Eng 111 Purposive Communication Lesson 1 - Communication in Multicultural Contexts PDF

**ENG 111 PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION** **LESSON 1 -Communication in Multicultural Contexts** **COMMUNICATION** **-**Alexander (1984) stated that communication occurs *when a [sender expresses an emotion or a feeling, creates an idea, or senses the need to communicate]*[.] -Keyton (2011) supported t...

**ENG 111 PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION** **LESSON 1 -Communication in Multicultural Contexts** **COMMUNICATION** **-**Alexander (1984) stated that communication occurs *when a [sender expresses an emotion or a feeling, creates an idea, or senses the need to communicate]*[.] -Keyton (2011) supported this notion of communication when he defined it as Communication can be [defined as the process of transmitting information and common understanding from one person to another.] -Communication is the transmission of ideas and emotions between or among persons with the use of verbal and nonverbal cues. -The word communication comes from the Latin word **communis,** which means **"common".** -Communication is a process of sharing and conveying messages or information from a person to another within and across channels, context, media, and cultures (Sipacio and Balgos, 2016). -Fernandez (2016) said that communication is the process by which people exchange messages. **ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION** **1. Speaker- the source of information (Participants refer to both the speaker and the receiver)** **2. Message- the information, ideas, or thoughts conveyed by the speaker in words or in actions** **3. Encoding- the process of converting the message into words, actions, or other forms that the speaker understands.** **4. Channel- the medium or the mean, such as personal or non-personal, verbal or nonverbal, in which the encoded message is conveyed** **5. Decoding- the process of interpreting the encoded message of the speaker by the receiver** **6. Receiver- the recipient of the message, or someone who decodes the message** **7. Feedback- the reactions, responses, or information provided by the receiver** **8. Context- the environment where communication takes place Kinds of Context** **9. Barrier- the factors that affect the flow of communication** **Noise- these [are disruptions which prevent messages from being interpreted. ]** **Kinds of Noise** **a. External Noise- includes sights, sounds, and any other distractions in the physical environment** **b. Internal noise refers to the distractions within communicator. It can be categorized as either physiological or biological noise, i.e. hearing loss or illness, or a psychological noise, i.e worrying or daydreaming** **c. Semantic Noise- involves the unintentional misunderstanding caused by ambiguity, ethnic slurs, profanity, and vulgar speech.** **TYPES OF COMMUNICATION ACCORDING TO MODE** **A message may be imparted through these types; verbal-non-verbal and visual. While communication is often thought of as verbal, the non-verbal mode is equally essential as it enhances one\'s message.** A. **VERBAL COMMUNICATION** - **(Linguistics) The process of sending and receiving messages with words, including writing and sign language.** - **It refers to the form of communication in which a message is transmitted verbally.** - **Communication is done by word of mouth and a piece of writing.** **VERBAL COMMUNICATION: ORAL** - **Spoken words are used** - **It includes face-to-face conversations, speech, telephonic conversation, video, radio, television, voice over the internet.** - **Communication is influenced by pitch, volume, speed and clarity of speaking.** **VERBAL COMMUNICATION: WRITTEN** - **In written communication, written signs or symbols are used to communicate.** - **messages can be transmitted via email, letter, report, memo etc.** - **most common form of communication being used in business.** B. **NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION** - **Nonverbal communication is the sending or receiving of wordless messages. Such gestures, body language, posture, tone of voice or facial expressions is called nonverbal communication.** - **It is all about the body language of the speaker.** **It has three elements:** 1. **Appearance (speaker) - Clothing, hairstyle, neatness, use of cosmetics; Appearance (surrounding) -- room size, lighting, decorations, furnishings** 2. **Body language - facial expressions, gestures, postures** 3. **Sounds - voice tone, volume, speech rate** ***Functions of Communication*** 1. **Informative Function** inform other people of what we know---facts, information, and knowledge. 2. **Instructive Function** those in the higher rank communicate to instruct people on what to do, when and where to do them, and on why and how to do them. 3. **Persuasive Function** You may find yourself wanting to influence the opinion of others to believe and accept your stand or claim on an issue or a problem; so, you think of strategies on how to persuade them to change their perspectives or opinion and to decide accordingly. 4. **Motivation Function** In the process, we use positive language to make them realize that their actions lead them to something beneficial for their being. 5. **Aesthetic Function** We use communication for pleasure and enjoyment. 6. **Therapeutic Function or Emotional Expression** Communication is curative and serves to maintain good health. Have you found yourself talking to a friend about your personal problems? Have you consulted your teacher about your academic standing? Sometimes, talking to a person does not mean asking for his/her help; we talk to another person merely to vent our feelings. After the talk, we find ourselves in a much better condition to think over matters that trouble us. 7. **Regulation/Control** People use communication to maintain control over other people's attitude and behavior. Your parents use it to guide, inspire, or reprimand you when you seem to lose control over your schedule, studies, and relationships, among others. In school, your teachers and the administrators use communication to direct your efforts to positive channels to learn new skills, gain more knowledge, develop competencies, and imbibe good values. **Social Interaction** Communication helps us start, maintain, regulate, or even end relationships with other people. We usually establish a positive climate at home, in school, and in the workplace by greeting the people around us and by exchanging pleasantries with them. **LESSON 2- EFFECTIVE INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION** Mio, Barker Hacket & Tumambing (2006) introduces the ff. steps 1. Being aware of one's cultural attitudes 2. Understanding other worldviews **[ECKERT (2006) gives 4 orientations ]** - **ORIENTATION TO GROUPS (Individualism vs. Collectivism**) **[Individualism]**- social orientation which places more importance in an individual's own needs, rights, or choices over a collectives or groups. Individualists value independence and self-reliance. **[Collectivism]**- on the other hand, values a group more than an individual. - **ORIENTATION TO TIME (Clock oriented vs. Event oriented)** **[Clock-oriented]** - cultures value observance to time and schedule, punctuality and organization. **[Event-oriented]** - cultures see time as abstract and flexible, not fixed or rigid - **ORIENTATION TO POWER AND AUTHORITY (Hierarchical vs. Egalitarian)** **[Hierarchical cultures]** - draw attention to status, social classes, titles and degrees. There is a gap between men and women roles, professional and blue-collar jobs, rich and poor. **[Egalitarian cultures]** - pride on equality and opportunities for all. People here strive to empower, for instance, women and minority groups. - **ORIENTATION TO GENDER (Masculine and Feminine)** **[Masculine]** - cultures see ambition, decision-making, wage-earning as values associated to males. [**Feminine** -] cultures prefer enabling and nurturing relationships. Eckert (2006) also refers to feminine culture as egalitarian. **BARRIERS TO INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION** **Ethnocentrism** -- is the belief that one's own culture ways are superior to other cultures. It prevents you from seeing the perspectives of other people practicing cultural beliefs different from yours. Ethnocentrism causes us to judge others by our own values. **Stereotyping** -- is the practice of categorizing and generalizing about a certain race or ethnic group based on a distorted view of that group. A stereotype is an oversimplified perception of a behavioral pattern or characteristic applied to entire groups. **Prejudice** -- is a negative attitude toward a cultural group based on little or no experience of that group. If stereotypes are labels, we attach to a group, prejudice is the negative feeling we can feel towards that group. **Discrimination** -- is the explicit action we take to exclude or avoid others. It takes stereotypes and prejudice a step further to either personal action such as excluding someone from a conversation; or collective action such as excluding others from jobs or economic opportunities. **TERMS AND EXPRESSIONS IN DIFFERENT CULTURE** **Emblems: The "come here" gesture commonly used in U.S. means "goodbye" in China, Italy, and Columbia. Gestures such as A-OK, thumbs up, and crossed fingers have sexual or obscene meanings in many parts of the world.** **Affect Displays: In China, women express emotional satisfaction by holding their fingertips over their closed mouths. Similarly, a man in Uruguay will hold his fists together and turn them in opposite directions, as if wringing out a wet cloth, to express anger.** **Personal Distance: People from Arab countries generally converse with each other at closer distances than do people in U.S. One study found that because of differences in their preferred conversational distance, Arab college students regarded those from the U.S. as aloof, whereas the U.S. students regarded Arab students as overbearing.** **Eye contact: In many Western cultures, direct eye contact signifies that someone is sincere, trustworthy, and authoritative, whereas the lack of eye contact elicits negative evaluations from others. In comparison, some Asian, Latin American, and Middle Eastern cultures emphasize the lack of eye contact as a sign of deference or respect for authority.** **Facial displays of emotion: Many Asian cultures suppress facial expression as much as possible.** **Greeting behavior: People in Western countries greet each other with a handshake; people in Mediterranean countries usually kiss each other on both cheeks; people in Asian countries greet each other by bowing, with the longest and lowest reserved for the most respected.** **Time orientations: People in U.S., Canada, Finland, Great Britain, and Germany are monochromic---they see time as a tangible commodity, expect events to begin "on time" and dislike having time wasted. In other cultures, such as France, Brazil, Mexico, and Saudi Arabia, people are polychromic---they see time as flexible and diffused and don't necessarily expect punctuality.** **Touch: People in France, Mexico, and Greece are high-contact cultures, while people in Japan, Sweden, and Finland are low-contact cultures. Americans are regarded as medium-contact culture.** **Vocalics: Filler words such as "umm" and "err" are common among English speakers, while Chinese speakers often say "zhege zhege zhege"(this, this, this) as filler words.** **[LESSON 3 Communication Ethics]** **WHAT IS ETHICS?** - **Deals of issues of right and wrong in human affairs. System of moral principles** - **[Deals with values relating to human conduct,] respect to the rightness and wrongness of certain actions and to the goodness and badness of the motives and end such an action.** **NORMS FOR ETHICAL COMMUNICATION** - **Be truthful** - **Show respect for the power of words.** - **Demonstrate mindfulness of cultural diversity** **GUIDELINES FOR ETHICAL LISTENING:** - **Be courteous and attentive. Avoid prejudging the speaker.** - **Maintain the free and open expression of ideas.** **[POSITION PAPER]** **What Is position paper?** - **[Aims to generate supports on an issue]. Describe the authors or organizations position on an issue and the rationale for that position. Based on facts that provide a solid foundation for the authors argument.** - **Authors should use evidence to support position, such as statical evidence or indisputable dates and events.** **Guidelines A Clear Introduction in Writing a Position Paper** 1. **A Clear Introduction** 2. **The CLEVER HOOK -should start with statements written in a way that catches your readers' attention.** 3. **The Identified Issue - should show the main issue of the paper. Here you give the highlight and interpretation of facts.** 4. **The Authors' Position -should end with a solid thesis statement that expresses your position on the topic. The thesis statement essentially serves as a mini outline for the paper. It helps you to assert or articulate your ideas and helps readers understand the purpose of the paper** **A Well-organized Body** **The body of the paper follows the introduction** **In writing the body, you should take into consideration the main defenses that you need to make in order to substantiate your thesis and should think about what order makes the most sense, how does each proposition relate to the next, and their relationship to the main thesis.** **Frequently, the last section of the body of the paper considers alternative explanations or counterarguments to yours which you present and then argue against in further defense of your thesis.** **A STRONG CONCLUSION** **The last component of the paper is the conclusion. Here, you should restate the main ideas; summarize the main concepts or key arguments of the paper and reinforce it without repeating or rewording the introduction or body of the paper; draw a conclusion based on the information.** **SOCIAL MEDIA USE** **-Some media platforms have been [so popular that the number of users has risen at such an exponential rate.]** **-However, not all social media platforms last. For example, in 2008, Hi5, MySpace, and Friendster were close competitors to the social media giant, Facebook.** **-In 2012, all three had virtually disappeared as shown by very poor performance of market shares.** **-Interestingly, the social media platforms that survived did so because of their continuous evolution and response to the needs and interests of its users.** **-The exponential rise in the use of social media can be partly attributed to the emergence of technologies that enable modern communication (that is, FAST, CONVENIENT, INTERACTIVE communication).** **How many people use social media?** **-Social media usage is one of the most popular online activities. In 2022, over 4.59 billion people were using social media worldwide, a number projected to increase to almost six billion in 2027** **RESPONSIBLE USE OF SOCIAL MEDIA** **We all have a social responsibility. You are 100 percent responsible for everything that appears on your social media accounts, from your status updates and comments to pictures, videos, and links you share...** **-You may not agree with everything or everyone you encounter on social media networks but treat each person with dignity and respect. The Golden Rule of treating others how you want to be treated is a good practice.** **-Do not turn to social media to harass, demean, or bully someone else. Sitting in front of a computer screen does not give you license to embarrass, intimidate, or spread hurtful rumors about others** **-Whether you\'re concerned with maintaining good friendships or future job prospects, be responsible in what you post and how it could affect your reputation. Many employers now check up on job candidates\' social media accounts for evidence of bad behavior.** **-Regardless of your privacy settings, keep in mind that anything can possibly be seen by anyone at any time, even by that person that you did not want to see it. Pause before you post, think before you click.** **Something to Ponder social media have become a very powerful communication tool and platform in the new era of technology and globalization** **"I have ideas or feelings, and I can share these** **to the world through social media as a** **platform."** **Today, however, most millennials would claim,** **"I have access to social media, so I have to have an** **idea. I have to have a feeling or emotion that I can** **share with the world."** **English Language and The New Media** **WHAT IS NEW MEDIA?** **-** New media refers to highly interactive digital technology. These are very easily processed, stored, transformed, retrieved, hyper-linked, searched for, and accessed. Generally, these can be classified as: Blogs Social media Online newspaper Virtual reality Computer games Language in new media is sometimes referred to as Computer-mediated communication (CMC), though it may also be called any of the following:. -Netspeak -Computer-mediated discourse -Digital discourse -Electronic discourse \- e-communication \- Digitally mediated communication \- Keyboard-to-screen communication **Computer-mediated communication (CMC)** is a generic term now commonly used for a variety of systems that enable people to communicate with other people by means of computers and networks. **TYPES OF COMPUTERMEDIATED COMMUNICATION** One of the main distinctions that has been made in CMC has been between **synchronous (real-time)** and **asynchronous (delayed time)** communications. - **[Synchronous Computer mediated Communication ]** It refers to a communication that occurs in real-time, i.e., the communication activity occurs concurrently between two or more individuals via real-time applications such as chat rooms or instant messaging which allow users to interact simultaneously through text, audio, and video with other users located anywhere in the world. **[Examples:]** Chat Instant messaging (e.g., Skype, FB messenger, WhatsApp, Viber) Video conferencing Mobile phone/telephone conversation Internet relay chat (IRC) and many more **[Benefits]** Provides opportunities for more experienced users to introduce some of the abbreviations and emoticons used in chats to their less experienced peers. Easily impose order in the discussion when necessary The lecturer also plays the role of a moderator Enable one to enforce authority by using an upper case to make one\'s point more forcefully - **[Asynchronous Computer mediated Communication]** It refers to a type of communication in which people are communicating at different times. In it, interaction is not real-time, but rather delayed time. In other words, the sender does not receive an immediate response from the receiver. Like synchronic communication, it can be intext, audio, or video in form. **[Examples:]** Emails Shared network group folders Discussion boards Frequently updated hyperlinked webpages Video-sharing platforms (e.g., YouTube) Social networking sites (e.g., Facebook, Twitter, YouTube) **[Benefits:]** Provides participants opportunities to think about course content and address a diverse set of topics in more depth than can be done in class or synchronous environment Allows participants to conceptualize a topic from multiple viewpoints and contribute to each other\'s understanding **The Internet is the largest area of language development we have seen in our lifetimes. Crystal (2011) said that only two things are certain: it is not going to go away, and it is going to get larger. Hence, we must be prepared for its inevitable expansion.** Digital discourse illuminates social and cultural processes, which are under the domain of sociocultural linguistics. The primary concern is not with abstract, grammatical linguistics, but rather the everyday functions and uses of language. This type of discourse or computer-mediated communication can be described as Vernacular, Interpersonal, Spontaneous, and Dialogical **CMC is Vernacular** Which means it uses language that is common to people regardless of age, social class, gender, or race. [Examples] Acronyms (Lol, yolo, fomo, bae) Initialisms (atm, rotfl, brb, btw, hbd, idk, jk, af, nvm, tmi, tldr, ftw, g!) Emojis Expressive Punctuations Hello? VS Hello?!? No. VS No? VS No!!! \