Elle Schaefer - US History Honors - Unit 2 Notebook PDF
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Elle Schaefer
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This document appears to be a student's notebook for a US History honors class, focusing on the Middle Passage and slavery in different regions of the United States. It includes information about the slave trade, living conditions, and cultural aspects of slavery in different areas of the US.
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Study Guide! Multiple Choice Chapter 4 The Middle Passage ○ Middle passage = a ship that took slaves from Africa → Caribbean ○ Life for the slaves was super dangey Were public floggings, decapitations, people soaking in their own...
Study Guide! Multiple Choice Chapter 4 The Middle Passage ○ Middle passage = a ship that took slaves from Africa → Caribbean ○ Life for the slaves was super dangey Were public floggings, decapitations, people soaking in their own bodily fluids, and crammed into small areas Overstuffed, had to endure rough conditions ○ Women had it super rough Were completely at mercy to the male crew, they could be raped and sexually abused by the men, and some women killed themselves just to escape the conditions ○ If anyone died, their bodies were thrown off the ship and this happened so much that sharks followed these ships waiting to eat the bodies 25% of people died on the ships Workers overstuffed the ships even more to account for this How slavery was different in the Deep South, Chesapeake, and Northern Colonies ○ Chesapeake Oldest form of slavery in america Due to the high demand for tobacco, they had large plantations, and needed slaves to work these plantations (what most enslaved people did) Large farms are where most slaves were, but small farms typically had at least one slave as well If slaves weren’t working on plantations they were horse or boat workers and some women were cooks/maids/servants Power in these colonies was based on how many slaves you had, which led to more and more slaves and more of a dependence on slaves More slaves meant harsh laws for them, and this tied slavery to their color/race, and gave white people the cultural superiority to punish the enslaved for anything ○ Deep south At first there weren't many slaves, the carolinas used native americans as their first slaves, and georgia had even outlawed slavery for a bit, but eventually the demand for labor got too high and most colonies in the south depended on slaves to work Eventually slaves actually outnumbered free people in the colonies, and the work was so harsh that they overworked the slaves and many died ○ Northern colonies Because the farming industry wasn’t as big in the north, there was not a huge demand for lots of slaves on plantations This gave slaves more freedoms and slavery wasn’t as intense in these areas as it was in the south or chesapeake ○ They could marry, be in court, and were not punished as harshly Some slaves did work on small farms, but most worked in ships or as personal servants Larger cities had more slaves than smaller ones, but in the cities they worked on farms bc shop owners thought hiring white people was more dependable and easier Examples of Enslaved culture (Music, religion, language, food) ○ Music Many enslaved people had chants or songs that they would sing while working to keep them entertained and to appreciate and keep their culture alive ○ Religion Most african tribes had spiritualist beliefs similar to native american tribes, but as time went on, those religions were looked down upon and forced them to adopt and blend more “new religions” of america like christianity ○ Language They had their own unique dialects, but over time they started to blend more with the american language and most slaves spoke a dialect of gullah which combined the two languages ○ Food Because the enslaved people were the ones in charge of cultivating crops, they knew how to make food the best, so american culture actually adopts a lot of dishes that slaves once made for their white owners. Also, dishes that their owners made would sometimes make it back to the slave quarters so that food became a part of african culture The Stono Rebellion and examples of how enslaved people resisted slavery ○ This was a rebellion during a spanish and english war where enslaved people stole a bunch of weapons and marched towards the south, getting more and more enslaved people to join them along the way They resisted slavery in many ways (running away, resisting work, etc) because they thought they would get freedom by doing it Republicanism and Liberalism(What ideas went into American beliefs about themselves?) ○ Republicanism This meant that liberty is guaranteed to people who were freed and owned land, and those qualities made them superior to others and gave them the rights to be heard and respected in society They believed in “freedoms for all” and freedoms that helped the good of all people, not just them individually ○ Liberalism This meant that freedoms were private and personal, and your decisions should benefit you, and whatever benefited most people would be chosen. They wanted to protect their individual natural rights of life liberty and property. Salutary Neglect: Why did America get the idea we could govern ourselves? ○ This happened because england was so busy fighting in a bunch of wars that it was hard for them to pay a close eye on the americas, so they allowed the colonies to have a little more power and govern themselves ish as long as they stayed good and loyal to england Not an actual law, more of an unwritten law, but the wealthy american elites took this and ran with it because they loved power, but then this lead to england placing a bit more protections in place to make sure they didn't take over Importance of Enlightenment Philosophy on America ○ The enlightenment pushed the idea that reason and science was the proper foundation to look at life, and they used this to“take emotions out of politics”and to reevaluate old laws and constantly improve their government as they saw fit ○ They also started to blame god for a lot of issues and they started to separate themselves and government in general from politics and followed more of a scientific approach to things Deism's Theology ○ Believed that god created the laws of the universe like a scientist or clockmaker and then left it to work on its own The Importance of the Great Awakening ○ This was kinda an opposing view to the enlightenment, and believed that problems occurred due to a lack of religious emphasis. They tried to convince people to go back to god and placed a big emphasis on letting their emotions guide them back to what is right aka god/religion. They believed that the only way to save yourself was through god and not from science, and many preachers chose to give passionate sermons to scare people into coming back to the church ○ Often attracted the middle and lower classes who were often left out of the money emphasizing enlightenment The importance of the Ohio River Valley and the opening of the French and Indian War ○ The Ohio River Valley was a middle ground between both the French and English colonies, and the opportunity to expand their empires and access trade with the Native Americans attracted both sides. However, they obviously couldn't share it so they fought in a war for it lasted 9 years, called the french and indian war/7 years war britain/england finally gained control of this area, but they had lost a lot of money during this, and had to do something to help the native americans who helped them fight The Proclamation of 1763 ○ A promise by England to give native americans access to all land west of the Appalachian mountains, which was basically all the land they just fought in the war for? Many Americans were PISSED because they just fought for almost 10 years to have this land and the government was giving all the land to people who fought AGAINST them… They straight up ignored the proclamation and just went and settled the land anyway which also upset the natives because they were both arguing over who actually had the right to the land Chapter 5 Virtual Representation ○ This was the idea that the members of parliament represented the entirety of england and their colonies, and that each division of land didn’t have their own specific member of parliament Committees of Correspondence ○ A group of colonies who banded together in response to England's treatment of taxing them without giving them representation in parliament. This united the colonies (although not all joined) and allowed them to form plans to help them gain independence from england Sons of Liberty ○ Groups of protesters organized by the working class, who marched in the streets, harassed tax collectors, and resorted to violence in order to try to get England to stop taxing them Boston Massacre ○ A fight between bostonians and the british militia that resulted in a shooting match that left a lot of people injured and killed It was very overexaggerated (propaganda) by the american side in order to paint england as the bad guy even though both sides were fighting The Tea Act and the Boston Tea Party ○ After the boston massacre, england agreed to remove all taxes except the one on tea, and this meant that colonists had to pay extra every time they bought tea which was a lot prior to this In response, a group of colonists threw over 300 chests of tea into the boston harbor as a sign of deliberately disobeying the english rule Common Sense, and why it was so successful ○ A pamphlet written by thomas paine which attacked british style of government, and called for american independence It was so influential because it used “common sense” language that almost anyone could understand, therefore it got passed around a lot easier and more people knew about it and what it meant and it gave it more influence in the colonies The Declaration of Independence ○ Written by thomas jefferson two days after the continental congress declared america as independent, this was written (july 4th) as a list of reasons why we were leaving and gave our justification for that, as well as defined what freedom meant for us at that time The opening outlined the “unalienable rights” of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness Said that rights were for ALL, not just certain groups (excluding slaves) And most of the rest listed reasons we were separating from britain and why Battle of Saratoga ○ The battle most known for raising morale after a lot of defeats and battling brutal winter conditions, although it was also the war that got france on their side The Battle of Yorktown ○ The turning point of the war, “the world turned upside down” As the british were going back to their station in yorktown to replenish their supplies, the french cut them off at sea and washington snuck in and fought them on land This lasted many weeks but eventually the british side surrendered, and this flipped the tide towards american victory Chapter 6 Republic ○ The regular people living in the area were the best to lead and govern it, not a monarch or wealthy people What makes a republic work? ○ The people come together to run the country, as more people had more freedom, more people were involved, and more people were seen to have rights and the ability to run the country How are people supposed to act in a republic? ○ All the people are working together for the common good, it may not be the best answer, but it helps the most people Religious Freedom following the Revolution ○ Since england had a country-wide mandated religion (the church of england/anglicanism), america shifted more towards having a more free idea, where each state could determine their own religion, but eventually moved into having more of a separation of church and state, and the government Why America allowed religious freedom ○ One reason is that some of our allies, france and canada, were catholic, and this led them to having more religious toleration, specifically towards non-protestant religions, and catholicism ○ Another reason is that there were a lot of people who wanted a separation of church and state, and there were so many different religions, so most governments Free Trade and why America shifted towards this new economic system ○ Although republicanism focused on the greater good, free trade believed that people could be independent and focus on themselves while still benefiting the whole society→they employed many people, kept wages fair, and kept prices of goods low ○ Americans didn't want the government to interfere with their own person businesses Inflation ○ The war caused the value of money to decrease, as well as the supply for goods decreased too ○ Gold and mineral resources became the most valued currency Republican Motherhood ○ Expected women to teach their children (especially boys) to be good, respectable citizens when they grew up Names to Know: Matching James Oglethorpe ○ Created the colony of georgia as a place for debtors in england to go to instead of putting them in jail, and he outlawed slavery in the early years John Locke ○ Key leader of the enlightenment, his philosophies impacted a lot of the basis of our government laws now Believed in natural rights of life liberty and property and that these natural rights should never be taken away from anyone especially not by a monarch/ruler John Peter Zenger ○ Known for his impact on the freedom of the press In his trial, he was accused of bad mouthing a governor and calling him corrupt (because he was) and the judge eventually ruled that he should have the freedom to print anything true, even if it offended the government leaders Benjamin Franklin ○ An american inventor and revolutionist who was known for many things during this time period, but mainly for leading the enlightenment and for campaigning for the colonies to unite during the beginning of the revolution Jonathan Edwards ○ A preacher from connecticut during the great awakening who used a lot of intense preaching practices like screaming and yelling and threatening in order to get the people to turn back to god Also aaron burr’s grandfather Pontiac ○ Chief of a native american tribe after the 7 years war who led a rebellion (called pontiac’s rebellion) in order to fight back against the british people trying to take their land after the war Thomas Paine ○ WroteCommon Sense, idk what else he did tbh George Washington ○ There’s a lot? Marquis de Lafayette ○ A french soldier who fought on the french side helping the americans win the american revolution Liked the idea of american republicanism and wanted it to reach france Abigail Adams ○ Aka Abigail Smith, best known for being John Adams' wife, and being a patriot and women's rights activist. Also well known for her letter called “Remember the Ladies” which she wrote to John Adams. Short Answer Know the following acts and what they did: ○ Stamp Act This was the first tax directly on the colonists, instead of just taxing trade in general It was a tax on any printed good, and also required them to buy stamps only from the british, which money from that went directly to the british army which scared the colonists into believing they needed money to start another war but this time on the colonists Also started the whole no taxation without representation thing ○ Townshend Acts Right after parliament passed the declaratory acts which gave them the right to impose taxes whenever they wanted, they imposed the townshend acts because they wanted to It was a tax on all goods imported to america, as well as increasing protections against smuggling Many people protested this is the usual ways, but also started making their own goods instead of having to pay taxes on british ones ○ The Coercive (AKA Intolerable) Acts When parliament closed the port of boston, shut down any large gatherings/meetings, and allowed british troops to be housed in american homes After the boston tea party United the colonies in fear because they worried what parliament would do to the other colonies if they did this all to just boston Be able to talk about some of the big ideas from your "Three Simple Rules for Winning a Revolution". Be able to explain a bit about how America won. ○ You have to have a plan, and it better be a good one Strategy is the number one way to win something. You could have all the skill in the world but if your strategy sucks so will you. You are only as good as your worst player so you better make sure everyone comes in prepared and trained. You have to adapt and know how to develop a strategy on the fly as well as multiple steps in advance. Washington and other generals were very strategic, having spies that would gather information and they would sit on it and plan and develop their strategy and adapt and they just outplayed Britain. Plain and simple. Luck can go a long way but if you fail to plan, you plan to fail. Another example is in the early years of war, Washington knew they had limited resources and men so he got in and out before things turned into an all or nothing battle that could destroy his whole army. ○ You have to be able to learn and adapt on the spot. Wars are ever changing battles, and you never know what the other side has planned, so your plan could completely fall apart right in front of you, no matter how much you thought it would work. It's just too unpredictable. Washington and his men were able to learn and adapt on the fly and instead of continuing to trudge uphill with a whole army shooting down at you, they learned things on the spot and used them to tweak their plans. ○ You have to want it. Bad. In order to win a revolution, you have to have all of the above, but none of that works if you don't want it. Those who want something will be willing to go so far to achieve it, that their love for that thing far outweighs any preparation any of their competitors have. For example, in the revolution, the colonists wanted freedom so badly that they literally had nothing to lose therefore they fought so hard to gain freedom. The British had everything to lose, including all 13 colonies and their territory, therefore they were more nervous, and despite having a better army, navy, and more resources, the Americans had the upper hand just because they wanted it more than Britain did. Be able to talk about groups that either gained or lost liberty following the Revolution (Women, African Americans, Loyalists, The Poor, Religious Groups) ○ Women More? Kinda for the same reason as african americans, more freedoms for everyone in general meant that some of them extended to women, although they still had basically no rights it at least didn't get worse? ○ African americans Gained? Slavery seemed to be getting a little less popular, and as the americans were getting very into freedoms, some of these freedoms started to go to the african americans too, if they owned land/were free they could have rights ○ Native americans Lost freedoms after the war, they were kicked off their land and their land was seen as a prize for winning the war ○ Loyalists Definitely lost freedoms, they were seen as traitors and since they fought against the americans and their freedoms, they were not respected after, and many fled back to england or canada, and their land was taken ○ Poor Gained some more freedoms, as the emphasis on a republic allowed more people to have more freedoms, they were able to vote and be involved in the government, although they couldn't hold office, they were seen to have more freedoms after the war ○ Religious groups Generally gained freedoms, as now they no longer had to follow the country mandated church of england, and they had the ability to practice their own religions
