Egas Moniz - Nutritional pathologies MIMV.pdf

Egas Moniz NUTRITION AND FEEDING MIMV Exotic Animals SUMMARY Main nutritional pathologies in: Birds Reptiles Mammals Introduction As we have already mentioned, nutritional pathologies are very common in e...

Egas Moniz NUTRITION AND FEEDING MIMV Exotic Animals SUMMARY Main nutritional pathologies in: Birds Reptiles Mammals Introduction As we have already mentioned, nutritional pathologies are very common in exotic animals. It is important to understand which are the most common pathologies in order to understand how to act and cure these pathologies. If we still have time! In these nutritional pathologies we will also include poisoning. Introduction What problems can we have with exotic animals? Nutrient/mineral deficiencies Nutrient/mineral poisoning Toxicity Metabolic Also known as secondary nutritional hyperarathyroidism or fibrous bone osteodystrophy. disease For obvious reasons, calcium depletion in the diet leads to decreased absorption of this mineral in the intestine. In addition, we have a deficiency of vitamin D3 Metabolic We have two origins of DOM bone Rickets disease Secondary nutritional hyperparathyroidism They are different things, let us be correct in our words about them. Metabolic Rickets bone Animals that do not have a sufficient source of vitamin D3 in their diet - both food and exposure disease to sunlight. As for sunlight, the lack of UVB lamps - Usually a supplementation of UV light with a wavelength of 290-315nm is required. Incredible as it may seem, in reptiles there is no evidence of the importance of vitamin D in the diet. Vit D3 Vitamin D is not all the same. Calcitriol is the most bioactive metabolite of this vitamin. The process is not simple: Cholecalciferol - Liver Calcidiol - Kidney. (Where Calcitriol is activated) Carnivorous animals are safeguarded, since rodents for example, are rich in vitamin D, however, herbivores and omnivores are at a disadvantage, hence the need for Basking spots with UVB Hypervitaminose D There is not always a shortage. Excess vitamin D is also harmful and can cause hypercalcification of tissues. Normally, this accumulation occurs in several organs. The best way to diagnose this pathology is through a very common diagnostic technique, can you know which one?  Reptiles Who helps me? hypercalcicamia-thyroid gland-calcitonin: kidney release more stop absorption from small intestin decrease bone resorption Hypocalcemia-parathyroid gland-parathyroid hormone: fait l’inverse Calcium-phosphorus ratio The Inseparable Friends It is not because we have high levels of calcium that the animal will stop having hypocalcemia. It is important to understand that calcium and phosphorus are related. If we have too much calcium and too little phosphorus, it will not be deposited in the bones. Recalling: The normal and acceptable for reptiles is food with a ratio of 1.5-2 : 1 (Ca:P) Obesity Very common Some species are more prone to obesity than others. Amazon, Galah and Sulphurea Cockatoos, Australian Parakeets. Bearded dragons, leopard gecko Rabbits, guinea pigs. Usually with diets high in carbohydrates and fat. Hepatic Lipidosis Fat accumulation can happen at the visceral level. These animals suffer from organ degeneration. The main symptoms are: Incomplete moulting; Feathers in poor condition; Neurological signs; Biliverdinuria; Hypoproteinemia; Growth delays. Among others. Hepatic Lipidosis Hepatic Lipidosis Diagnosis: Anamnesis of the animal Blood analytics Echography Biopsy Radiology Outdoor Signs Hypovitaminos Is A Common in herbivorous and omnivorous animals Vitamin A – Also called retinol It mainly affects mucocutaneous transitions with metaplasia of these tissues (they grow larger than normal). Hypovitaminosis A Common in herbivorous and omnivorous animals Vitamin A – Also called retinol Choanal papillae are a great indicator of vitamin A deficiency. The respiratory system and mucociliary system are the ones that suffer the most from these changes, which is why these animals are more easily vulnerable to repiratory infections. Hypovitaminos Is A Common in herbivorous and omnivorous animals Vitamin A – Also called retinol In these birds, lack of retinol leads to neonatal blindness. Supplementation of these animals is essential if they do not have access to food rich in vitamin A, as is the case with newborn rats. Hypovitaminos Is A Common in herbivorous and omnivorous animals Vitamin A – Also called retinol The same squamous metaplasia occurs, which is often mistaken for abscesses. In these cases, the animals stop feeding and end up dying in catabolism. The solution is supplementation with Vitamin A and surgical removal of these structures. HypovitaminosIs C P. India and Capybaras Guinea pigs and capybaras cannot synthesize vitamin C, as other mammals do. In these two species there is an absence of L- Gulonolactone oxidase. It converts L- gulonolactone acid into ascorbic acid. It is for this reason that they depend exclusively on the intake of this vitamin. They may therefore develop Scurvy Scurvy P. India and Capybaras Scurvy is characterized by a decrease in the quality of the skin. In addition, we may have joint edema, generalized weakness and bleeding gums, deformities of the long bones. It is possible to have secondary pathologies associated with this hypovitaminosis, without other associated symptoms. Scurvy P. India and Capybaras Some foods rich in vitamin C should be the focus of these animals' diets. Thus, we avoid supplementation with heterologous vitamins used in other species. The treatment of this pathology is done using highly concentrated Vitamin C, however, this supplementation must be done slowly. They often do not recover from all the sequelae. HypovitaminosIs C Tamnophis In snake species it may be associated with stomatitis. Although there is still no evidence to support this question. Iodine deficiency Very common in perquitos These animals that are fed exclusively on seeds (remember that they are animals that naturally do this) These seeds are very low in iodine. In this sense, we may have secondary severe respiratory changes. This is because there is secondary thyroid hyperplosis. Compression of the syrinx is normal. Iodine deficiency Very common in perquitos This compression happens because the thyroid needs to produce more T3 and T4 to maintain body homeostasis (hence growth). Thus, we have symptoms such as: Respiratory crackle, wheezing and the difficulty in gas exchange with the outside are at risk of pneumonia and other respiratory pathologies. Hemocromatosis Common in toucans and Mainas It is characterized by excessive accumulation of iron in the liver. This excess occurs when we have diets rich in this element. These birds have evolved to survive in areas where food contains little iron. Thus, they have a much higher assimilation than other species to ensure that they can acquire it. Hemocromatosis Common in toucans and Mainas When this metal accumulates in the liver, there is a release of ionized iron that has the ability to degrade membranes and proteins. These animals should not consume foods rich in vitamin C, as they themselves enhance the assimilation of iron. Hemocromatosis Common in toucans and Mainas The organs are heavily affected. There is a decrease in total proteins (hypoproteinemia). Symptoms? The treatment consists of partial bleeding of the animal, reformulation of the diet and use of natural chelators. Tannins and phytates. Atherochlorosis Across the board Very common in species with diets rich in HC and Fat. There is a build-up of lipids within the arteries that partially or totally occlude them. What are the expected symptoms in these cases? Atherochlorosis Generalizado Treatment consists of removing the food source of fat. In addition, we were able to supplement with some molecules. Arterial clearance of these animals could be done, however, the size makes it difficult. Aflatoxicose Animals that eat peanuts In these animals, aflatoxins can cause liver fibrosis. Although it is not only related to the nutritional part, it is closely related. What symptoms can we expect in these cases? Other pathologies Gout Gout occurs mainly due to kidney dysfunction, however, nutrition is largely related to these conditions. Is excess protein related to kidney failure? Other pathologies Gout Excessive intake of purines. Purines are the precursors of uric acid. This excess can lead to the accumulation of this by-product in both the joints and viscera. Gout is corrected with allopurinol, which prevents precisely this conversion into uric acid. Toe tapping syndrome Eclectus roratus A disease that is still little known It is recommended to remove all forms of processed food, even pellets. Maintain the natural diet in this species which is frugivorous. Avocado Poisoning Psitacídeos The persin present in this fruit is highly toxic. To give you an idea: A parakeet needs to ingest 2g One cockatiel about 20g a parrot about 60g This is an enzyme that works as a fungicide and is highly toxic to the myocardium. It causes myocardial necrosis. Hypovitaminosis Vit B1 Tiamina As previously talked about, very common in Piscivorous animals. In addition to these, we have some herbivores such as iguanas that eat frozen vegetables. This deficiency causes degeneration of the myelin sheaths, leaving the nervous system altered. Blindness, incoordination, muscle tremors, opisthotonos. Hipovitaminose Vit B1 Tiamina  Urolithiases Small mammals Usually associated with low-fiber, high-carbohydrate diets. Alfalfa has a calcium-phosphorus ratio of 5:1, so we must provide foods that help balance this type of food. Excess calcium in the diet causes urinary stones to be produced.