Educ-202_Midterm-Reviewer.docx

**Educ 202 Reviewer** Elements of Culture Culture encompasses various elements that shape the identity and practices of a society. These include: Language: A primary means of communication and a carrier of culture. Norms: The rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its m...

**Educ 202 Reviewer** Elements of Culture Culture encompasses various elements that shape the identity and practices of a society. These include: Language: A primary means of communication and a carrier of culture. Norms: The rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members. Values: Core beliefs that guide behavior and decision-making. Symbols: Objects, gestures, sounds, or images that carry particular meanings recognized by members of a culture. Rituals: Established procedures and ceremonies that are significant to a culture. Sociological Perspectives in Understanding Society Sociological perspectives provide frameworks for analyzing social phenomena. Key perspectives include: Functionalism: Views society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability. Conflict Theory: Focuses on the struggles between different social classes and groups, emphasizing power dynamics. Symbolic Interactionism: Examines how individuals create and interpret symbols in social interactions. Constructivism Background and Definition Constructivism is a learning theory that posits learners actively construct their own understanding and knowledge through experiences. It contrasts with traditional education methods that treat learners as passive recipients of information. Basic Principles and Practices Constructivism is built on several foundational principles: Active Learning: Learners engage with material actively rather than passively absorbing information. Social Interaction: Knowledge is constructed through collaboration with others, emphasizing the role of social context. Prior Knowledge: New learning is built upon existing knowledge, making prior experiences critical to understanding new concepts. Learner-Centered Education Comparison of Teacher-Centered and Learner-Centered Paradigms In educational paradigms: Teacher-Centered: Focuses on the teacher as the primary source of knowledge. Emphasizes rote learning and memorization. Students are passive recipients of information. Learner-Centered: Prioritizes student engagement and active participation. Encourages critical thinking and problem-solving skills. Teachers act as facilitators rather than authoritative figures46. Teaching-Centered versus Learning-Centered Instruction Teaching-centered instruction focuses on delivering content effectively, while learning-centered instruction emphasizes understanding and applying knowledge. Key differences include: Aspect Teaching-Centered Learning-Centered Role of Teacher Authority figure Facilitator Student Engagement Passive Active Assessment Methods Standardized tests Formative assessments Learning Environment Structured Flexible Outcome-Based Education Definition, Basic Principles, and Practices Outcome-Based Education (OBE) is an educational approach that focuses on achieving specific outcomes or competencies. Key principles include: Clear Learning Outcomes: Define what students should know or be able to do by the end of instruction. Assessment Alignment: Assessments are designed to measure whether students have achieved the desired outcomes. Flexibility in Learning Paths: Allows for diverse learning methods to reach outcomes. Curriculum and Curriculum Development Concepts, Nature, and Purpose of Curriculum Curriculum refers to the planned interaction of students with instructional content, materials, resources, and processes for evaluating student performance. Its purpose is to guide teaching and learning experiences. Curriculum from Different Points of View Traditional View The traditional view emphasizes standardized content delivery, focusing on core subjects and rote memorization. Progressive View The progressive view advocates for experiential learning, critical thinking, and adapting curriculum to meet students\' needs. Types of Curricula in Schools Type Description Recommended Suggested curriculum by educational authorities. Written Officially documented curriculum outlining objectives and content. Taught The curriculum actually delivered in classrooms. Supported Resources available to support curriculum implementation. Assessed Curriculum components evaluated through assessments. Learned What students actually learn from the curriculum. Hidden/Implicit Unwritten lessons learned through school culture or environment. Foundations of Curriculum Philosophical Philosophical foundations address the underlying beliefs about education\'s purpose. Historical Historical foundations examine how past educational practices influence current curricula. Psychological Psychological foundations consider how students learn best based on cognitive development theories. Social Social foundations look at how societal needs shape educational practices. Curriculum Development in the Philippines Pre-Spanish Curriculum Education was informal, focusing on practical skills within communities. Spanish-Devised Curriculum Introduced formal education with a focus on religion and basic literacy. American-Devised Curriculum Emphasized English language instruction and vocational training. Commonwealth Curriculum Focused on national identity and civic responsibility during the transition to independence. Japanese-Devised Curriculum Introduced during World War II, emphasized discipline and loyalty. Liberation Period Post-war education focused on rebuilding society with an emphasis on critical thinking. Philippine Republic Curriculum aimed at developing a national identity through education reform. New-Society Focused on modernization and national development post-martial law. Post-EDSA Curriculum Emphasized democratic values, human rights, and inclusive education reforms.