Plant & Animal Reproduction PDF

Plant Reproduction Non-Vascular Plants ○ simple plants without vascular system ○ appear to be small because they lack the vascular system needed to transport food and water from far distances ○ Ex. Moss, Algae MOSS LIFE CYCLE -...

Plant Reproduction Non-Vascular Plants ○ simple plants without vascular system ○ appear to be small because they lack the vascular system needed to transport food and water from far distances ○ Ex. Moss, Algae MOSS LIFE CYCLE - The dominant stage in mosses is the gametophyte, which is typically what we recognize as moss. - Mosses reproduce using spores. The gametophyte produces male and female reproductive structures antheridia (male) and archegonia (female). - Sperms from the antheridia swim through water to reach the archegonia, forming a zygote. - The zygote develops into a sporophyte, which is dependent on the gametophyte for nutrients. - The sporophyte consists of a stalk (seta) and a capsule, where spores are produced through meiosis. - Once mature, the capsule releases spores into the environment, completing the cycle. Seedless Vascular Plants ○ simple plants that have a vascular system ○ taller compared to non-vascular plants because they distribute water all over the plant system ○ Ex. Fern Seeding Vascular Plants (Spermatophytes) ○ has two types ; Gymnosperms and Angiosperms ○ Seed comes from ripened seed producing plants Angiosperms Gymnosperms - Flowering plants whose seeds are - seed producing plants whose inside the fruit / flower seeds are not found in flowers - Uses pollinators such as bees - Uses cones - Ex. Apple tree (produces fruits) - Ex. Pine trees (seeds are in the  Sunflower (has flowers) cones) Animal Reproduction Asexual Reproduction Budding - occurs when the offspring grows out of the body of the parent - Ex. Hydra Gemmation - happens when an organism spontaneously develops gemmules that turns into a new organism - Ex. Sponges Fragmentation - occurs when one part of an organism gives rise to another - Ex. Flatworms ○ In the case of flatworms, the animal splits at a particular joint and regenerates from both ends. Sexual Reproduction two organisms produce offspring that have characteristics from both parents. Through this, a new gene combination is introduced.