EDUC PSYCH PDF

1. Contemporary Theories The macrosystem encompasses the broader cultural and societal context in which the Urie Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Theory individual lives. emphasizes that human development is infl...

1. Contemporary Theories The macrosystem encompasses the broader cultural and societal context in which the Urie Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Theory individual lives. emphasizes that human development is influenced by different environmental systems Example: In the Philippines, the value placed on that interact with each other and with the bayanihan is an example of how cultural norms individual over time. These systems are influence a person’s sense of social embedded in one another, creating a complex responsibility and community involvement. network of factors that shape development. Chronosystem Five Environmental Systems The chronosystem refers to the dimension of Microsystem time and how life events or changes over time The microsystem is the immediate environment influence development. that directly interacts with an individual, such as family, school, and peers. Example: During the COVID-19 pandemic, many Filipino students had to adapt to online Example: In the Philippines, a microsystem learning, which significantly impacted their social example could be a child's relationship with their interactions and academic development. close-knit family, where traditions like "mano po" (a sign of respect for elders) are taught. This Erik Erikson’s Life-Span Development cultural practice helps shape a child’s Theory suggests that individuals pass through socioemotional development by fostering eight stages of psychosocial development from respect for authority figures. infancy to late adulthood. Each stage presents a unique crisis that must be resolved for healthy Mesosystem development. The mesosystem involves interactions between different microsystems, such as a child’s parents Eight stages of psychosocial development interacting with their teachers. basic points. First, growth takes place according to the Example: When Filipino parents attend epigenetic principle. That is, one component part meetings to discuss their child's performance in arises out of another and has its own time of school, the relationship between the home and ascendancy, but it does not entirely replace school environment is reinforced, contributing to earlier components. the child's development. Second, in every stage of life there is an Exosystem interaction of opposites, that is a conflict The exosystem refers to settings that do not between a syntonic (harmonious) element and a directly involve the individual but still influence dystonic (disruptive) element. During each their development. stages, people must have both harmonious and disruptive experiences. Both of these Example: For instance, if a Filipino parent works experiences are needed to develop a healthy abroad as an OFW, their absence from the personality. family home can indirectly affect the child’s Example: Basic Trust vs. Basic Mistrust emotional and social well-being, even though the child is not directly involved in the work Third, at each stage, the conflict between the setting. dystonic and syntonic elements produces an ego quality or ego strength,which is referred to Macrosystem as a basic strength. Each of the other stages is marked by a basic ego strength that emerges from the clash between the harmonious and the Stage: Early Childhood disruptive elements of that stage. Psychosexual Mode: Anal-Urethral-Muscular Example: Hope Psychosocial Crisis: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt Fourth, too little basic strength at any one stage Basic Strength: Will results in a core pathology for that stage. Each Core Pathology: Compulsion stage has a potential core pathology. Example: Withdrawal Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (Toddlerhood) Fifth, although Erikson referred to his eight Toddlers learn to do things independently. stages as psychosocial stages, he never lost sight of the biological aspect of human Example: In the Philippines, a child might be development. encouraged to say “po” and “opo” (respectful terms for “yes”) while interacting with adults, Sixth, events in earlier stages do not cause later fostering a sense of autonomy within cultural personality development. Ego identity is shaped norms of respect. by a multiplicity of conflicts and events-past, present, and anticipated. Stage: Play Age Psychosexual Mode: Genital-Locomotor Seventh, during each stage, but especially from Psychosocial Crisis: Initiative vs. Guilt adolescence forward, personality development Basic Strength: Purpose is characterized by an identity crisis. Identity Core Pathology: Inhibition crisis is a turning point, a crucial period of increased vulnerability and heightened potential. Initiative vs. Guilt (Preschool) During each crisis, a person is especially Children assert control and power over their susceptible to major modifications in identity, environment. either positive or negative. An identity crisis is not a catastrophic event but rather an Example: A Filipino child might take initiative by opportunity for either adaptive or maladaptive leading a traditional "palaro" (games), such as adjustment. patintero, but could feel guilt if overstepping the bounds of acceptable behavior. Eight Stages of Human Development Stage: School Age Stage: Infancy Psychosexual Mode: Latency Psychosexual Mode: Oral-Sensory Psychosocial Crisis: Industry vs. Inferiority Psychosocial Crisis: Basic Trust vs. Basic Basic Strength: Competence Mistrust Core Pathology: Inertia Basic Strength: Hope Core Pathology: Withdrawal Industry vs. Inferiority (School Age) Children learn the value of hard work. Trust vs. Mistrust (Infancy) This stage is about developing trust when Example: In the Philippines, a child may feel a caregivers provide reliable care. sense of industry when they are praised for excelling in school or participating in "Sabayang Example: In the Philippines, a baby who Pagbigkas" (a group poetry recitation), boosting consistently receives nurturing care from family their self-confidence. members, especially from a nurturing "yaya", will develop a strong sense of trust. Stage: Adolescence Psychosexual Mode: Puberty Psychosocial Crisis: Identity vs. Identity In old age, individuals reflect on their life. Confusion Basic Strength: Fidelity Example: A Filipino elder might find integrity in Core Pathology: Role Repudiation having lived a life in line with utang na loob (a sense of debt or gratitude to others), passing on Identity vs. Identity Confusion (Adolescence) wisdom to the younger generations. Adolescents explore their personal identity. 2. Social Contexts of Development Example: Filipino teenagers may grapple with balancing their traditional cultural values with A. Families more modern influences, especially if they are Family plays a crucial role in shaping a child's living in urban areas or abroad. development, providing the primary context for social and emotional growth. Stage: Young Adulthood Psychosexual Mode: Genitality Example: In the Philippines, the family unit is Psychosocial Crisis: Intimacy vs. Isolation often extended, with grandparents, aunts, Basic Strength: Love uncles, and cousins forming part of the Core Pathology: Exclusivity immediate support network. Intimacy vs. Isolation (Young Adulthood) B. Parenting Styles Young adults seek to form intimate relationships. Diana Baumrind’s Parenting Styles help explain how different approaches to parenting impact Example: In the Philippines, this may manifest children's development. Each style has a in the importance of pakikipagkapwa (building different effect on children's behavior, emotional deep, meaningful relationships), where failure to regulation, and social development. establish such connections can lead to feelings of isolation. Authoritarian Parenting Authoritarian parents enforce strict rules and Stage:Adulthood expect obedience without questioning. In the Psychosexual Mode: Procreativity Philippines, authoritarian parenting may be Psychosocial Crisis: Generativity vs. Stagnation observed in households where pagsunod sa Basic Strength: Care nakatatanda (following elders) is highly Core Pathology: Rejectivity emphasized. Generativity vs. Stagnation (Adulthood) Example: Children are expected to do chores or Adults work to contribute to society. respect curfews without discussion. This can sometimes lead to children developing a fear of Example: A Filipino adult might engage in authority figures or lower self esteem. community outreach or mentoring younger family members, displaying generativity by Authoritative Parenting giving back to the community. Authoritative parents are both demanding and responsive, blending high expectations with Stage: Old Age warmth and support. Psychosexual Mode: Generalized Sensuality Psychosocial Crisis: Integrity vs. Despair Example: Filipino parents who engage in Basic Strength: Wisdom pag-aaruga (nurturing) but also instill discipline Core Pathology: Disdain through communication and reasoning exemplify this style. For instance, they might explain why Integrity vs. Despair (Old Age) it’s important to study hard while also encouraging participation in extracurricular The Changing Family in a Changing Society activities to foster well-rounded development. The traditional family structure in the Philippines has evolved, with more nuclear families and the Neglectful Parenting increased prevalence of working parents and Neglectful parents are uninvolved in their OFW families. children’s lives, which can have negative consequences on their emotional and social -Working Parents development. Many Filipino parents work long hours or abroad as OFWs, which changes the family dynamic. Example: In the Philippines, parents who work Although remittances help provide better abroad as OFWs may unintentionally practice opportunities, children may experience neglectful parenting if they are unable to emotional gaps due to physical distance from maintain regular communication or involvement their parents. in their child’s daily life. This can lead to feelings of abandonment or emotional distance in -Children in Broken Families children. Children from broken families may experience a lack of stability, affecting their emotional and Indulgent Parenting psychological wellbeing. Indulgent parents are highly involved but impose few demands or controls on their children. Example: In the Philippines, where separation and divorce remain stigmatized, children may Example: In the Philippines, indulgent parenting struggle with societal judgment in addition to the might manifest in affluent families where children emotional stress of family conflict. are provided with material goods but are not expected to contribute to household -School-Family Linkages responsibilities. This may lead to entitlement or Strong collaboration between schools and difficulty managing expectations in adulthood. families is vital for children’s success. C. Parent Involvement in Children’s Example: In the Philippines, schools often hold Schooling and Achievement events like "Parent-Teacher Conferences" to Parent involvement is crucial for academic strengthen the connection between home and success. school, helping ensure that children receive consistent support in their academic and Example: In the Philippines, parent engagement personal development. in school is often high, particularly during events such as "Family Day" or graduation ceremonies, D. Peers where parental presence is highly valued as part Peer interactions play a significant role in social of the educational process. development during childhood and adolescence. Co parenting Peer Statuses Co Parenting refers to how parents collaborate Peer statuses refer to the levels of popularity or in raising their children. acceptance that children experience in their peer groups. Example: In the Philippines, grandparents often play a significant role in child-rearing, especially Example: Filipino students, especially in urban when one or both parents work abroad, creating areas, may face social pressure to fit in, with a multi-generational coparenting dynamic. peer statuses often shaped by socioeconomic status, appearance, and academic performance. Friendship Example: Filipino adolescents face the Friendships are essential for emotional support challenge of balancing academic expectations and social learning. with social belonging, often engaging in extracurricular activities like student government Example: In the Philippines, barkada (peer or "Sabayang Pagbigkas" (poetry recitation groups) often form early in school, where group competitions) to build their identity and social loyalty and collective activities are highly valued. standing. These friendships provide a sense of belonging and security, which are crucial for emotional 3. Socioemotional Development development. A. The Self and Identity E. Schools Identity formation is crucial during adolescence, Schools serve as one of the primary social and it is influenced by cultural, familial, and contexts for children’s development, shaping societal factors. their academic and social skills. Self-Esteem Schools’ Changing Social Developmental Self-esteem refers to an individual’s overall Contexts sense of self worth. In the Philippines, As society changes, schools in the Philippines self-esteem can be heavily influenced by family have had to adapt to the evolving social context, expectations and social roles. particularly with the shift to online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. The shift Example: a student excelling in academics may impacted students' social interactions and have high self-esteem due to family pride, while access to education, affecting their emotional those struggling may experience low and social development. self-esteem. Early Childhood Education Identity Development Early childhood education in the Philippines Identity development is the process through emphasizes values formation, social interaction, which individuals explore different roles and and the development of basic skills. values to form a personal identity. Filipino adolescents may face the challenge of Example: Programs like "Daycare Centers" or integrating traditional Filipino values with "Kinder" focus on building foundational skills in a modern or global influences. group setting, fostering early socialization. -Identity Confusion The Transition to Elementary School Identity confusion occurs when individuals The transition to elementary school can be struggle to develop a coherent sense of self. challenging as children adjust to more structured This may happen in the Philippines when academic environments. adolescents experience conflicting pressures from family expectations and peer influence, Example: In the Philippines, this transition is such as choosing between a traditional career often marked by "Moving Up" ceremonies, like nursing or pursuing more creative or modern symbolizing the importance of education and paths. social promotion within the community. The Schooling of Adolescents -Identity Foreclosure During adolescence, school becomes an Identity foreclosure happens when an individual important context for social and emotional prematurely commits to an identity without development. exploring alternatives. In the Philippines, this might occur if a child is pressured into following individuals advocate for human rights or the family profession (e.g., becoming a doctor) environmental issues based on universal without considering their personal interests. principles of fairness, regardless of the immediate social consequences. -Identity Moratorium Identity moratorium is a stage where individuals Domain Theory actively explore different roles but have not yet Domain theory suggests that children distinguish committed to any. A Filipino student may between different domains of social knowledge, experience this during their university years, such as moral, social-conventional, and trying out different activities like leadership personal domains. positions in student organizations or community service to determine their career path. Example: A Filipino child may understand that cheating in an exam is morally wrong (moral -Identity Achievement domain) but may consider wearing casual Identity achievement occurs when individuals clothes to school as a violation of social have explored various options and have conventions. committed to an identity. Cheating Example: A Filipino student who has decided to Cheating is considered immoral in most pursue a career in psychology after exploring contexts, including the Philippines. Cultural different fields represents this stage. pressures to succeed in school can sometimes drive students to cheat to meet high B. Moral Development expectations set by their families. Lawrence Kohlberg’s Theory Kohlberg's theory of moral development outlines Prosocial Behavior how individuals move through stages of moral Prosocial behavior involves actions that benefit reasoning. others. In the Philippines, helping neighbors during a disaster or participating in community Level 1: Preconventional Reasoning clean-up programs exemplifies the cultural value At this level, morality is based on avoiding of bayanihan. punishment and seeking rewards. In the Philippines, a child may obey a parent’s instructions to avoid being scolded, rather than Moral Education understanding the inherent value of the Moral education is taught both formally in behavior. schools and informally through family and community. In the Philippines, schools include "Good Manners and Right Conduct" (GMRC) in Level 2: Conventional Reasoning their curriculum, while families emphasize At this level, individuals follow rules to maintain respect for elders, honesty, and utang na loob (a social order and gain approval. For instance, a sense of gratitude). Filipino adolescent may follow cultural traditions, such as observing Simbang Gabi (a nine-day religious practice), to gain approval from family and community. Level 3: Postconventional Reasoning At this level, morality is based on abstract principles and justice. In the Philippines, this may be reflected in social activism, where