ELS Universe & Extinctions PDF

ELS | Sir Ed Pao |QTR 1 Energy was in the form of radiation (wavelengths) Cosmic microwave background radiation—remnants of...

ELS | Sir Ed Pao |QTR 1 Energy was in the form of radiation (wavelengths) Cosmic microwave background radiation—remnants of radiation from the Big Bang :dulo ng universe —CMB I. The Universe envelops the vast galaxy "afterglow of the big bang" CMOS discovered by Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson high resolution for capturing images of planets, galaxies As the universe expands, the radiation becomes less energetic since used in our current telescope (James-Webb Telescope) the energy occupies a much larger volume of space. Hubble Telescope was retired and replaced with the— Matter domination James-Webb Telescope matter began to dominate studies our own solar system and exoplanets (Kepler) Electrons joined with hydrogen and helium nuclei to make around other stars small neutral atoms studies the birth of the first stars and galaxies An atom would be neutral if proton = electron currently the largest and most powerful telescope If electrons ≠ protons, they are called ions (charged particles ->cations, anions) Theory on the Origin of the Universe After producing neutral atoms, the elements become stable 1. Theory of Creation - derived from the bible Creationism is the religious belief that nature and aspects Birth of the Stars and Galaxies such as the universe, Earth, life, and humans, originated with supernatural acts of divine creation (by God) Slightly irregular areas of gas cloud gravitationally attracted nearby matter and became denser it says that God created the world within 6 days, and on the 6th day, he created man Gained enough mass to ignite and produce light built on own belief When it revolves and condenses, a protostar is formed When hydrogen and helium fuse together, it becomes the 2. Big Bang Theory (Alexander Friedman & Georges Lemaitre, fuel of the stars, continuously until it drains. 1920) When helium and hydrogen are exhausted -> supernova— collapse/ explosion of a star upon its death most acceptable theory because backed up by great form of evidence Collapse (astronomy): “when the star's nuclear reactions no longer generate enough pressure to balance the attractive force of gravity.” Singularity Era During the birth of a star, elements will also follow aka the Planck Era nebulae: determine the start of a galaxy (esp planets and earliest known period of the universe stars); the nebula is in a galaxy All matter was condensed on a single point of infinite density and extreme heat nebula heat -> expand Start from singularity (single point with strong energy) and a clump of cloud and gas continuous expansion and accretion to form universe. play a key role in the life cycle of stars, both at their birth and death Inflationary Era Their composition is hydrogen and small quantities of dust particles, helium, and ionized gases. The nebula can be a The universe expanded from the size of an atomic host for other stars to be born due to its composition that nucleus to 10^35 meters in width makes up the cloud.” Formation of the Universe star-forming regions, acting as a nursery for new stars The universe was made up of fundamental particles and “stellar nursery” energy: quarks (up, down, top, bottom) -> building blocks READ HERE: (life cycle of a star) of protons and neutrons, leptons -> electrons https://www.schoolsobservatory.org/learn/astro/stars/cycle "Quarks bind together through the strong interaction to https://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/educators/lessons/xray_spe make, for example, protons and neutrons. Leptons do not ctra/background-lifecycles.html participate in strong interaction; they only interact via electromagnetic and weak forces. Quarks, at least in -> All stars start as a nebula. A nebula is a large cloud of gas and normal circumstances, exist only inbound states." dust. Gravity can pull some of the gas and dust in a nebula together. Four fundamental forces: gravitational force, The contracting cloud is then called a protostar. electromagnetic force, weak force, strong force Nuclear Fusion: fusing of nuclei of hydrogen atoms into helium, a. Gravity— holds the planets in place and balances the other forces forming stars and helps us to be stable in our position. Ensures that we aren't lost from our own orbit. 3 Supporting Evidences of the Big Bang Theory: b. Electromagnetic forces— try to hold the attraction and repulsion of 1. Galaxies are moving away (Edwin Hubble 1924). The distance between galaxies is increasing with time. — an object (same sides repel, opposites attract) Hubble’s Law c. Strong forces— help in the holding of the nucleus to form 2. Presence of cosmic microwave background CMB (Arno elements. Penizias & Robert Wilson 1960). CMB is speculated to be the remnant energy left over from the universe's formation. d. Weak forces— try to hold the particles in the atoms. 3. Abundance of light elements. Massive amounts of He and H, with trace amounts of Li and Be. Formation of Basic Elements Red Shifting Protons and neutrons combined to form hydrogen nuclei Pairs of hydrogen nuclei form helium nuclei, in the process Also called Doppler shift towards the red end of the called nucleosynthesis— the formation of the nucleus spectrum, occurs because the light waves are stretched, happens when nucleus and protons are attracted to each which shows that Earth and the source are moving away other from each other Hydrogen 2 was the first element to be produced Blue shift **Most things in the universe are made from hydrogen and helium.** shorter wave Radiation Era it compresses when near Earth *think of microwaves - longer wavelength: red; uv waves - shorter - the Earth was scorching, but it gradually cooled until wavelength: violet/blue molten rock turned to dry land and clouds rained down to form oceans Fate of the Universe - the entire process took over 75,000 years - planets were formed through the process of accretion in A. Big Crunch - galaxies will eventually stop expanding and time then collapse B. Big Chill - expansion of galaxies will not stop and just Tidal Theory continue to grow C. Steady State Theory (Bondi, Gold & Hoyle 1948) - it will - there was a (smaller) star that hit the sun, and it burst out just simply stay the same. constant, never changing. It energy and objects in space which created the solar was rejected because it contradicts the rules of physics system (mass, conservation of energy) Immanuel Kant's “Nebular Theory” Inflation Theory - a German philosopher the exponential expansion of space in the universe, the - published Allgemeine Naturgeschichte and Theorie des increase in height Himmels (General Natural History and Theory of the Flatness: BB states that there should be curvature; things Heavens) appear flat even though it is curved - suggested that the gravitational forces in a slowly rotating Horizon: BB states that spaces in opposite directions are nebula would gradually flatten it and create within it so far apart several denser clouds of gas, which would separately Monopole compact themselves into distinct spheres, the Sun, and planets **laniakea - "immeasurable heaven" - the Great Attractor - Everything starts with gas and clouds, continually swirling around until it solidifies. - gravitational focal point - we are constantly moving, and ang Laniakea ang humihila Marquis Pierre Simon de Laplace's “Solar Nebular Theory” sa atin, - we are constantly moving towards this point - a French astronomer - home of the Milky Way and 100,000 galaxies - The suns, planets, and their moons began as a whirling cloud of gas~Exposition de systeme du monde (Exposition https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laniakea_Supercluster of the System of the World 1976) - the more it collapses, the faster it breaks **cosmic web - billions and billions of galaxies 1. Collapse – high temp gas ball then heats up and then Theory of the Multiverse becomes disk shape 2. Spinning - The disk spins faster and faster, and temp II. Our Solar System decreased 3. Flattening - disk becomes sphere due to rotation; because Voyager golden recorder (Voyager 1 and Voyager 2) sent out to of fast rotation, some of the fog escape outer space, which contains various, different information about 4. Condensation - some fog formed the core of the largest Earth and its inhabitants, serves as an introduction/greeting of some mass in the middle, while a small part formed around the sort in case it comes into contact with any other life forms. cooling process 5. Accretion - cores of smaller mass turn into planets. Slingshot Maneuver addition of smaller masses to the planets, increase their size Slingshot, gravity assist maneuver, or swing-by is the use of the relative movement (e.g., orbit around the sun) and **Heavy elements have a tendency to sink to the middle gravity of a planet or other astronomical object to alter the path and speed of a spacecraft, typically to save Earth’s core: iron & nickel (heavy elements), crust and mantle: propellant and reduce expense. —It follows the laws of lighter elements physics. to gain momentum? There is a constant circulation, and then it would try to collapse Heliocentrism (Nicolaus Copernicus) in a heliocentric model, earth and other planets orbit the [The universe has many planetary systems like ours, with planets sun orbiting a host star. Our planetary system is called “the solar system” because we use the word “solar” to describe things related to our Geocentrism star, after the Latin word for Sun, “Solis.”] The Earth is the center of the universe, orbited by the Solar Nebular - has stars, nebular - no star moon, sun, and other known planets Members of the Solar System: Solar System Theories: Sun Rene Descartes's “Vortex Theory” - is a yellow dwarf star - a French natural philosopher and mathematician - brings light - proposed that the sun is at the center of a vast vortex of - brings warmth rotating invisible matter, and the swirl of the vortex carries - center of the solar system the planets around, rather like leaves in a whirlpool - giant ball of glowing gasses (not fire) - proposed that every star is a sun with its own vortex, so - makes lots of energy/source of energy the cosmos is a veritable sea of vortices - Color: white but appears yellow because of the - there is a whirlwind motion that creates vortices, constant atmosphere (becomes layers) circulation Solar Winds Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon “Collision Theory” - emitted energy of the sun - a French naturalist, mathematician, and cosmologist - magnetic field deflects solar winds/solar flares - proposed that a comet striking the sun had broken off - would create a phenomenon on Earth called auroras debris that became the planets of the solar system - Aurora Borealis - Northern Lights - Aurora Australis - Southern Lights (Australia) Mercury  - closest to the sun - Essentially spherical due to their own gravity - Rocky crust with craters - But are not large enough to sweep their orbits - Cold on half of the planet - Clear of other debris - Hot on the half facing the sun - “Cleared the neighborhood” - Gray in color - (Pluto, Erics, Haumea, Makemake, Ceres) - Smallest planet - Found in the asteroid belt; therefore they are not considered planets Venus Moons - second planet from the sun - nicknamed “the evening star” or “the morning star” - Come in many shapes, sizes, and types - Poisonous fog - A few have atmospheres and even hidden oceans - the hottest planet beneath their surfaces - orange in color - Most planetary moons probably formed from discs of gas - gasses that make it hot: greenhouse gasses—carbon and dust circulating around planets in the early solar dioxide system - Though some are captured objects that formed elsewhere Earth and fell into orbit around larger worlds - third planet from the sun Asteroids - the Blue Planet - Only planet with large amounts of liquid water - The first asteroid (Ceres) was discovered by Giuseppe - Only planet with living things (not definite) Piazzi in 1801 - sometimes called minor planets Mars - Rocky, airless remnants left over from the early formation of our solar system about 4.6B years ago - the RED planet - Has 2 moons NEAR (Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous — Shoemaker) - Volcanoes and canyons - Rocks and sand - renamed after Eugene Shoemaker - Very thin atmosphere - monitor near-Earth asteroids - Has the largest volcano in the solar system - landed successfully on Eros Jupiter Comets - largest planet - icy body that releases gases as it orbits the Sun - Giant ball of swirling gas - colors would vary because of the different elements it - Has between 80 and 95 moons carry - Has two very thin rings - Has a large red spot, which is a giant storm Meteor Saturn - streak of light seen when a meteoroid heats up in the atmosphere - has rings that are made now of frozen gas, ice, and rock - Second largest planet Meteoroid - Made mostly of hydrogen and helium - Has 60 moons, one of which has a volcano - rocky or metallic fragment of an asteroid, comet, or planet Uranus Meteorite - looks like it is on its side a 90-degree angle - meteor fragment that reaches the ground/ land - mostly made up of methane - Very cold and windy **if still in space = meteoroid, in atmosphere = meteor, once it lands - Has some rings = meteorite** - Blue-green in color Sources of Comets: Neptune Oort Cloud - most distant major planet - Jan Oort - Two dark spots - Cosmological boundary of the solar system (can be found - Blue in color after Pluto) - The first planet located through mathematical calculations - Source of long-period comets ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - Long-period comets - take hundreds of thousands of years to complete a single Terrestrial Planets orbit around the Sun - substantially smaller Kuiper Belt - Short orbital periods and less satellites - Made up of mostly rock and metal - Gerald Kuiper - Move slowly in space - Hosts short-period comets - No rings and few moons (if any) - Short-period comets - Have a diameter of less than 13,000 km - Orbital periods of less than 200 years - Halley's Comet (76 years) Jovian Planets (gaseous planets) - Encke’s Comet (3 years) - Located on the solar system's outskirts, the Kuiper Belt is - substantially larger a "junkyard" of countless icy bodies left over from the solar - long orbital periods and numerous satellites system's formation. The Oort Cloud is a vast shell of - Made up of mostly gases (primarily hydrogen and helium) billions of comets. - Move quickly in space - Have rings and many moons “I look up at the night sky, and I know that, yes, we are part of this - Have a diameter of greater than 48,000 km Universe, we are in this Universe, but perhaps more important than both those facts is that the Universe is in us.” - Neil Degrasse Tyson Dwarf Planets - celestial bodies that orbit the Sun III. Geologic Time Scale imprints/marks being left dahil sa tagal na naipit It is organized according to when certain organisms lived on Earth. It Mold and Cast is based on the appearance and disappearance of life-forms are three dimensional and preserve the surface contours Uniformitarianism of the organism A mold preserves a negative imprint on the surface while - the theory that changes in the earth's crust during A cast preserves the external form of the organism geological history have resulted from the action of ex. the one you bite to form pustiso: pag kinagat–mold, continuous and uniform process pag nagawa na pustiso–cast - history repeats itself mold: nag-iiwan ng imprint, cast: product of the mold - whatever happened in the past also happens now - tornados, earthquakes, movement on the land are all the **Water seeping into the rock can dissolve the shell, leaving the same shell's imprint in the rock and creating a mold. A fossil mold is a - it's a repetitive cycle hollow space left in a rock by an dissolved object. If the mold fills in with minerals or mud, the filling can later harden. The resulting fossil Absolute Dating is called a cast. - determine the exact age of an artifact or site Preserved Remains - determines numeral age (alam kung kailan nangyari) - high precision, tells you a definite number preservation of original skeletons and soft body parts - quantitative measurement –tells the exact time frame (ex., amber; encased whole; yes, they are fossils; this is from 250M years ago) mummification - works better for igneous and metamorphic rocks - radiometric dating (more often using Carbon-14 or other ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- isotopes), amino acid dating, dendrochronology, and thermoluminescence Eons - Uranium-238 ~lumabas sa test longest subdivision which can last up to hundreds and Relative Dating millions of years determined by the prevalence of certain fossils - opposite of absolute dating phanerozoic eon-visible life - determine which object is older, which came first, in precambrian- hadean, archean, and proterozoic eon chronological order - arranges fossils in order Eras - works better for sedimentary rocks - low precision next-longest subdivision - qualitative measurement –more of a description an era marks a major shift in the types of fossils present - biostratigraphy, stratigraphy, and cross-dating Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic thermoluminescence Periods Nicolas Steno divisions within an era periods mark stages within an era where different kinds of - pioneered stratigraphy: theory on how geological strata life exsted (Cambrian, etc.) were laid down - made fundamental contributions to four branches of Epochs science: shortest subdivision - anatomy, paleontology (study of fossils), geology, crystallography: study of crystals divides periods into smaller units and is also determined - founder of the Principles of Stratigraphy by life-form changes Steno's Laws of Stratigraphy New Epoch: 1. Superposition: rock layers in the bottom are older than - Anthropocene–when humans began affecting the earth, those on top of them environment, and nature ((factories, nuclear), waste, 2. Original Horizontality: rock layers form in a horizontal deforestation, poaching, etc.) position. Some are curved because of deformation (folding Cyanobacteria produced oxygen. process -compression, convergent boundary can make it vertical) Great oxygenation: Folding occurs when tectonic processes stress a rock, and the rock - too much oxygen that it became poisonous (by their own bends or becomes "curved" instead of breaking. waste oxygen) for cyanobacteria because they prefer any other element except oxygen. 3. Lateral Continuity: rock layers are extended laterally and continuously. Separation may happen but still aligned Different Eons and Eras 4. Cross-Cutting Relationship: rock layers that cut across are older than the cut itself (cut, fault, intrusion is younger) Hadean eon (4.6 to 4.0 billion years ago) 5. Inclusion: any inclusions in rock layers are older than the rock that contains. Inclusions (rocks and other fossils) are - started when the earth coalesced older - Why? tendency: earthquakes form gaps and these gaps would be filled by the layer on top of it - earth's first oceans - formation of DNA (prokaryotic) Types of Fossils - tectonic activity - first continent Petrification - prokaryote bacteria - banded iron formation hardened through time - great oxygenation events form when minerals replace the structure of an organism Proterozoic eon Compression - oxygen crisis (too much oxygen) formed due to the burial of plants or plant parts in - first eukaryotes to stabilize oxygen sediments - snowball earth  - multicellular life (the emergence of eukaryotes - The presence of the ozone layer Paleozoic era - Cambrian explosion (age of invertebrates) - age of fishes (jawless and fungi(decomposers) - land plants - the age of amphibians - insects - coal deposits - extinctions (Permian-Triassic) Mesozoic era (252 to 66 million years ago - age of reptiles - Pangaea - age of conifers - age of dinosaurs (existed until the Cretaceous - Paleogene extinction) - birds (mammals and birds both evolved: transition coming) and flowering plants (how did they survive the great impact: birds fly mammals dug underground) Cenozoic era - dinosaur extinction - age of mammals - grass - apes - Stone Age (hominids were the early proto-humans) - homo-sapiens (modern-day man) MASS EXTINCTIONS: 1. Ordovician-Silurian | 440 MA | 86% 2. Late Devonian | 365 MA | 75% 3. Permian-Triassic | 252 MA | 96% 4. Triassic-Jurassic | 201.3 MA | 80% 5. Cretaceous-Paleogene | 66 MA | 60% 6. Holocene | 11,700 YA TO PRESENT | 100%