Oral Communication - Communication Strategies PDF

Oral Communication Lesson 7 – Communication Strategies Communication Strategies - is a plan of action or a technique that a communicator uses in order to help make the communication process successful. Seven Communication Strategies 1. Nomination - This involves the selection of pa...

Oral Communication Lesson 7 – Communication Strategies Communication Strategies - is a plan of action or a technique that a communicator uses in order to help make the communication process successful. Seven Communication Strategies 1. Nomination - This involves the selection of participants who can contribute to the conversation. It involves the act of naming, identifying, or classifying something. 2. Restriction - This refers to the act of the speaker in limiting a participant from contributing to the conversation or discussion so that others can also contribute. It also limits what can be and cannot be said. 3. Turn-Taking - It is the process by which people decide who takes the conversational floor. The primary idea is to give all communicators a chance to speak. 4. Topic Control - This occurs when the main or assigned speaker manipulates the discussion in order to maintain its flow without moving away from or changing the topic. 5. Topic Shifting - This occurs when one intentionally or unintentionally changes the direction of the flow of ideas in a conversation. It is when one topic ends and another begins. 6. Repair - It refers to how the speakers address the problems in speaking, listening, and comprehending that they may encounter in the conversation. 7. Termination - This refers to the act of ending the conversation. Most of the time, the speaker takes responsibility to signal the end of the conversation or discussion as well. Lesson 8 – Speech Writing Components of Speech Writing Process: 1. Audience analysis - Entails looking into the profile of your target audience. - Demography - age range, male-female ratio, educational background and affiliations or degree program taken, nationality, economic status, academic or corporate designations - Situation - time, venue, occasion and size - Psychology - values, beliefs, attitudes, preferences, cultural and racial ideologies and needs 2. Purpose - informative, entertainment, persuasive speech 3. Topic - It is your main point, which can be determined once you have decided on your purpose. 4. Narrowing down a topic - means making your main idea more specific and focused. 5. Data gathering - It is the stage where you collect ideas, information, sources, and references relevant or related to your specific topic. 6. Writing Patterns - These are structures that will help you organize the ideas related to your topic. - Examples are biographical, categorical, casual, chronological, comparison/contrast, problem- solution and spatial. Parts of Speech Writing a. Introduction - the foundation of your speech. The primary goal is to get the attention of your audience and present the subject or main idea. Strategies: ✔ Use a real-life experience and connect that experience to your subject. ✔ Use a practical examples and explain their connection to your subject. ✔ Start with a familiar or strong quote and then explain what it means. ✔ Use facts or statistics and highlight their importance to your subject. ✔ Tell a personal story to illustrate your point. b. Body of a Speech - provides an explanation, examples, or any details that can help you deliver your purpose and explain the main idea of your speech. /pgac  ✔ Present real-life or practical examples ✔ Show statistics ✔ Present comparisons ✔ Share ideas from the experts or practitioners c. Conclusion - provides a summary, emphasizes the message, and calls for action. It aims to leave a memorable statement. ✔ Begin your conclusion with a restatement of your message. ✔ Use positive examples, encouraging words, memorable lines from songs or stories familiar to your audience. ✔ Ask a question or series of questions that can make your audience reflect or ponder. Editing/Revising Process - It involves correcting errors in mechanics such as grammar, punctuation, capitalization, unity, coherence, and others. a. Edit for focus - Ensure that everything you have written is related to your central message. b. Edit for clarity - Make all ideas in your speech clear by arranging them in logical order. c. Edit for concision - Keep your speech short, simple, and clear by unrelated stories and using simple words. d. Edit for continuity - Keep the flow of your presentation smooth by adding transition words and phrases. e. Edit for variety - Add spice to your speech by shifting tone and style from formal to conversational and vice-versa, moving around the stage or adding humor. f. Edit for impact and beauty - Use vivid descriptive images, write well-crafted and memorable lines, use of figures of speech. Rehearsing - It gives you an opportunity to identify what works and what does not work for your target audience. Some Guidelines in speech writing: 1. Keep your words short and simple. Your speech is meant to be heard by your audience, not read. 2. Avoid jargons, acronyms, or technical words because they can confuse your audience. 3. Make your speech more personal. Use the personal pronoun “I” but take care not to overuse it. Use the personal pronoun “we” when you need to emphasize collectiveness with your audience. 4. Use active verbs and contractions because they add to the personal and conversational tone of your speech. 5. Be sensitive to your audience. Be very careful with your language, jokes, and nonverbal cues. 6. Use metaphors and other figures of speech to effectively convey your point. 7. Manage your time; Make sure that the speech falls under the time limit. Lesson 9 – Types of Speech Writing According to Purpose Public Speaking - act of speaking in front of a sizable number of people. - This involves a single speaker and an audience. - The speaker is tasked to deliver a message or a speech of general interest to the audience or in keeping with the theme or the purpose of the event. Types: a. Expository or Informative Speech - given to provide the audience with information regarding a topic or to expand their knowledge about a topic or to expand their knowledge about a topic that they are already familiar with. b. Description Speech - provides a vivid picture of a person, a place, or an object. - provides an image through sensory details (sight, sound, smell, touch, taste) c. Explanation Speech - Explains or defines a concept, term, or and abstract topic. - Provides facts, etymology of words or concepts, classification, examples, and other relevant details d. Demonstration Speech /pgac  - Presents information about how to do something or how something is done. - Gives the audience detailed information of a certain process in order to achieve a task e. Reportorial Speech - Serves to describe or explain an event or an issue that is interesting, significant, or unusual. - Outcome of national elections, implementation of laws f. Persuasive Speech - It aims to influence the audience to accept the speaker’s position or stand on an issue. - Examples are sales pitches, political campaign talks, business presentations, and debates. a. Convincing Speech - The speaker attempts to convince the audience to adopt his or her way of thinking or to change the way they think about things. b. Actuation Speech - It is designed to urge the audience to take a particular action. The speaker seeks to persuade the audience to start doing the action now. Rhetorical Appeals in Persuasive Speeches a. Ethos - This is an appeal to the speaker’s credibility or authority as perceived by the audience. - Ethos is, like the name suggests, an argument from ethics. Generally speaking, making an argument from ethos requires showing you have good will for your audience, though it can also mean that you’re using your own credibility to show why you have authority to speak on a topic. b. Pathos - appeal to the audience’s emotions with the goal to provoke an emotional response - Pathos, the last form of argument, is argument from emotions. Here, rhetoricians appeal to the audience’s emotions and try to elicit a response from them to win them over. - In the modern day, pathos tends to get the short end of the stick; basing arguments on emotions is usually believed to make the argument flimsy and less credible. However, emotions are powerful motivators and are incredibly useful in convincing others to see a subject from your point of view. c. Logos - appeal to logic or reason where the speaker has to present a valid argument or claim - Logos is most simply known as an argument from logic. In essence, you’re taking a subject and giving the reasons why a certain position is positive or negative from the point of view of the facts. - Arguments from logic aren’t necessarily restricted to the subjects you’d expect, such as math or science, but can appear just as easily in such subjects as morality or public relations. Guidelines in Providing a Persuasive Speech 1. Determine your goal. 3. Organize the information. 2. Know your audience. 4. Provide strong evidence. g. Entertainment Speech - This aims to amuse the audience and put them in a jovial mood. Its primary focus is to entertain an audience or create a pleasant or interesting diversion. Ways to make a speech entertaining: 1. Tell a funny or a scary story. 2. Use a humorous story or an anecdote. 3. Relate a personal experience. 4. Incorporate drama by using narration and dialogue. 5. Use sarcasm, exaggeration, or pun such as “A bicycle can’t stand on its own because it is two- tired.” Lesson 10 – Types of Speech according to delivery a. Reading from a manuscript - Speaking with advanced preparation - Planned and rehearsed speech - Reading aloud a written message Speaking Situations: Newscasting with a TelePrompter or an autocue device Presenting the legal proceedings and verdict in court Reading the rules and criteria in a contest /pgac Advantages: Exact repetition of the written words Guided speech Disadvantages: Boring and uninteresting presentation Lacks audience rapport and connection b. Memorized - Speaking with advanced preparation. - Planned and rehearsed speech. - Reciting a written message word-for-word from memory Speaking Situations: When you perform in a stage play When you deliver a declamation, oratorical, or literary piece When an actor or actress performs a script from memory in a scene Advantages: Exact repetition of the written words from a memory Maintained eye-contact Free to move around the stage Gestures are used. Disadvantages: Speakers might end up speaking in a monotone pattern. Alternatively, he/she might take a fast pace. When the speaker cannot control his/her stage fright, he/she might have difficulty remembering his/her memorized speech. c. Extemporaneous - Speaking with limited preparation - Guided by notes or outline - Delivered conversationally - Most popular type Speaking Situations: When you are a candidate for a post in a student government and you deliver your campaign speech before a voting public. When you are assigned to report a topic in class Advantages: Helps you look confident Engages the audience Disadvantages Inadequate time preparation to plan, organize and rehearse. d. Impromptu - Speaking without advanced preparation - Unrehearsed speech - Spoken conversationally Speaking Situations: In an event where you are asked to say a few words First day at work or in class, or during an interview. Advantages: Spontaneous or natural speaking More focused and brief Disadvantages: Tendency to be disorganized Lacks connection with the audience Nerve-racking for inexperienced speakers and beginners /pgac