Earth's Subsystems, Minerals, and Rocks PDF

EARTH’S FOUR SUBSYSTEM EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE  WHAT IS ATMOSPHERE? The atmosphere refers to the layer of gases that surrounds the Earth. it is the gaseous layer above the Earth’s surface, primarily composed of 78% nitrogen and 21% oxygen. Other gases like argon, carbon dioxide, carb...

EARTH’S FOUR SUBSYSTEM EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE  WHAT IS ATMOSPHERE? The atmosphere refers to the layer of gases that surrounds the Earth. it is the gaseous layer above the Earth’s surface, primarily composed of 78% nitrogen and 21% oxygen. Other gases like argon, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, ozone, and other inert gases made the remaining 1%. LAYERS OF EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE Troposphere Stratosphere Mesosphere Thermosphere Exosphere  TROPOSPHERE The troposphere is the lowest layer of Earth's atmosphere, extending from the Earth's surface up to an average altitude of about 12 kilometers It is the layer where weather occurs, and it is where we live and breathe. Hot air balloons and airplanes fly within the troposphere because it provides the necessary conditions for safe and efficient air travel.  STRATOSPHERE The stratosphere is the layer of Ozone Layer Earth's atmosphere located above the troposphere. It extends roughly from an altitude of about 12 kilometers to 50 kilometers above the Earth's surface. The stratosphere is also home to the ozone layer, which shields the Earth from harmful UV radiation.  MESOSPHERE The mesosphere is the third layer of Earth's atmosphere. It extends approximately from an altitude of about 50 kilometers to 85 kilometers above the Earth's surface. The mesosphere is characterized by thin air and low atmospheric pressure. It is also the layer where meteors burn up upon entry into the Earth's atmosphere, creating the visual phenomenon known as shooting stars. THERMOSPHERE The thermosphere is the fourth layer of Earth's atmosphere. It begins approximately at an altitude of 85 kilometers and has no clearly defined upper boundary. The thermosphere is primarily composed of individual gas molecules, such as oxygen and nitrogen, rather than molecular combinations. The thermosphere is also where the auroras, such as the Northern Lights and Southern Lights, occur.  EXOSPHERE The exosphere is the outermost layer of Earth's atmosphere, located above the thermosphere. It is the uppermost region of the atmosphere and gradually transitions into the vacuum of space. The exosphere is where satellites and other human-made objects in Earth's orbit are found. Satellites are strategically placed in orbit within the exosphere to perform their various functions.  Geosphere refers to the solid part of the Earth, including the rocks, minerals, landforms, and the processes that shape them The earth is divided into three main layers namely the crust, the mantle and the core. Crust Mantle Core  The crust is the outermost layer of the Earth. It is the thinnest layer, ranging from about 5 to 70 kilometers in thickness. The crust can be further divided into two types: continental crust and oceanic crust. Continental Crust Oceanic Crust The continental crust is the The oceanic crust is the thicker layer of the Earth's thinner layer of the Earth's crust that is found under the crust that is found under the continents. It is about 35 ocean basins. It is about 7 kilometers thick on average. kilometers thick on average.  The mantle is the layer beneath the Earth's crust. It is the thickest layer, extending from the base of the crust to a depth of approximately 2,900 kilometers. The mantle can be divided into an upper and lower layer. Upper Mantle Lower Mantle The upper mantle is relatively The solid lower mantle rigid and contains the contributes to the overall asthenosphere, a semi-fluid convection and heat layer that allows the transfer within the Earth's movement of tectonic plates. interior.  The core is the innermost layer of the Earth, situated beneath the mantle. It is divided into two distinct regions: the outer core and the inner core. Outer Core Inner Core The outer core is a liquid layer The inner core is the solid, composed mainly of molten central part of the earth. It iron and nickel. It has a has a radius of about 1,220 thickness of about 2,300 kilometers and is composed kilometers. of solid iron and nickel.  Crust The crust is the outermost layer of the Earth. It is the thinnest layer, ranging from about 5 to 70 kilometers in thickness. Mantle The mantle is the layer beneath the Earth's crust. It is the thickest layer, extending from the base of the crust to a depth of approximately 2,900 kilometers. Core The core is the innermost layer of the Earth, situated beneath the mantle. It is divided into two distinct regions: the outer core and the inner core. The hydrosphere includes all the water on Earth. This means oceans, lakes, rivers, streams, glaciers, and even the water underground. Water in the hydrosphere can be in different forms: liquid (like in rivers), solid (like ice in glaciers), or gas (like water vapor in the air). the zone of Earth where all forms of life exist: in the sea, on land, and in water. It is sometimes called as the large ecosystem. This is the zone that life inhabits. Biosphere is a very thin layer of the earth’s surface  GRADE 11 EARTH & LIFE SCIENCE MINERALS AND ROCKS  MINERALS Mineral is a naturally occurring inorganic solid with a definite chemical composition and crystalline structure. Minerals are the building blocks of rocks. Mineralogists use the criteria to determine whether a material is classified as a mineral or not.  CHARACTERISTICS OF MINERALS 1. naturally occurring- term which identifies mineral as part of earth’s natural processes. 2. inorganic- means a substance is not a product of an organism. 3. homogeneous solid- minerals should have definite volume and rigid shape 4. definite chemical composition—represented by a chemical formula 5. orderly crystalline structure- atoms of minerals are arranged in an orderly and repeating pattern PROPERTIES OF MINERALS COLOR Mineral’s color may change depending on the surface. STREAK Mineral’s color may change depending on the surface. HARDNESS Minerals resistance to scratching  Crystalline structure or habit  Diaphaneity amount of transparency - ability to allow light to pass through it. This is affected by chemical makeup of the mineral sample.  LUSTER how light is reflected off a surface  TENACITY Describes the minerals reaction to stress. Brittleness - a mineral turns into powder Malleability - a mineral can be flattened by pounding with a hammer. Ductility- A mineral can be stretched into wire. Flexible but inelastic-Minerals are bent but they remain in the new position. Flexible and elastic- Minerals are bent, and they bring back to their original position.  CLASSIFICATION 1 OF ROCKS Classify rocks into igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic.  2 Minerals Gems ROCKS 3 any naturally occurring solid mass or aggregate of minerals or mineraloid matter. categorized by the minerals included, its chemical composition and the way in which it is formed. Kapurpurawan Rock Formation Stonehenge in England A Boulder  4 Nakabuang Arc, Sabtang Island, Batanes  5 Kapurpurawan Rock Formations, Burgos, Ilocos Norte 6 7  8 Zaragosa Rock Formation (Surigao, Mindanao) 3 Main Categories of Rocks 9 IGNEOUS SEDIMENTARY METAMORPHIC Sediment – materials “meta” – change “ignis” – fire deposited by water, wind and/or glaciers “morph” - form 3 Main Categories of Rocks 10 ROCK CYCLE 11 The transformational processes that change rocks from one kind to another. IGNEOUS ROCKS 13 from a Latin word “ignis” which means fire. The parent material of igneous rocks is usually magma (a molten material from deep within the earth that cools and hardens). IGNEOUS ROCKS 14 Types based on Texture: 1) Fine-grained Igneous rock (“Aphanitic”) - has smaller crystal due to the faster rate of cooling of the magma. 2) Coarse-grained Igneous Rock (“Phaneritic”) - has larger crystal due to the slower rate of cooling of the magma. IGNEOUS ROCKS 15 Types based on Texture: Fine-grained Igneous rock Coarse-grained Igneous Rock (“Aphanitic”) (“Phaneritic”) IGNEOUS ROCKS 17 General Types: 1) INTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKS ✓ cool slowly ✓ forms coarse grained rock ✓ presence of crystal growth 2) EXTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKS ✓ cool quickly ✓ forms fine-grained rock ✓ lack of crystal growth IGNEOUS ROCKS 18 General Types: IGNEOUS ROCKS 19 Examples of Igneous Intrusive or Plutonic Igneous Rocks: Granite Gabbro Diorite IGNEOUS ROCKS 20 Examples of Igneous Extrusive or Volcanic Igneous Basalt Obsidian Pumice SEDIMENTARY ROCKS 21 formed by the compaction and cementing together of sediments (broken pieces of rock-like gravel, sand, silt, or clay) SEDIMENTARY ROCKS 22 Importance Processes Involved: Lithification - a process of sementing soft, unconsolidated sendiments into hard rocks. Deposition - process when rocks are fragmented into tiny bits, then carried to low areas and settled at the bottom. Sedimentation - process of building up of deposited rocks after many years. SEDIMENTARY ROCKS 23 Stages in the Formation of Sedimentary Rocks SEDIMENTARY ROCKS 24 Three (3) Main Types: 1. Clastic- are formed from mechanical weathering debris. 2. Chemical – are formed when dissolved materials precipitate from solution. 3. Organic – are formed by accumulated sedimentary debris caused by organic processes.  25 SEDIMENTARY ROCKS Three (3) Main Types: TYPE EXAMPLES Conglomerate – composed of pieces pebble-size or larger CLASTIC Sandstone - composed of sand-size pieces Shale - composed of pieces smaller than fine sand Limestone – a whitish or grayish rock made of the mineral calcite. CHEMICAL Rock salt, iron ore, chert, flint, some dolomites, and more. coal, lignite, oil shale, or black shale Chalk ORGANIC Limestone with fossils Coquina METAMORPHIC ROCKS 26 The metamorphic rocks get their name from “meta” (changed) and “morph” (form). Movement of earth causes rock to be pressed or buried that leads to an increase in temperature and pressure. METAMORPHIC ROCKS 27 Metamorphism is the transformation of the rock’s minerology and physical characteristics. METAMORPHIC ROCKS 28 Metamorphism is the transformation of the rock’s minerology and physical characteristics. METAMORPHIC ROCKS 29 Types of Metamorphism 1) CONTACT (THERMAL) Metamorphism ✓ evolves when rock near igneous intrusive gets heated. ✓ produces non-foliated metamorphic rocks. 2) REGIONAL (PRESSURE) Metamorphism ✓ affects a large area due to mountain formation. ✓ foliated rocks are produced and strong pressure effects. METAMORPHIC ROCKS 30 Two (2) Main Types: 1) NON-FOLIATED ✓ formed around the igneous intrusive. ✓ their atoms recognize while becoming more compact and dense. ✓ shows color bands that reflects very small impurities. 2) FOLIATED ✓ formed within the earth’s interior. ✓ extremely high temperature and unequal pressure. ✓ better identified on the basis of their texture. METAMORPHIC ROCKS 31 Two (2) Main Types: Slate – derived from shale. Serpentine – originates from basalt. Gneiss – derived from conglomerate. Contains feldspar or quartz. Marble - derived from limestone-its parent rock. A hard crystalline rock and the most beautiful rock because of its shimmering luster. Quartzite - derived from sandstone, its hard and durable. METAMORPHIC ROCKS 32 Examples: TYPES OF ROCKS 35