Earth and Life Science Quarter 2 Genetic Engineering PDF

EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE QUARTER 2 MODULE 4 LESSON 1 – GENETIC ENGINEERING LEARNING COMPETENCY: DESCRIBE THE PROCESS OF GENETIC ENGINEERING Genetic engineering is the artificial manipulation, modification, and recombination of DNA or other nucleic acid molecules in order to modify an organism.  Ge...

EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE QUARTER 2 MODULE 4 LESSON 1 – GENETIC ENGINEERING LEARNING COMPETENCY: DESCRIBE THE PROCESS OF GENETIC ENGINEERING Genetic engineering is the artificial manipulation, modification, and recombination of DNA or other nucleic acid molecules in order to modify an organism.  Genetic engineering is the direct manipulation of an organism’s genes using biotechnology. It covers different kinds of technologies used to alter the genomes that includes the insertion of genes from other individual either the same or from different species that aims to produce or improve products.  4 MAIN CATEGORIES OF GENETIC 1. GreenENGINEERING Genetic Engineering/ Agro-Genetic Engineering – Aims to develop genetically modified plants in agriculture or the the food sector. 2. Red/Yellow Genetic Engineering – Utilized in medicine, aesthetics, diagnostics (genetics test) and gene theraphy as well as development and production of drugs (insulin, vaccines). 3. Grey/White Genetic Engineering – this is the production of enzymes or fine chemicals for industrial use with the aid of genetically modified micro – organisms (e.g. development of products for enhanced washing performance. 4. Genetically Modified Animals – utilized for specific food production( e.g. dairy cows modified to produce allergy-free milk, some are used for entertainment and amusement.  BASIC PROCESS OF GENETIC ENGINEERING 1.DNA Cleavage 2.Production of Recombinant DNA 3.Cloning 4.Screening 1. DNA CLEAVAGE Process in DNA Cleavage 1.Selection of Gene of Interest (GOI) - desired traits Example: growth hormone, herbicide resistant, resistant to drought, or insects. 2. Isolation of the DNA fragment or gene from the chromosome( containing the target gene) and a plasmid However, in a normal cell, the DNA not only exists within the cell membrane, but is also present along with other macromolecules such as RNA, polysaccharide (carbohydrates), proteins and lipids. So, how we break open the cell and obtain DNA that is free from other macromolecules? We can use the following enzymes for specific purposes: Lysozyme- to break bacteria cell wall Cellulase – to break plant cell wall Chitinase – to break fungal cell wall Ribonuclease – removes RNA Protease – removes proteins (such as histones that are associated with DNA. 3. Cutting the chromosomes(restriction) and plasmids with a restriction enzyme. Restriction enzymes acts as molecular scissors that cut NDA at specific locations. The desired DNA is cleaved from the donating chromosome by the action of restriction enzymes, which recognize and cut specific nucleotide segments, leaving a sticky end on both ends. The restriction enzymes also merge the receiving chromosome in a complementary location, again leaving “sticky ends” to receive the desired DNA.  2. PRODUCTION OF RECOMBINANT DNA 1. Insertion of the cut sections of the chromosomes into the plasmid The desired DNA fragment is inserted into a vector, usually a plasmid, for transfer to the receiving chromosomes. Plasmids are circular DNA molecules found in the cytoplasm of bacteria that bond with the desired DNA fragment. The vector is a carrier molecule which can carry the gene or interest (GI) into a host, replicate there along with the GI making tis multiple copies. The different types of vectors available for cloning are plasmids, bacteriophages, bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs), yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs) and mammalian artificial chromosomes (MACs)  3. CLONING 1. Transformation of bacterial cells i.e. getting the bacterial cells to take up the plasmids if the transfer is successful, the cells will contain a piece of recombinant DNA in their genome. Every time the cell undergoes cell division, it will replicate the recombinant DNA along with its own genome and transfer it to the daughter cells. The result is an increase in the number of cells containing the desired gene. Example: if a recombinant DNA bearing a gene for ampicillin-resistance is transferred into recipient E. coli bacterial cells, then the E. coli cells also become ampicillin-resistant.  4. SCREENING 1. Amplification and expression the trait of the recombinant DNA the transformation process generates a mixed population of transformed and non-transformed host cells. Transformed cells are then regenerated into transgenic organisms. The transgenic organism are grown maturity, and the inherited the transgene is collected. The engineer’s job is now complete. He/she will hand the transgenic organisms over to a plant or animal breeder who is responsible for the final step.