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Questions and Answers
What is the primary goal of genetic engineering?
What is the primary goal of genetic engineering?
Which category of genetic engineering focuses on developing modified plants for agriculture?
Which category of genetic engineering focuses on developing modified plants for agriculture?
What is the first step in the basic process of genetic engineering?
What is the first step in the basic process of genetic engineering?
Which enzyme is best suited for breaking down the cell wall of plants?
Which enzyme is best suited for breaking down the cell wall of plants?
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What is isolated during the 'Isolation of DNA fragment' step in DNA cleavage?
What is isolated during the 'Isolation of DNA fragment' step in DNA cleavage?
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Which of the following can be produced using Grey/White Genetic Engineering?
Which of the following can be produced using Grey/White Genetic Engineering?
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Why are restriction enzymes used in the DNA cleavage process?
Why are restriction enzymes used in the DNA cleavage process?
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What characteristic is NOT typically targeted in the Selection of Gene of Interest (GOI)?
What characteristic is NOT typically targeted in the Selection of Gene of Interest (GOI)?
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What role do restriction enzymes play in the creation of recombinant DNA?
What role do restriction enzymes play in the creation of recombinant DNA?
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Which of the following best describes the function of plasmids in recombinant DNA technology?
Which of the following best describes the function of plasmids in recombinant DNA technology?
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What happens during the transformation of bacterial cells in recombinant DNA technology?
What happens during the transformation of bacterial cells in recombinant DNA technology?
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What is the primary purpose of screening transformed cells in recombinant DNA experiments?
What is the primary purpose of screening transformed cells in recombinant DNA experiments?
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Which of the following options do NOT serve as vectors for cloning in recombinant DNA technology?
Which of the following options do NOT serve as vectors for cloning in recombinant DNA technology?
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What results from successful transformation of E.coli with recombinant DNA?
What results from successful transformation of E.coli with recombinant DNA?
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In the context of recombinant DNA, what are 'sticky ends'?
In the context of recombinant DNA, what are 'sticky ends'?
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Which of the following describes the final step after a transgenic organism is developed?
Which of the following describes the final step after a transgenic organism is developed?
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Study Notes
Genetic Engineering Overview
- Genetic engineering is the artificial manipulation, modification, and recombination of DNA or nucleic acids to alter an organism.
- This involves using biotechnology to directly manipulate an organism's genes.
- Different technologies are used to alter the genomes, including inserting genes from other individuals (same or different species) to produce or improve products.
Main Categories of Genetic Engineering
- Green/Agro-Genetic Engineering: Aims to develop genetically modified plants for agriculture and food production.
- Red/Yellow Genetic Engineering: Used in medicine (e.g., diagnostics, gene therapy, drug production like insulin and vaccines), and aesthetics.
- Grey/White Genetic Engineering: Focuses on producing enzymes and fine chemicals for industrial use using genetically modified microorganisms. Often for industrial processes like enhanced washing.
- Genetically Modified Animals: Utilized for specific food production (e.g., allergy-free milk cows) as well as entertainment and amusement.
Basic Process of Genetic Engineering
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1. DNA Cleavage:
- Selecting the desired gene/trait (GOI) for insertion (e.g., growth hormone, herbicide resistance).
- Isolating the DNA fragment containing the GOI from the source organism's chromosome or other genetic material.
- Using enzymes (like lysozyme, cellulase, chitinase, ribonuclease, protease) to break down cell walls, extract DNA, and separate it from other macromolecules.
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2. Production of Recombinant DNA:
- Inserting the cut sections of the gene of interest into a vector (such as plasmids or other vectors useful for cloning).
- Plasmids are circular DNA molecules found in bacteria.
- The vector is used to carry the gene into a host.
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3. Cloning:
- Introducing the recombinant DNA into host cells (such as bacterial cells).
- Host cells replicate, thus multiplying the desired gene.
- Cloning involves introducing the recombinant DNA into cells so that the cells reproduce and amplify the gene.
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4. Screening:
- Identifying and selecting cells that contain the desired gene.
- Producing a large population of cells with the desired gene, in order to isolate them from the mixed population of transformed/non-transformed host cells of the product.
- Transformed cells are generated into transgenic organisms.
Diagrams and Examples
- Diagrams illustrate the process of inserting a human growth hormone gene into a bacterial plasmid, resulting in a genetically modified bacterial cell.
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