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CONFUCIUS He is a renowned philosopher, claimed to be one of the WORLD’s GREATEST PHILOSOPHER for being a great thinker. He is popularly known as “kongzi” literally meaning Master Kong, Confucius is Latin for K’ung Fu-Tzu meaning “The great teacher Kung”. In the “ANALECTS” the Chinese Philosopher is...

CONFUCIUS He is a renowned philosopher, claimed to be one of the WORLD’s GREATEST PHILOSOPHER for being a great thinker. He is popularly known as “kongzi” literally meaning Master Kong, Confucius is Latin for K’ung Fu-Tzu meaning “The great teacher Kung”. In the “ANALECTS” the Chinese Philosopher is often referred to simply as “the Master’” (Zi), the “Great Sage”, “First Teacher”, and “Model Teacher for Ten Thousand Sages”. THE ANALECTS The “ANALECTS” is a collection of the teachings of Confucius, presented as a series of discourses and dialogues that Confucius had with his disciples. They were put together by his disciples several years after he died. It consists of 20 books; each book comprises several chapters, THE THREE MOST IMPORTANT PHILOSOPHIES: o Jen (Benevolence) o Yi (Propriety) o Li (Ritual) PARAPHRASING o Paraphrasing is your own rendition of essential information and ideas expressed by someone else. o This is one legitimate way (when accompanied by accurate documentation) to use information. o Paraphrasing is a more detailed restatement than summary, which focuses concisely on a single main idea. “Paraphrasing is a valuable skill” PLAGIARISM o Plagiarism is a discrete offense. o It is a failure to give credit. o It is the use of text, audio, videos, etc. without attribution. o Plagiarism is a common form of theft. o It is a breach of honesty in the academic community. Plagiarize (and plagiarism) comes from the Latin plagiarius “kidnapper.” This word, derived from the Latin plaga (“a net used by hunters to catch game”), extended its meaning in Latin to include a person who stole the words, rather than the children, of another. PARAPHRASING TECHNIQUES “VOCABULARY” o Replace one or two words with synonyms. The couple prepared a sumptuous meal for their guests. EXAMPLE: The pair prepared a lavish meal for their visitors. “WORD FORM” o Change the word form of one or two words then rewrite the sentence. It is hard to maintain the cleanliness of the surroundings if people will not follow. EXAMPLE: Maintaining the schools cleanliness is hard if people won’t follow. “SENTENCE STRUCTURE” o Reconstruct the sentence without changing the words or adding any more. The students are preparing the things needed for their performance. EXAMPLE: For their performance, the students prepare the things needed. CITATION Author, A.A & Author, B.B (year published). Title of the book (edition), publishing company. URL or website. FORCE Interaction between two objects that causes a change in the motion of the objects. “What impact can forces have on objects?” o Makes it move o Makes it speed up o Makes it slow down o Stop it o Causes it to change direction o Cause it to change shape “How is force measured?” o SPRING SCALE -Stretch of the spring depends on the mass of the object acting on it. o UNIT OF FORCE -Newton (N) -1 kg to accelerate 1 m/s^2 -1N = 1 kg m/s^2 WHO IS THE PROPONENT OF THE LAWS OF MOTION? ISAAC NEWTON - A renowned physicist and mathematician from England who discovered in 1687 the correlation between force and motion. Today, his three laws of motion are instrumental in describing the movement of any object in the universe. FIRST LAW OF MOTION o LAW OF INERTIA: States an object at rest will stay at rest unless acted on by an unbalanced force. An object in motion will stay in motion at the same speed and in the same direction unless acted on by an unbalanced force. Example of LAW OF INERTIA When the bus stops suddenly, people fall forward. When the driver of a bus brakes suddenly, the lower part of the body comes to rest as the bus comes to rest but the upper part of the body continues to move forward due to inertia of motion. BALANCED VS. UNBALANCED FORCES BALANCED -Combine to produce a net force of zero -No change in the object’s motion UNBALANCED -Net force equals the size of the larger force minus the size of the smaller force -Net force does not equal zero -Causes an object to accelerate MASS AS A MEASURE OF INERTIA MASS -the amount of matter an object contains WEIGHT -is the force acting on the matter when acted upon by the force of gravity weight (w) =mass (m) x gravity (g) w=mg SECOND LAW OF MOTION o LAW OF ACCELERATION: INFLUENCE OF FORCE AND MASS: Newton's second law of motion states that F = ma, or net force is equal to mass times acceleration. A larger net force acting on an object causes a larger acceleration, and objects with larger mass require more force to accelerate. The second law states that the acceleration of an object is dependent upon two variables - the net force acting upon the object and the mass of the object. FORMULAS: a= Fnet / mass | Fnet= m x a | Fnet= m(Vf-VI) / t FRICTION o the force that acts when surfaces slide or tend to slide over one another. STATIC FRICTION: A stationary object with no applied force has no friction. When a force is applied and an object gets disturbed, even if it does not move, friction acts on it; called static friction. KINETIC FRICTION: The application of force until static friction is overcome will result in motion, and the friction that opposes motion is now the kinetic friction. EXAMPLES: How much force is needed to accelerate a 66 kg skier at 2 m/s2? Given: Formula: Solution: m= 66kg F=m x a F=66kg x 2 m/s2 a= 2m/s2 F=? F= 132 kg m/s2 or 132 N ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- What is the acceleration of a 50 kg object pushed with a force of 500 newtons? Given: Formula: Solution: F= 500 N a= F/m a=500 N / 50 kg m= 50 kg a= 10 m/s2 a= ? ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- What is the mass or weight of an object that accelerate at a rate of 4.40 m/s2 when a net force of 50 N is applied to it. Given: Formula: Solution: m=? m= F/a m=50 N/ 4.40 m/s2 a= 4.40 m/s2 m= 11.37 kg F= 50 N THIRD LAW OF MOTION o LAW OF INTERACTION: States for every action, there is an equal but opposite reaction. EXAMPLES: 1. A fish makes use of its fins to push water backwards. 2. Rockets pushing on the gas; gas pushing on the rocket. WORK o Work is the transfer of energy by a force acting on an object as it is displaced. o Work is done when a force causes an object to move in the direction of the force. o The changes in motion involve the exertion of force. When changes in position and force are multiplied, this is now called WORK. The unit of work combines the SI unit of force and SI unit of displacement. Since forced is expressed in newton (N) and displacement is in meter (m). The unit for work is Newton-meter (N.m) or Joule. o Work= Force x displacement or W=F x d o Displacement=Work / Force or d=W/F o Force= Work/displacement or F= W/d POWER o The measure of how fast work is done. o Power is equal to the amount of work done per unit time. Power= work done/time interval | P=W/t If net force and displacement are in the same direction, d/t is equivalent to velocity (v). P= Fnet x v UNITS OF POWER 1 joule/second (J/s) = 1 watt (W) 1 kilowatt (kW) = 1000 watts (W) 1 horsepower (hp) = 746 watts (W) = 0.746 kilowatt (kW) ENERGY o The capacity of doing work o Enables an object to perform a work. o Energy can be converted and transformed to work. Energy is measured in joules (J), the same as work. o Mechanical Energy can be in the form of Potential and Kinetic Energy. POTENTIAL ENERGY o When energy is stored to an object o When there is potential energy stored, the object has the potential to perform work. CHEMICAL ENERGY is a potential energy, and it is used to do work when the process of chemical change takes place. GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY Potential energy possessed by an object due to its position above the ground. o PE= mgh o PE= mass x gravity (9.8 m/s2) x height KINETIC ENERGY An object in motion can do work. Is a property of a moving object or particle depends not only in motion but also on its mass. o KE= 1/2 mass x velocity2 o KE= 1/2 mv2