Animal and Plant Reproduction PDF

Animal Reproduction (Sexual Reproduction)  fertilization is the fusion of a sperm cell and an egg cell to form a zygote, the first cell of a new organism  fertilization Internal fertilization External fertil...

Animal Reproduction (Sexual Reproduction)  fertilization is the fusion of a sperm cell and an egg cell to form a zygote, the first cell of a new organism  fertilization Internal fertilization External fertilization Internal fertilization occurs when the sperm cell External fertilization occurs when the sperm fuses with the egg cell inside the female cell fuses with the egg cell outside the female reproductive tract. reproductive tract. This is the most common type of fertilization in This type of fertilization is common in aquatic mammals, including humans. animals, such as fish and amphibians.  Human reproduction: Male Reproductive System Testes – male reproductive organs Seminiferous tubules - Produce sperm (spermatogenesis) Regulated by hormones (GnRH: FSH, LH) Human reproduction: Male Reproductive System  Human reproduction: Female Reproductive System Ovaries ▪ Oogenesis – development of ovarian follicle ▪ Secretion of estrogen and progesterone Fallopian tubes (oviducts) - area where fertilization occurs Uterus (womb) Endometrium Myometrium Human reproduction: Female Reproductive System Hormonal Regulation of Animal Reproduction A. The Pituitary Gland secretes two (2) Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormones 1. Luteinizing Hormone (LH) -in male: causes testes to secrete testosterone -in female: It causes ovulation and it causes to secrete progesterone Hormonal Regulation of Animal Reproduction A. The Pituitary Gland secretes two (2)Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormones 2. Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FHS) -in male: causes testes to produce sperm -in female: causes the growth of ovarian follicle and it causes cells to secrete estrogen.  End of Presentation  Animal reproduction  Animal Development 1. Gametogenesis - is the process by which diploid precursor cells undergo meiotic division to become haploid gametes (sex cells) In males, this process is called spermatogenesis and produce spermatozoa (sperm) In females, this process is called oogenesis and produce ova (eggs)  Animal Development 2. Fertilization -as the union of two haploid gametes, the spermatozoa and the oocyte, hereto referred to as egg, to restore the diploid state, form a zygote blastocyst blastocoel  Animal Development 3. Implantation Uterine lining blastocyst -The blastocyst attaches to the uterine lining, a process called implantation. This is a critical step in early pregnancy, as it allows the embryo to receive nutrients and oxygen from the mother's blood.  Animal Development 4. Gastrulation The inner cell mass of the blastocyst undergoes a series of complex changes called gastrulation, which establishes the three primary germ layers: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. These germ layers will give rise to all the tissues and organs of the body. Later differentiates into:  Animal Development 5. Embryonic Stage -The embryonic stage lasts from the third through the eighth week of pregnancy. -Development of the major organs and organ systems -Formation of the neural tube, which will eventually become the brain and spinal cord -Development of the limbs and eyes  Animal Development 6. Fetal Stage -The fetal stage lasts from the ninth week of pregnancy until birth. -Continued growth and development of all organs and organ systems -Development of the senses Maturation of the lungs and other organs in preparation for birth  End of Presentation  Plant reproduction (angiosperm) Competency: Compare and contrast the following processes in plants and animals: reproduction, development, nutrition, gas exchange, transport/circulation, regulation of body fluids, chemical and nervous control, immune systems, and sensory and motor mechanisms. Reproduction  angiosperm are also known as flowering plants and having seeds enclosed within their fruit gymnosperm have no flowers or fruits and have naked seeds on the surface of their leaves. Example: conifers, ginkgo, gnetophytes  Plant Reproduction Structure of a Flower Stamen Male portion of a flower Made up of anther and filament The anther produces haploid pollen grains by meiosis. Most flowers have multiple stamens.  Plant Reproduction Structure of a Flower Carpel/Pistil Female portion of a flower Stigma – sticky; to trap pollen Style – hollow tube which connects stigma and ovary Ovary – produces female gametes  Plant Reproduction Monoecious - Stamens and pistils occur on separate flowers, but the same plant Cucurbita maxima Carica papaya Dioecious - Staminate and pistillate flowers occur on separate plants  Gametogenesis Formation of Male Gametophyte  Inside the anthers’ microsporangia, male gametophytes divide by meiosis to generate haploid microspores which, in turn, undergo mitosis and give rise to pollen grains.  Pollen grain contains two cells: one generative cell that will become the pollen tube cell.  Gametogenesis Formation of Female Gametophyte  The ovule inside the ovary contains the megasporangium.  Within each megasporangium, a megasporocyte undergoes meiosis, generating four megaspores: three small and one large.  Pollination  Pollination – the transfer of pollen from an anther to a receptive stigma. 4 - agents: animals, wind, water, humans - Self-pollination - Cross-pollination  Fertilization  Fertilization – one sperm and egg combine, forming a diploid zygote, the future embryo.  Double Fertilization – other sperm fuses with the 2n polar nuclei, forming a triploid cell that will develop into the endosperm, which is the tissue that serves as a food reserve. Embryonic Development  Embryogenesis occurs naturally as a result of single, or double fertilization, of the ovule, giving rise to two distinct structures: the plant embryo and the endosperm which go on to develop into a seed. Ovules become seed Ovary matures into a fruit Seed Germination and Growth Germination is the resumption of growth and development after period of seed dormancy. Epigeal germination indicates the germination of the plant above the ground. Hypogeal germination is an Indicative of plant germination under the ground. -End of Presentation-  Modes of Nutrition Autotrophic Heterotrophic producers consumers - can produce their own food - cannot produce their own food  Plant Nutrition Photosynthesis The process by which light energy is converted to chemical energy in order for the plant to make their own food. 2 stages: - Light dependent reaction - Light independent reaction 6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight  C6H12O6 + 6O2  Plant Parts Involved in Photosynthesis Leaves The part of the plant where photosynthesis takes place. stomata Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide happens. Plant Parts Involved in Photosynthesis Chloroplast Contain the green pigment called chlorophyll that traps sunlight Thylakoid membrane - Light-dependent reactions occur stroma - Light-independent reactions occur (Calvin cycle) Feeding Mechanism of Carnivorous Plants Insect – eating plants capture and digest their preys through pitfalls and traps.  Feeding Mechanism of Carnivorous Plants Pitcher Plant Gives a sweet odor to make their prey fall into the pitcher  Feeding Mechanism of Carnivorous Plants Pitcher Plant Attracting mechanism: Visual Attraction: - Bright color, shiny, reflective surfaces, nectar like substance on lid and rim Chemical attraction: - Sweet nectar like scent, volatile organic compounds, Amino-acid based attractants Gives a sweet odor to make their prey Structural attractants - Slippery waxy coating, downward-facing hairs fall into the pitcher (guide insects inward), constricted entrance (prevents exit)  Feeding Mechanism of Carnivorous Plants Pitcher Plant Trapping mechanism: Slip-and-fall mechanism 1. Insects land on the rim or lid 2. Slip on waxy coating or hairs 3. Fall into pitcher-shaped trap. Gives a sweet odor Digestive fluid to make their prey 1. Enzyme-rich liquid breaks down insect bodies fall into the pitcher 2. Nutrients absorbed through plant tissue  Feeding Mechanism of Carnivorous Plants Pitcher Plant Attracting prey: Colorful lures: Brightly colored patches, nectar glands, and sweet scents entice insects to climb the pitcher's slippery rim. Hairy pathways: Downward-pointing hairs guide Gives a sweet odor insects towards the pitcher's mouth, preventing them to make their prey from climbing back up. fall into the pitcher  Feeding Mechanism of Carnivorous Plants Venus Flytrap Closes down and traps their prey when touched.  Feeding Mechanism of Carnivorous Plants Venus Flytrap Attracting mechanism Visual attraction - Colorful leaves (have striking red and green colors), shiny surface Chemical attraction - The leaves produces nectar releasing sweet, sticky substance Closes down and - Releases terpenes and ester that mimic traps their prey floral scent when touched.  Feeding Mechanism of Carnivorous Plants Venus Flytrap Trapping mechanism - Trigger hairs, each leaf has 3 – 5 trigger hairs that respond to movement - When insect touches 2 or more trigger hairs, the leaf snap shut. - Rapid closure, the leaf closes in 0.1 Closes down and seconds trapping the insects. traps their prey when touched. - Interlocking teeth, the leaf edges have interlocking teeth that prevent scape.  Feeding Mechanism of Carnivorous Plants Venus Flytrap Digestion: 1. Enzyme release – the plant releases digestive enzymes to break down the insects 1. Nutrient absorption – the plant absorbs nutrients from the digested insects. Closes down and traps their prey when touched.  Feeding Mechanism of Carnivorous Plants Cobra Lily Confuses their prey when they enter its translucent window in the leaf.  Feeding Mechanism of Carnivorous Plants Cobra Lily Attracting mechanism Visual attraction - Slippery cup- the plant slippery, cupped structure that resembles a cobra’s hood - Translucent windows’ – the cup has translucent areas that allow sunlight to pass through, creating a shimmering effect Chemical attraction - Scent emission – sweet, fermented smell that mimics decaying matter Confuses their prey - Nutrient-rich fluid – a nutrient rich fluid inside the cup when they enter its attracts insects seeking food. translucent window in the leaf.  Feeding Mechanism of Carnivorous Plants Cobra Lily Trapping mechanism - Inward facing hairs – the cup’s interior has inward-facing hairs that prevent insects from scaping - Slippery surface – insects slide into the cup and cannot climb back out Digestion - Enzyme release – the plant releases digestive enzymes to Confuses their prey break down the trapped insects. when they enter its - Nutrient absorption – the plant absorbs the nutrients from translucent window the digested insects. in the leaf.  Feeding Mechanism of Carnivorous Plants Yellow Pitcher Plant Collects rainwater to attract their prey.  Feeding Mechanism of Carnivorous Plants Yellow Pitcher Plant Attracting mechanism: Visual attraction Lure of the Yellow: The vibrantly colored pitcher, often adorned with nectar drops, attracts insects seeking food and a sunny landing spot. Chemical attraction Collects rainwater Sweet Deceptions: Glands lining the pitcher's rim to attract their and hood secrete nectar, further enticing insects to prey. explore the inviting opening.  Feeding Mechanism of Carnivorous Plants Yellow Pitcher Plant Trapping mechanism : Downward Spiral: The smooth, waxy inner walls of the pitcher are covered in tiny, downward-pointing hairs. These act as a one-way street, allowing insects to enter but making it nearly impossible for them to climb back out. The Liquid Abyss: At the bottom of the pitcher sits a Collects rainwater pool of watery liquid composed of rainwater, to attract their digestive enzymes, and bacteria. This liquid serves prey. as both a drowning agent and a soup kitchen for the plant.  Feeding Mechanism of Carnivorous Plants Yellow Pitcher Plant Digestion: Enzyme-release The digestive enzymes, produced by the pitcher plant and aided by the resident bacteria, break down the insect's body into easily absorbable nutrients. Nutrient absorption The yellow pitcher plant absorbs these Collects rainwater nutrients from the liquid bath, supplementing its diet in the often to attract their nutrient-poor bogs and wetlands where it thrives. prey. Bonus Bites:  Feeding Mechanism of Carnivorous Plants Sundew Traps its prey using its sticky substance found in their leaves.  Feeding Mechanism of Carnivorous Plants Sundew Attracting mechanism: Visual attraction - Glistening droplets – produce sticky droplets of mucilage on their leaves resembling dew. - Colorful leaves – display bright green, red, or purple colors, attracting insects Chemical attraction Traps its prey - Sweet scent – floral fragrance that attract pollinators using its sticky and prey substance found in - Volatile organic compound (VOCs) – emit VOCs that their leaves. mimic floral scent  Feeding Mechanism of Carnivorous Plants Trapping mechanism: Sundew Sticky trap: insects land on leaf, getting stick in the mucilage droplets. Digestion - Enzyme release – releases digestive enzymes to break down the trapped insects Traps its prey - Nutrient absorption – the plant absorbs nutrients using its sticky from the digestive insects. substance found in their leaves. Plant Nutrition  CRITERIA ANIMALS PLANTS Mode of nutrition Heterotrophic Autotrophic Macro : Carbohydrates, Macro: N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S Required nutrients proteins, and fats Micro : Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, B, Micro : vitamins and Mo minerals Nutrient source Food consumption Soil, Air, Sunlight No digestive system, absorb nutrients Digestion and Complex digestive through roots and leaves absorption system, Uses enzymes Uses enzymes for nutrient uptake and utilization Parts involve Digestive system, and Leaves, stomata, chloroplast, accessory organs and accessory organs  End of Presentation