Earth Science Past Paper PDF

Earth Science It also plays an important role in absorption and redistribution of solar Earth Subsystem and Flow of Matter and Energy radiation. 1) Atmosphere...

Earth Science It also plays an important role in absorption and redistribution of solar Earth Subsystem and Flow of Matter and Energy radiation. 1) Atmosphere 4) Biosphere Blanket Bio Atmos and sphaira - It is composed of Different Gases all living things and the areas where they are found. It includes all animals, ✔ Nitrogen microbes, and plants. ✔ Oxygen - Extension ✔ Argon - It is also in this zone that the interaction between the different subsystems is most dynamic. Atmosphere is primarily composed of nitrogen (79%) and oxygen (21%) Layers of Atmosphere Exosphere – Satellite and Spaceship Thermosphere – Aurora Mesosphere – Meteorological Rocket and Meteor Stratosphere – Radiosonde Troposphere – Passenger plane and Hot Air Balloon Sphere Interaction – the processes that move matter 2) Geosphere and energy from one sphere to another ✔ Geos Rocks – naturally occurring solid aggregate of minerals, organic material or natural glass. Regolith – a blanket of unconsolidated, loose, Think of the many ways that the hydrosphere and the atmosphere heterogeneous superficial deposits covering solid connect. Evaporation from the hydrosphere provides the medium rock. for cloud and rain formation in the atmosphere. The atmosphere brings back rainwater to the hydrosphere. unconsolidated residual or transported material that In what way do the geosphere and hydrosphere connect? Water overlies the solid rock on the earth, moon, or a planet. provides the moisture and medium for weathering and erosion of rocks in the geosphere. The geosphere, in turn, provides the 3) Hydrosphere platform for ice melts and water bodies to flow back into the Hydro – Water oceans. Cryosphere – ice caps and glaciers The atmosphere provides the geosphere with heat and energy needed for rock breakdown and erosion. The geosphere, in turn, reflects the sun’s energy back into the atmosphere. The biosphere receives gases, heat, and sunlight (energy) from the atmosphere. It receives water from the hydrosphere and a living medium from the geosphere. Biogeochemical Cycle – It involves biological, Platy – falttened and thin crystal geochemical, and chemical factors. (ie. Wulfenite) 2. Luster – overall sheen It allows the circulation of important nutrients that 3. Cleavage – breaks along a flat surface into form and support life like carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, sheets phosphorus, calcium, and water. Fracture – breaks with jagged edges It also maintains the balance of substances in the 4. Hardness – resistance to scratching different subsystem of the Earth. Any interference and disturbances in the flow of matter and energy may cause damage to any of the subsystems and its components. Talc – powdered form, thickening agents and lubricant, cosmetics Gypsum – salt Calcite – limestone, ornamental, commercial, and industrial uses Fluorite – ceramic Apatite – fertilizer Feldspar – glassware, pottery, scouring solution Quartz – glass Topaz – jewelry and adornments Corundum Diamond 5. Color – obvious properties 6. Streak – color in powdered form Classification of Minerals 1. Native Elements – Silver – uncombined form 2. Silicates – feldspar – largest group, silicon and MINERALS oxygen 3. Oxides – magnetite – metal w/ oxygen ✔ Naturally occurring inorganic solid with a 4. Sulfides – pyrite – sulfur w/ metal, heavy and definite chemical composition and a brittle crystalline structure. 5. Sulfates – gypsum – sulfur w/ metals and oxygen, soft and translucent ✔ The earth is composed of mineral elements, 6. Halides – halite/table salt – halogen elements, either alone or in a myriad of combinations very soft and easily dissolved in water called compounds. 7. Carbonates – dolomite – carbon, oxygen, and ✔ A mineral is composed of a single element or a metallic element 8. Phosphate – apatite – minerals are broken compound down by weathering, brightly colored Physical Properties 9. Mineraloid – amber – do not fit neatly into one of these eight classes 1. Crystal Habit – overall shape or growth pattern Equant – 3D (ei. Garnet) Elongate – prismatic, thicker than the needle (ie. Indicolite) ROCKS ✔ Igneous ✔ Sedimentary ✔ Metamorphic Igneous Rocks 1. Intrusive igneous rocks Granite, diorite, gabbro, pegmatite, and peridotite 2. Extrusive igneous rock Andesite, basalt, dacite, obsidian, pumice, rhyolite and tuff Sedimentary Rocks 1. Clastic Sedimentary breccia, conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone, and shale 2. Chemical Sedimentary rock salt, iron ore, chert, flint, some dolomites 3. Organic Sedimentary Metamorphic Rocks – marble MINING Concentration - separation of the valuable minerals from the raw materials - extracts useful materials from the earth. Dewatering - uses the concentration to convert to - it can also harm people and the environment. usable minerals - the process of mineral extraction from a rock seam FOSSIL FUELS or ore –a natural rock or sediment containing one or more valuable mineral. Fossil Fuels – made from decomposing plants and animals, burned for energy, nonrenewable 1. Surface Mining - It is used to extract ore minerals near the surface of the earth. 1. Coal – dead plant and animal matter are piled The soil and rocks that covered the ores are up in layers, 50% weight from fossilized plants removed through blasting- controlled use of Anthracite – highest rank of coal, hard explosives and gas exposure to break rocks. coal, high percentage of fixed carbon Open Pit – big hole, created by and low percentage of volatile matter blasting with explosives and drilling, Bituminous – high heating value, mine gravel, sand, and rock electricity generation, has layers Subbituminous – black color and dull, has higher heating value than lignite Lignite – brown coal, lowest grade coal w/ least concentration of carbon 2. Oil – organic material buried in mud at the Strip – removal of a thin strip of bottom of sea and lakes, produce overburden (earth or soil) above a transportation fuel and petroleum-based desired deposit, dumping the products removed overburden behind the Philippines imports crude oil and petroleum from deposit, extracting the desired Saudi Arabia and Russia. The majority of the market deposit, creating a second, parallel are Petron Corporation, Pilipinas Shell, and Chevron strip in the same manner and Philippines. depositing the waste materials from that second (new) strip onto the first “Originally found as a solid material between layers of strip. This mining method is used for sedimentary rock, like shale. This material is heated in coal, phosphates, clays, and tar order to produce the thick oil that can be used to make mining. gasoline” 3. Natural Gas – pockets above oil deposits, don’t contain oil, made of methane cleanest fossil fuel and is odorless and color, domestic source- Malampaya Dredging - mining materials from Energy Resources - Renewable energy is energy the bottom of a body of water, derived from natural sources that are replenished at a including rivers, lakes, and oceans higher rate than they are consumed. 2. Underground Mining PROCESS Sampling - removal of a portion which represents a whole needed for the analysis of this material Analysis - important to evaluate the valuable component in an ore Comminution - begins by crushing the ores to a particular size and finishes by grinding the ores into a powder form GEOTHERMAL ENERGY RESOURCE - Hot and Cold Endogenic - formed or occurring beneath the surface of the earth. Exogenic – natural forces act on the surface of the earth to change landform. Dry Steam Powerplant – hot steam from underground piped directly into turbines, which powers the generator Flash Steam Powerplant – pumped into a cooler temp flash tank, sudden change in temp creates steam which powers the generator Binary Cycle Powerplant – pumped through a heat exchanger which heats a second liquid that transform into steams 6. Maintaining Soil pH: The contamination of soil by Gross Power Generation – total generation of addition of acidic or basic pollutants and due to acid electricity by electric pp while installed capacity is the rains has an adverse effect on the soil pH. Indicator of maximum amount of electricity that the pp can the level of nutrients in soil, uptake of nutrients by produce plants, essential for soil conservation. Water Sources 7. Water the Soil - good measure of soil conservation, 1. Surface Water - Water present on the prevent soil erosion caused by wind surface of the earth in the form of oceans, 8. Salinity Management: The salinity of soil increases rivers, lakes, reservoir, ponds, and streams due to excessive accumulation of salts in the soil. This 2. Underground Water - rainwater seeps has a negative effect on the metabolism of crops. The through the soil on to the non-porous rocks salinity of soil is detrimental to the vegetative life in it. below The death of vegetation leads to soil erosion. Hence, salinity management is an indirect way of conserving The rocks that store and transmit groundwater are soil. called aquifers. 9. Promote Helpful Soil Organisms: Nitrogen-fixing and Water quality describes the condition of the water denitrifying bacteria are important constituents of the usually concerning its suitability. Water has physical nitrogen cycle. They live in soil. Bacteria and fungi help and chemical characteristics. keep the soil healthy. Organisms like earthworms help Physical Attributes: temperature, color, taste, odor, decompose organic material in the soil. They aid soil and turbidity aeration and help it maintain porosity. Rodents too, help soil the same way. This increases the absorbing capacity of soil. Earthworms, through aeration of soil, enhance the availability of macronutrients. These helpful organisms boost soil fertility and help in soil conservation. 10. Grow Indigenous Crops: Planting native crops is beneficial for soil conservation. If non-native plants are grown, fields should be bordered by indigenous crops to prevent soil erosion, thus achieving soil conservation.