the dictionary). - An infinitive is a non-finite verb. In other words, it cannot be the main verb in a sentence. An infinitive can be used as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb. **NOUN** To dance was her passion. (The infinitive is the subject of \"was.\") Versus Dancing was her passion. (This proves that the infinitive \"to dance\" is being used a noun.) **ADJECTIVE** Give him an ornament to polish. (The infinitive modifies \"ornament.\" This means it is functioning as an adjective.) Versus Give him an ornament that he can polish. (The clause \"that he must polish\" is an adjective clause. This proves that the infinitive \"to polish\" is being used an adjective.) **ADVERB** The officer returned to help. (The infinitive modifies the verb \"returned. \" This means it is functioning as an adverb.) Versus The officer returned so he could help. (The clause \"so he could help\" is an adverbial clause. This proves that the infinitive \"to help\" is being used as an adverb.) **PAST TENSE** \- This shows that the verb's action occurred in the past. The very is usually made by adding -d or -ed to the infinitive. Some irregular verbs are not covered by this form. **PAST TENSE** \- In this form, verbs are used with the verb 'have', 'has', and 'had'. The past participle form is also used to modify nouns and pronouns. Example: He has lied to me too many times! **PRESENT PARTICIPLE** \- This kind of verb can modify nouns and pronouns. This is also called a 'gerund'. This also is used to create the progressive tense. Example: She is babysitting tonight. **-s or -es form** \- This is added to the verb when the action is in the present and the subject is third-person singular. The addition of this to the verb depends on the last letter of the verb.