History 150B_M158B Final Review PDF

Part 1: Short Answer Terms Royal African One of the three principal English trading companies was formed to trade on the Company Gold Coast, among others. Dutch West India Founded in 1621, it was a chartered trading company that managed Dutch colonial Company ventures,...

Part 1: Short Answer Terms Royal African One of the three principal English trading companies was formed to trade on the Company Gold Coast, among others. Dutch West India Founded in 1621, it was a chartered trading company that managed Dutch colonial Company ventures, trade, and resource extraction in the Americas and Africa Triangular Trade A transatlantic system where Europe exported goods, Africa supplied enslaved people, and the Americas provided raw materials like sugar and cotton. Swedenborg Located in Ghana, it was a European fort used during the transatlantic slave trade to imprison enslaved Africans before their shipment to the Americas. Elmina The first point of contact was with Europeans and the Portuguese. Arriving in 1471, they would trade in gold, spices, ivory, and other African artifacts. Cape Coast Located in Ghana, it was a prominent British fort used during the transatlantic slave Castle trade to imprison enslaved Africans awaiting shipment to the Americas. 1450 The Portuguese began expanding the transatlantic slave trade, capturing and enslaving Africans to work on sugar plantations on islands like Madeira and Sao Tome. 1470 The Portuguese established trading posts along Africa’s gold coast, initiating large-scale trade in gold and ivory and enslaved Africans for European markets. 1518 400 Africans were sent to New Spain 1607 Jamestown, Virginia, was founded as the first permanent English colony in America, laying the groundwork for the later institutionalization of African slavery in North America. 1619 For years, a Dutch ship was credited with bringing the first enslaved people to Virginia this year. 1630 Sugar was introduced to Barbados in this year. 1661 The year when the Barbados Slave Code was enacted marked the beginning of the legal codification of slavery. 1655 The English captured Jamaica this year. 1712 The NY Slave Code of 1712 mandated death for enslaved people guilty of murder, rape, arson, or assault. It allowed enslavers to punish enslaved people at their discretion. 1741 The New York Uprising occurred in this year. 1776 Thomas Peters escaped from the Campbell Plantation and joined the Ethiopian Regiment this year.  1791 The Haitian Revolution began as a slave uprising near Le Cap in the French West Indian colony of Santo Domingo. It led to the establishment of the black nation of Haiti in 1801. 1793 The cotton gin was invented this year, and waves of white refugees fled to U.S. ports, fleeing the insurrection in Santo Domingo. Francisco Reges, the first rancher in the San Fernando Valley, also began serving as the mayor of Los Angeles this year. 1807 The Abolition Act occurred this year, and Ohio enacted Black Laws requiring every African American resident to post a $500 bond after almost every black man in the city was arrested, disarmed, and marched into custody. 1808 This year marked the end of the Legal African Slave Trade to the U.S., though it is widely ignored. 1821 This year included the Missouri Compromise, Nat Turner escaping and returning, New York keeping property qualifications for Black male voters (but not for white voters), Missouri disfranchising free Black male voters, and the ACS sending a rep to buy land north of Sierra Leone. 1850 In this year, the St. Louis circuit court ruled Scott and his family were free, the Fugitive Slave Law was enacted, and the American League of Colored Workers, the first African American labor union, was formed. Mexican officials agreed to help American Seminole Indians and Seminole blacks escape persecution. The U.S. gained the compromise of 1850 after the war with Mexico, while the Oregon Donation Land Act of 1850 excluded African American settlers from free land, and California’s constitution prohibited slavery. 1833 The American Anti-Slavery Society was created, and Crandall decided to admit an African American student named Sarrah Harris to his academy. 1840 The American Anti-Slavery Society splits, and white settlers begin flooding Oregon. 1861 Kansas was admitted to the Union as a free state, and the Civil War began. 1863 The Emancipation Proclamation was enacted, and African Americans profited in the California Gold Rush. Gold Coast This West African region was rich in gold and later became central to the transatlantic slave trade, with many enslaved Black people imported, mainly from present-day Ghana. Ivory Coast Now, Cote d’Ivoire is a West African region historically known for its ivory trade, later involved with the transatlantic slave trade and colonialism. Slave Coast Located in West Africa (now Benin, Tobago, and Nigeria), this region was crucial for capturing and exporting enslaved Africans during the transatlantic slave trade. Grain Coast Now part of Liberia, it was named for the region’s rice and grain production. It  became a key area in the Atlantic slave trade. Benin Located in West Africa, this region participated in the transatlantic slave trade, capturing and selling enslaved Africans to European traders in the 17th and 18th centuries. Liberia Many enslaved people were brought to South Carolina and Georgia to work on rice and cotton plantations. Lorenzo Turner suggests this area is the origin of the Gullah people. The Virginia Colonization Society, Quaker Young Men’s Colonization Society, and the American Colonization Society combined to form the Commonwealth of Liberia, which became an independent nation in 1847. About 11,000 blacks were resettled there, with half being newly freed enslaved people. Maroon This term refers to black people who fought with the Spanish for their freedom after the English captured Jamaica in 1655, fleeing to the mountains to resist British rule and maintain their independence. Quilombo Known as palenques, mambos, cumbes, or mambises, these maroon societies varied from small bands lasting under a year to powerful states of thousands that endured for generations. Northwest In 1786, Congress enacted an ordinance to formalize procedures for turning Ordinance territories into states, allowing three to five states north of the Ohio River, equal to the original 13. It included a bill of rights ensuring freedom of religion, trial by jury, public education, and a ban on slavery. Barbadian Slave This code marked the start of legal slavery, defining enslaved Black people as Code property for British owners and influencing slave codes in other colonies. Code Noir Established in 1685 by France, it was a set of laws governing the treatment of enslaved Africans in French colonies, defining their rights and restrictions. Lowcountry A region in the southeastern U.S., it was crucial to the plantation economy, relying heavily on enslaved Africans for labor in rice and indigo cultivation. Chesapeake A region in the U.S. consisting of Virginia and Maryland, it relied heavily on enslaved Africans for tobacco cultivation, becoming a significant site of plantation slavery. Harpers Ferry In West Virginia, it was the site of John Brown’s 1859 raid, an attempt to incite a slave rebellion and end slavery in the United States. Creole Language often hybridizes when diverse communities communicate, blending influences from various sources. A prominent example of this is Gullah. Middle Passage The brutal transatlantic voyage that forcibly transported enslaved Africans from West Africa to the Americas, enduring horrific conditions and high mortality rates. Acculturation The process through which enslaved Africans adapted to and incorporated elements of European culture while maintaining aspects of their traditions.  Indentured Individuals who worked for a set number of years for passage to the Americas are Servants often compared to enslaved Africans in colonial labor systems. Miscegenation Interracial relationships and marriages, especially between enslaved Africans and European colonists, often led to mixed-race children during the era of slavery. Compromise of A series of laws aimed at resolving tensions between free and slave states, 1850 including the controversial fugitive slave act. Missouri In 1819, Missouri's application for statehood sparked a heated debate in Congress Compromise about slavery in the Louisiana Purchase. The issue was resolved with a compromise: Maine was admitted as a free state, while Missouri became a slave state, preserving a balance of 12 slave and 12 free states. A line was established at 36 degrees, designating the area above as free. Free Soil Party Active in the mid-1800s, it opposed expanding slavery into new U.S. territories, advocating for free homesteads and labor. Quakers The opposition to slavery began in 165 when their founder emphasized equality. By 1761, they viewed abolition as a Christian duty and advocated nonslaveholding among Society of Friends members, although many still enslaved people. American Founded in 1816, it aimed to resettle free African Americans in Africa, establishing Colonization Liberia as a colony for formerly enslaved people. Society Liberator An abolitionist newspaper founded by William Lloyd Garrison in 1831, advocating Magazine for the immediate emancipation of enslaved people and equal rights. Olaudah Equiano He was an African American man enslaved in the 18th century who later gained freedom, became an abolitionist, and wrote an influential autobiography detailing slavery’s horrors. Lord Dunmore The royal governor of Virginia issued the 1775 Dunmore Proclamation, offering and his freedom to enslaved Africans who joined the British forces during the American Proclamation Revolution. Ottobah Cugoano He was an African-born abolitionist writer, formerly enslaved, who advocated for the abolition of slavery in Britain through his autobiography and writings. Crispus Attucks An African American man, often considered the first martyr of the American Revolution, was killed during the 1770 Boston massacre while resisting British oppression. Ethiopian A unit of African Americans, including enslaved people, who fought for the British Regiment during the American Revolution after lord Dunmore’s proclamation offering freedom. Gabriel Prosser An enslaved African American who led an 1800 rebellion in Virginia, aiming to gain freedom for enslaved people, but was ultimately thwarted and executed.  Haitian A successful slave uprising in Saint-Domingue, led by Toussaint L’Overture, Revolution resulted in Haiti’s independence and the abolition of slavery. Benjamin He was a free African American scientist, inventor, and abolitionist known for his Banneker almanacs and correspondence with Thomas Jefferson advocating for the abolition of slavery. Prince Hall An African American abolitionist and founder of the first African American Masonic lodge, advocating for the rights and freedom of enslaved people. James Forten A free African American inventor, businessman, and abolitionist who fought for the Continental Navy during the American Revolution and advocated for emancipation. Oney Judge An enslaved woman who belonged to George Washington. She escaped in 1796, seeking freedom in New England, and lived as a fugitive for the rest of her life. Toussaint A former enslaved Haitian revolutionary leader who led the Haitian revolution, L’Overture overthrowing French colonial rule and abolishing slavery in Haiti. Mary Prince An enslaved Afro-Bohemian woman who became an abolitionist after gaining freedom, writing her autobiography exposes the brutal realities of slavery. Phyllis Wheatley An enslaved African American poet who became the first published African American woman, using her writing to address slavery and racial inequality. Stono Rebellion Occurring in 1739 in South Carolina, it was a slave uprising where enslaved Africans fought for freedom, leading to stricter slave codes. Isabella Later known as Sojourner Truth, she was an abolitionist and women’s rights Baumfree activist born into slavery, and she became famous for her powerful speeches. Nat Turner An enslaved African American who led a violent 1831 rebellion in Virginia, aiming to overthrow slavery, resulting in many deaths and reprisals. William Lloyd A prominent abolitionist, journalist, and the founder of The Liberator, an Garrison anti-slavery newspaper advocating for the immediate emancipation of enslaved people. Charlotte Forten An African American abolitionist, educator, and writer who worked to support the Union cause during the Civil War and advocated for African American rights. Maria Stewart An African American abolitionist, educator, and writer known for her powerful speeches advocating for racial equality, women’s rights, and the abolition of slavery. Pio Pico The last Mexican governor of California owned enslaved people before California became a state where slavery was officially abolished in 1850. John Brown An abolitionist who led violent raids, including the 1859 Harpers Ferry raid, aiming to incite an armed slave rebellion and end slavery.  Robert Purvis A prominent African American abolitionist, a key member of the Pennsylvania anti-slavery society, and an active conductor on the Underground Railroad. Dred Scott An enslaved African American sued for his freedom in 1857, but the Supreme Court ruled against him, reinforcing slavery’s legal status. Charles Sumner An abolitionist and U.S. senator known for his strong anti-slavery stance, he was famously beaten in 1856 after criticizing pro-slavery forces in Kansas. Elijah P. Lovejoy An abolitionist newspaper editor who was killed by pro-slavery activists in 1837 while defending his printing press in Alton, Illinois. Biddy Mason An African American woman born into slavery who gained freedom became a successful businesswoman in California and supported abolitionist causes. Martin Delaney An African American abolitionist, physician, and writer known for advocating black nationalism and the emigration of freed enslaved people to Africa. Elizabeth An African American seamstress, former enslaved woman, and confidante to Mary Keckley Todd Lincoln, advocating for the rights of freedpeople during Reconstruction. Granville Sharpe A British abolitionist and one of the society's founding members for effecting the abolition of the slave trade. Arthur Tappan A prominent abolitionist and philanthropist who played a key role in the American anti-slavery society and supported the abolition of slavery in the U.S. James An African American frontiersman, explorer, and former enslaved person known Beckwourth for his role in the Western expansion and as the trailblazer in the American West. Joseph Roberts A free African American who became the first president of Liberia, a nation founded by formerly enslaved people from the U.S. Andrew Jackson The seventh U.S. president was a slave owner who strongly supported slavery’s expansion, enforcing policies that benefited plantation agriculture and suppressed abolitionist efforts. William Still An African American abolitionist and conductor on the Underground Railroad documented the stories of escaping enslaved people and helping many reach freedom. Prudence A teacher and abolitionist who founded a school for African American girls in Crandall Connecticut is facing resistance to her advocacy for racial equality. 13th Amendment Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for a crime where the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States or any place subject to their jurisdiction—section 2. Congress shall have the power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. Racialization The social process of categorizing individuals based on race was often used during slavery to justify the oppression and exploitation of African people.  Castas People of mixed origin in Spanish colonial society. Led to a system of hierarchy based on race. Kansas Nebraska The act repeals the Missouri Compromise and permits the admission of Kansas and Act Nebraska territories to the union after their populations decide on slavery. Fugitive Slave Required citizens to assist in capturing runaway enslaved people, penalizing those Law of 1850 who helped them escape, intensifying tensions over slavery. Emancipation Whereas on the 22nd day of September, A.D. 1862, a proclamation was issued by Proclamation the president of the United States, containing, among other things, the following, to wit: “That on the 1st day of January, A.D. 1863, all persons held as slaves within any State or designated part of a State the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States shall be then, thence forward, and forever free.” Part 2: Short Answer 1.​ List five types of labor Ancient Roman enslaved people performed a variety of labor tasks. for ancient Roman They worked as household servants, cooks, and caretakers, enslaved people. contributing to the daily functioning of Roman households. Many were employed in agriculture, especially on large estates, cultivating crops like grain and vineyards. Others served as miners, laboring in dangerous conditions, or worked as craftsmen, artisans, teachers, or physicians. 2.​ List four types of Modern slavery includes various forms of exploitation. One type is modern slavery. chattel slavery, where individuals are treated as property and forced into labor without freedom. Debt bondage or bonded labor occurs when people are forced to work to repay a debt, often under impossible conditions. Sex trafficking involves the forced exploitation of individuals in prostitution or pornography. Lastly, forced labor refers to situations where people are coerced into working under threat or abuse, often in hazardous conditions. 3.​ What labor did enslaved In addition to agricultural labor, enslaved Black people in North Black people perform America performed various non-agricultural tasks. They worked as outside of agricultural skilled laborers in carpentry, blacksmithing, and brickmaking work in North America? industries, often building infrastructure and producing goods for their enslavers. Many were employed in urban settings as domestic servants, cooks, and nannies, providing essential household labor. Enslaved people also worked in shipyards, as porters, and as personal attendants to wealthy families, contributing significantly to the economy beyond agriculture. 4.​ What distinguished the The work of enslaved women and men in the Americas often work of slave women differed based on gendered expectations and physical demands. and men in the Enslaved men typically performed heavy labor, such as working in Americas? the fields, construction, or skilled trades like blacksmithing and carpentry. Enslaved women, while also working in agriculture, were  often assigned domestic tasks like cooking, cleaning, and childcare, as well as textile production. Women's labor was crucial in maintaining the household and supporting family structures, while men’s labor was central to the plantation economy and external output. 5.​ List four societies Several societies outside of the Americas also utilized slave labor. outside of the Americas In Ancient Egypt, enslaved individuals were used for large-scale that used slave labor. construction projects, including building monuments like the pyramids. Ancient Rome relied heavily on enslaved labor in agriculture, mines, household work, and public works like roads and aqueducts. The Ottoman Empire and Ancient Mesopotamia employed enslaved people in domestic service, military positions, and administrative roles. 6.​ Name 2 major African Two major African ethnic groups that came to colonial British ethnic groups that came North America were the Mende and the Igbo. The Mende people to colonial British North originated from the region now known as Sierra Leone in West America, list where they Africa and were most populous in South Carolina and Virginia. The came from in Africa, Igbo people came from southeastern Nigeria and were primarily and where they were found in the southern colonies, particularly in South Carolina and most populous in Georgia. Both groups contributed significantly to the labor force on colonial British North plantations, especially in rice and tobacco cultivation. America. 7.​ Describe the impact of Lord Dunmore’s Proclamation, issued in 1775, offered freedom to Lord Dunmore’s enslaved Black people who escaped from Patriot enslavers and proclamation on Black joined the British forces. This significantly impacted Black participation in the participation in the military by encouraging many enslaved loyalists and patriot individuals to fight for the Loyalists, promising liberty in return for military forces. service. The proclamation led to a notable increase in Black enlistment in the British army, with some joining regiments like the Ethiopian Regiment. It also sparked tension among Patriots, leading to increased recruitment efforts to prevent Black soldiers from joining the Loyalists. 8.​ How did the slave trade The slave trade had a significant impact on the economy of the affect the economy of northern British colonies, even though slavery was less widespread northern British there than in the South. Northern merchants profited from the colonies? transatlantic slave trade by trading goods such as rum, textiles, and firearms for enslaved Africans. Ports like Boston, New York, and Newport became central hubs for trade, stimulating local economies and industries, including shipbuilding and manufacturing. Additionally, many northern businesses relied on the products of slave labor in the South, such as tobacco, sugar, and cotton, further intertwining the northern economy with the institution of slavery. 9.​ What factors during the During the era of the American Revolution, several factors era of the American suggested slavery might soon end. The revolutionary rhetoric of Revolution indicated liberty and equality challenged the moral legitimacy of slavery,  slavery may shortly notably as many northern states began gradually abolishing it. The come to an end? efforts of abolitionist groups, including petitions and activism, gained momentum, especially in the North. Additionally, the British offer of freedom to enslaved people who joined their forces during the Revolution highlighted the contradictions of slavery in a nation fighting for independence. 10.​ What items were traded In Africa, enslaved people were often traded for a variety of goods, for enslaved people in including firearms, textiles, alcohol, and metal tools. European Africa? traders exchanged these items for enslaved Africans, who were captured or sold by African middlemen. Other goods traded for enslaved people included beads, jewelry, and brassware, valued by African societies. These trade items helped fuel the transatlantic slave trade, creating a system of exchange that benefited European colonial powers. 11.​ Give at least two Africans brought several valuable skills to the Americas, examples of skills that significantly impacting the developing colonial economies. One Africans brought to the example is their expertise in agriculture, particularly in rice Americas that affected cultivation, which was vital in places like South Carolina and the developing colonial Georgia, where African knowledge of wetland farming helped economies. create profitable rice plantations. Additionally, many Africans brought skills in craftsmanship, such as metalworking, weaving, and carpentry, which contributed to the development of infrastructure and manufacturing in the colonies. These skills were crucial for the growth and success of the colonial economy, especially in the southern regions. 12.​ How is slavery Slavery is addressed in several parts of the U.S. Constitution, addressed in the U.S. although it does not explicitly use the term "slavery." The Constitution? Three-Fifths Compromise counted enslaved people as three-fifths of a person for representation and taxation purposes. The Fugitive Slave Clause required runaway slaves to be returned to their owners, even if they escaped to free states. Additionally, the Slave Trade Clause allowed the transatlantic slave trade to continue until 1808, though it authorized Congress to regulate it after that date. 13.​ How is slavery The Confederate Constitution, adopted in 1861, explicitly protected addressed in the slavery. It recognized the institution as legal and prohibited any law Confederate that would interfere with the right to enslave people. The Constitution? Constitution also guaranteed that the right to hold enslaved people in the Confederacy could not be abolished or restricted by the federal government. Additionally, it included a provision requiring states to return fugitive slaves to their owners, reinforcing the protection of slavery within Confederate territory. 14.​ How did slavery in Slavery in Barbados profoundly impacted the institution's Barbados affect the development in other British colonies, particularly in the Caribbean institution's and southern North America. The success of the sugar plantation development in other economy in Barbados, which relied heavily on enslaved African  British colonies? labor, served as a model for other colonies like Jamaica and South Carolina. The brutal treatment of enslaved people on Barbadian plantations influenced the implementation of similarly harsh slave codes in different colonies. Additionally, Barbados' wealth generated by slave labor contributed to the broader British economy, encouraging the expansion of slavery throughout the empire to support lucrative cash crops like sugar, tobacco, and cotton. 15.​ What were the general American abolitionists were typically individuals who vehemently characteristics of opposed slavery and worked to end it through various means, American abolitionists? including activism, writing, and political efforts. Many were motivated by moral, religious, or humanitarian beliefs, with groups like the Quakers playing a prominent role in the abolition movement. Abolitionists were often outspoken in advocating for the rights of enslaved people, with some, like Frederick Douglass and Harriet Tubman, having direct experience with slavery. They came from diverse backgrounds, including formerly enslaved individuals, white reformers, and women, and they worked both within and outside the political system to push for emancipation and equality. 16.​ What conditions led to The invention of the cotton gin primarily drove the U.S. cotton the development of the boom in 1793, which significantly increased the efficiency of cotton U.S. cotton boom? processing. This, combined with the growing demand for cotton in textile mills, particularly in Britain, made cotton a highly profitable crop. The expansion of cotton plantations in the South, relying heavily on enslaved labor, fueled the boom, as cotton became the dominant agricultural product. Additionally, favorable climate conditions and the availability of cheap land in the South contributed to the rapid growth of cotton cultivation during the early 19th century. 17.​ How did the U.S. cotton The U.S. cotton boom played a crucial role in fueling boom impact industrialization in both the U.S. and Britain. In Britain, the industrialization in the increased supply of cotton from the South supported the growth of U.S. and Britain? the textile industry, driving the expansion of factories and the development of new machinery, such as the spinning jenny and power loom. In the U.S., the cotton boom contributed to the rise of textile mills in the North, creating a burgeoning industrial sector that relied on southern cotton. However, the boom also reinforced the reliance on slavery in the South, intertwining the economies of both regions in a system that fueled industrial growth but depended on exploitation. 18.​ How did the U.S. gold The U.S. Gold Rush, which began in 1848, led to an increase in rush impact Black Black migration to California, both free Black people and enslaved migration to California? individuals seeking freedom. The promise of wealth drew many Black migrants, though they faced significant racial discrimination and legal restrictions. Free Black people were often barred from mining or owning land, while enslaved Black people were brought  to California by their owners, who sought to exploit their labor. Despite these challenges, Black miners and settlers played a key role in California's economy and early development, though they struggled for equal rights and opportunities. 19.​ How did Illinois limit Illinois, despite being a free state, imposed various legal barriers to the migration of free limit the migration of free Black people. The state's Black Codes, Blacks? passed in the early 19th century, required free Blacks to register with local authorities and provide evidence of employment, often restricting their ability to settle freely. In 1829, Illinois passed a law that prohibited free Blacks from entering the state unless they had a written declaration from their former owner or a court that they had a right to be there. These laws were designed to prevent free Blacks from settling in Illinois and contributing to the Black population, reflecting the racial prejudices of the time. 20.​ How did free Black Between 1810 and 1860, the voting privileges of free Black males male voting privileges in the United States significantly changed, primarily through the change between 1810 restriction or outright removal of their voting rights. In the early and 1860? 19th century, some Northern states, like Pennsylvania and New Jersey, allowed free Black men to vote, though often under specific conditions such as property ownership or tax payment. However, by the 1830s and 1840s, many states, particularly in the North, began passing laws that either limited or completely disenfranchised free Black men. These changes reflected the growing racial tensions and the rise of pro-slavery sentiment leading up to the Civil War. 21.​ How did the The Underground Railroad was a secret network of routes, safe Underground Railroad houses, and individuals that helped enslaved African Americans operate? escape from the South to freedom in the North or Canada. Conductors like Harriet Tubman guided escapees through various routes, providing shelter, food, and protection. Abolitionists, free Blacks, and even sympathetic white individuals played key roles in operating the network, often risking their lives to assist fugitives. The network was decentralized and covert, with participants using coded language and signals to avoid detection by slave catchers. 22.​ Why did free and Free and escaped Blacks in the antebellum U.S. moved to Mexico escaped Blacks in the primarily to escape the pervasive system of slavery and racial antebellum U.S. move to discrimination in the United States. Mexico abolished slavery in Mexico? 1829, offering a more favorable environment for freedom and opportunities. Additionally, the expansion of U.S. slavery into new territories, such as Texas, prompted some Black individuals to seek refuge in Mexico, where they could live without the threat of being captured or enslaved. Mexico's relatively inclusive policies toward Black people and its proximity to the U.S. made it an attractive destination for those seeking a better life. 23.​ Describe the The Colonization Movement was a 19th-century initiative to Colonization Movement. resettle free African Americans to Africa rather than integrate them  into American society. It was supported by both abolitionists and those who wanted to rid the U.S. of Black people, albeit for different reasons. The movement led to the establishment of Liberia in 1822 as a colony for formerly enslaved individuals and free Blacks from the U.S. While proponents argued it would offer freedom and opportunity, critics saw it as a way to avoid addressing racial equality within the U.S. itself. 24.​ What did William William Leidesdorff was a pioneering African American Leidesdorff do to businessman who played a significant role in the development of develop California? California, particularly during its early days as part of the U.S. He established a thriving trading post in San Francisco, which became one of the city's first commercial establishments. Leidesdorff also helped develop California's agricultural economy by investing in land and promoting cattle ranching. Additionally, he contributed to the region's infrastructure, including constructing the first pier in San Francisco, which helped facilitate trade and growth. 25.​ Why did people believe In 1800, many people believed slavery was "dying out" in the U.S. that slavery was “dying due to the spread of abolitionist sentiment in the North and the out” in the U.S. in 1800? gradual abolition of slavery in Northern states. Additionally, the rise of industrialization in the North, which did not rely on slave labor, contrasted with the agricultural South, where slavery remained entrenched. The invention of the cotton gin in 1793 increased the profitability of cotton. Still, its impact was not fully realized then, leading some to believe that slavery would naturally fade as economies diversified. There was also a belief that the institution could not survive in a nation founded on principles of liberty and equality. Part 3: Essay Questions 1.​ Describe the Black Introduction Atlantic slave trade ​ Overview of the Black Atlantic slave trade and its global (demography over time, significance. geography, trade Demography, Geography, and Organization organization, trading ​ Demographic impact (millions of Africans), key regions negotiations, trading (West Africa, the Americas, Europe), and the structure of items, major participants, the triangle trade. types of capture, Trading Negotiations, Items, and Capture experiences of captives, ​ Goods exchanged (firearms, textiles), items traded (sugar, Middle Passage, impact tobacco), and methods of capture (raids, kidnapping). on Americas, impact on Experiences of Captives and the Middle Passage Africa). ​ Conditions for captives during capture and transport, focusing on the brutal Middle Passage. Impact on the Americas and Africa ​ Economic and cultural impacts on the Americas and the societal disruption in Africa. Conclusion  ​ Summary of the enduring effects of the slave trade. 2.​ Describe the relationship Introduction of the American ​ Introduction to the American Revolution and its connection Revolution to the to slavery. institution of slavery in Revolutionary Ideals vs. Slavery the United States ​ Contrast between the Revolution’s ideals of liberty and the (philosophical ideals; continued existence of slavery. relationships of founding Founding Fathers and Slavery fathers to the institution; ​ The Founding Fathers’ relationships to slavery and its decline of slavery in influence on the Revolution. North and Middle states; Slavery in Northern and Middle States lenient manumission ​ The decline of slavery in the North and Middle States after laws in Upper South; the Revolution. participation of blacks Black Participation, Slavery in the Constitution, and Conclusion on both sides of the ​ Black participation in the war, slavery’s treatment in the fight; slavery in the Constitution, and a brief conclusion on the Revolution’s Constitution; etc.) effect on slavery. 3.​ Describe the Introduction development and ​ Brief overview of the antislavery movement in the U.S. operation of the Early Efforts (18th Century) antislavery movement in ​ Initial abolitionist actions and the influence of the 18th and 19th Enlightenment ideas. century United States. Rise of Abolitionist Groups (19th Century) ​ Formation of groups like the American Anti-Slavery Society and key figures such as William Lloyd Garrison. Abolitionist Tactics ​ Use of speeches, newspapers, and the Underground Railroad to promote abolition. Impact and Legacy ​ The movement’s role in ending slavery and influencing future civil rights efforts. 4.​ Describe the social, Introduction political, and legal ​ Brief introduction to Black slavery as a cause of the Civil developments that led to War. Black slavery being a Social Developments significant cause of the ​ The expansion of slavery in the South and the rise of American Civil War. abolitionism in the North. Political Developments ​ Key events like the Missouri Compromise, Kansas-Nebraska Act, and Republican Party formation. Legal Developments ​ The Dred Scott decision and the Fugitive Slave Act. Conclusion ​ Summary of how social, political, and legal factors led to slavery becoming a key cause of the Civil War.