EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes PDF

EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder) FOR MORE VU DATA VISIT MY website: https://masallrounder.blogspot.com/ EDU101 Midterm Preparation Mega file BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder) EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY P...

EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder) FOR MORE VU DATA VISIT MY website: https://masallrounder.blogspot.com/ EDU101 Midterm Preparation Mega file BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder) EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder)  EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder) Lesson 01 INTRODUCTION TO FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION Topic: 01 – Introduction: Ideology is the common understanding and believes that people in a group have accepted by which to live their lives. Here Islamic ideology will be discussed in this course below because we are Pakistani and many people living here are Muslims. Islamic Perspective: “A continuous process that nurtures the natural potentials of human beings from the intellectual, behavioural, spiritual and physical aspects in an integrated and balanced manner so as to produce righteous human beings who will bring goodness to this world and hereafter.” Islamic Philosophers in this perspective: According to the scholar ‘Abd Halim Hj. Mat Diah’, 1989: “Islamic education is a process for all under the purposeful guidance of educators who will shape Muslims based on the teachings of Islam.” According to the scholar ‘Abdul Halim El-Muhammady, 1993’: “The purpose of education is to produce the righteous individuals who are willing to take on the responsibility of the caliphs (successors of Prophet Muhammad) entrusted by Allah to lead us to happiness in this world and in the next.” Topic: 02 - Aims of educating people: To inculcate a noble character To educate the soul to be refined and perfect To teach students to do good, respectful and noble deeds To train students to be courteous and be good human beings EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder)  EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder) To inculcate cleanliness, purity and sincerity as well as noble practices in students. Topic: 03 - Areas of Islamic Education: 1. Character Building: Character building is the teaching of values and morals. How to lead a good life, treat yourself and others? Moral education is critical because it helps you to become a better individual, citizen and a better person in the long run. 2. Physical Education: We would like to have healthy and active people who are constructive contributors to the society. People who are slow, unhealthy and not well are not good contributors to the society. So, if we want individuals to live a healthy life, they must be physically fit. This encompasses sports, games, athletics and any other physical activity that people are involved in. What this all teaches them is sharing and cooperation because many sports are played in teams. Some sports are played as individuals events but most of them are not and so there is a lot of good learning that happens here. __________________________________________________________________________________ EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder)  EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder) Foundations of Education (EDU101) Mental Education: It is the development of the mind and is the basis of education. How does an individual develop his capacity to think and use his brain? It happens when in education we make the individual be embedded in creative, natural and analytical thinking and thinking outside the box through activities that enable the individuals to solve problems, come to decisions, give their opinions and recommendations, share their ideas etc. only when we force students to think for themselves then this mental education proves to be meaningful and fruitful. Life Education: Education is not a morning to afternoon activity, it happens outside the school and classroom also. It happens both formally and informally. Learning through other informal experiences such as gatherings and markets is also essential for young people. If you only limit education to what happens in a classroom, people will never learn as much because a classroom in its true sense is an artificial setting. Social Education: We cannot live on our own alone. We will not be able to survive because we will not be able to do all everything for us, we need other people to help us in our life and so that social interaction is important. Social education teaches us cooperation, sharing, tolerance, listening, not only thinking about you but others as well. With the virtual world becoming more and more of a reality today and the world shrinking to a global village scenario, it is more important for the individuals today to be socially adapt at how to interact with individuals in your own cultural setting and other cultural settings. Sex Education: This education is not in the sense of love and romance, this is the education of how you will deal with the individual of opposite gender. When you are with friends who are all girls and all boys, you behave differently. But when you are in mixed gathering, you behave differently. Sex education teaches you how to behave in such gatherings with the individual of opposite gender. Muslim Faith Education: This really is religious education. We need people to understand what their religion helps them learn, understand and do. So in the Islamic perspective, it involves the teaching of Quran, Hadiths, dealing of the Caliphs and other Muslims, philosophers and all that should be taught to young people. Topic: 04 - Islamic Philosophy-1: Islamic Philosophers Ibnu Rushd (520-595 Hijrah) He put many good and new ideas not only in the field of Philosophy but also in Medicine and Islamic Legislation. His great works: EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder)  EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder) Kulliyah fit-tibb: 16 volumes in general medicine Foundations of Philosophy (Malbadil Falsafah) Al-Ghazali (1058-1111) Produced more than 400 literary works in Theology (Study of Religion), Philosophy, Science and Sufism (a mystic tradition within Islam) His great works: Ihya al-Ulum al-Din: a broad field of Islamic Science, Jurisprudence, Logic, Sufism Topic: 05 - Islamic Philosophy-2: 1. Ibn Khaldun (1332-1406) Major contribution was in the History of Philosophy and Sociology. Wrote about the History of the world. His great works: Universal History __________________________________________________________________________________ EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder)  EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder) Summary of the result (religion) Al-Frabi (870-950 AD) Major contribution was in philosophy, Logic and Sociology His great works: Kitab al-ihsa al ulum: explains the classification and principles of basic science. Kitab al-Musiqa: a book on music Information or Knowledge or Much More….. Our condition: “we are drowning in information and starving for knowledge.” Hikmah is an abundant and huge gift of Allah. It shows us how to use the knowledge. EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder) EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder) EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder)  EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder) __________________________________________________________________________________ _ 4 EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder)  EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder) Foundations of Education (EDU101) Lesson 02 IDEOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION – 1 Topic: 06 - Concepts I (Ontological Concepts) The only ontological reality is God himself. God is external and the universe and man’s existence is a reality but it is an apparent reality. The creation of the universe and man is not a futile thing but it has an aim. Epistemological Concept The ultimate source of knowledge is revelation from God. The five senses and reason are also sources of knowledge but those should be under the theological teachings. (Theology: the study of the nature of God and religious belief.) Topic: 07 - Concepts II (Axiological Concept) Since Islamic values are dependent on orders from God, so values have been devised by Almighty God, the creator of the universe. These are, therefore, permanent, eternal and heavenly. Whatever are the ways of passing or living our lives, these are accountable and good will be rewarded and vice will be punished. There are four areas of philosophical inquiry: Metaphysics: concerned with questions about the nature of reality. In other words, metaphysics deals with the real. What is real? Everything that we see, touch, feel, hear, taste are all real. Everything in this universe is real. So, according to metaphysics, if everything was real then man should be involved in finding out about everything and that basically is education. Epistemology: concerned with the nature of knowledge. Now we can’t study, learn or explore possibly everything therefore, what is the truth, what needs to be finding out EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder)  EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder) from what exists? This differentiation is made in epistemology. It is humanly impossible to study everything. What I think is true is what I am going to teach. According to this area of philosophical inquiry, no two teachers even if they teach the same grade level and same subject matter will teach the same way. Because their beliefs and philosophies differ. Axiology: concerned with the nature of values (The moral learning). We want our children to develop their mind, body, spiritually but we also want them to develop morally. So, what moral basis exists? What values should we teach to our young people today? Values are universal. They ran across subject matters and discipline. Every teacher should be teaching values and morals, no matter what subject or grade level she is teaching to. For example, when a student cheats, a student is late or student is not in class with his/her homework, it is an opportunity for teacher to teach some values and teachers across disciplines could do that. Instead of simply relying that the Islamiyat teacher will teach all the values and morals. Ontology is the philosophical study of the nature of being, becoming, existence, or reality, as well as the basic categories of being and their relations. Aims of Education The aim education is to seek the will of God and to have the fear of Day of Judgment. __________________________________________________________________________________ _ 5 EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder)  EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder) Foundations of Education (EDU101) An individual should be made God-fearing so that he may become and prove a pious person for the society. Islam stresses material development provided it is according to the dictates of God. Islam stresses the welfare of human society. Islam holds the life of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) as model for all human beings. Topic: 08 - Curriculum Quran, Hadith and Fiqa have a prime place in the curriculum. Islam urges to conquer the universe and it includes sciences and technology, industry, banking, space science. Modern medical facilities and research in different fields. The study and pursuits of Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics and Computers should not turn an individual into a secular minded person. Topic: 09 - Method of Teaching Islam does not confine itself to a particular method of teaching rather it encourages any method through which the students are able to understand the subject matter. According to Islamic philosophy any method may be adopted according to the need of a topical lesson. For example, problem solving, debate, research, experimental, demonstrative, lecture, practical, group or an individual method may be used according to the need of the topic. Topic: 10 - The Teacher A teacher in the Islamic system of education holds a place of mother/father. He/she should be an exemplary individual and should have a high moral character. He/she should be an expert in his/her field of knowledge. EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder)  EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder) __________________________________________________________________________________ _ 6 EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder)  EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder) Foundations of Education (EDU101) Lesson 03 IDEOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION - 2 Topic: 11 - The Student A student should think his/her teacher is a spiritual father/mother and show respect to them. A student has the right to get the advice. Student should be an active participant in the classroom. It is the duty of every man and woman to get education. Topic: 12 - The Institution Islam is against conservativeness and retrogression. It stresses the establishment of good schools and institutes which should have the facility for modern scientific and skilled education in addition to religious education. It should be able to give modern arts and humanities education also. Topic: 13 - Administration/Management According to Islamic philosophy, the orders of a supervisor or head of the institution in administrative matters should be carried out. Islam recognizes democracy and freedom but to a reasonable and suitable extent. It does not allow such freedom or democracy which is injurious or damaging for the administration of an institution. The different groups of students should NOT rule or influence the rule of the head of an institution. Topic: 14 - Definition of Islamic Philosophy: Al-Kindi Al-Farabi Ibn Sina Consists of 3 aspects: Can be seen from 2 Categorized into 2 EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder)  EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder) Physics angles: types of knowledge: Mathematics Theory – knowledge Revelation of God Attributes of God about existing things. delivered through Practice – things that messengers exist in action. The hereafter. Topic: 15 - Comprehensive Education Allah’s Word (Direct studies) Allah’s World (Supporting studies) To live in Allah’s World And handle it according to Allah’s Word…… To become true Khalifah…. To get HIS PLEASURE Comprehensive education means a complete picture. Allah’s word is the Quran, Hadith, Fiqa, Teachings of the Prophet (S.A.W) are all Allah’s word and direct studies. They won’t change but they need to be taught to __________________________________________________________________________________ _ 7 EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder)  EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder) Foundations of Education (EDU101) generation after generation. It is important that as one generation leads into another, this word of God is not lost. So, religious education becomes a strong focal point of education under the Islamic perspective. Allah’s world which is supporting studies. God created the world and he created it in 7 days. He created it for man to use the world wisely. If we are to use the world wisely for our benefit and advantage, it is important that we understand what the world is made of and that really is an essence of this piece of comprehensive education. These supporting studies include: Ayyamilla which is history and culture, tradition, geography will then leads to other Social Sciences. Allah’s World is science and technology. Allah’s world is made up of matter and energy, and that is what science teaches wether its plant life, animal life, materials, energy etc. all that is created by God. We need to study it, harness its advantages to help us understand the world better and live a better life in the world. God’s kingdom includes laws and economics. These are given to us that how we do business, trading or banking. So you can see that education in Islamic perspective is very integrated and all this together will be you language arts. Because without language you won’t be able to do any of this. So, Islam proposes a very comprehensive education system for all our students in which students learn what is unique for them, pleases them, interests them and become what they want to become in the future. EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder)  EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder) __________________________________________________________________________________ _ EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder) EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder) 8 EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder)  EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder) Foundations of Education (EDU101) Lesson 04 PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION – 1 Topic: 16 - Introduction The Meaning of Philosophical Inquiry “Whenever people choose to embrace, if their choices are made in a logical, rational manner, they are engaged in the process of doing philosophy”. Four specific areas of philosophical inquiry: Metaphysics concerned with questions about the nature of reality. Epistemology concerned with the nature of knowledge. Axiology concerned with the nature of values. Logic concerned with the nature of thinking and reasoning. Topic: 17 - Tools of Philosophy-1 Metaphysics is somewhat related to epistemology and asks the question “What is real?” Are the things that are real only the things that can be touched and measured? Behaviorists vs. existentialists. Epistemology- “How do we know what is true?” This is a live question today – Do we listen to standardized test results to determine how much students know, or read their portfolios? Topic: 18 - Tools of Philosophy-2 Axiology is the study of values; it asks the question of “What is good?” From axiology we arrive at an understanding of “What is good?” We get the ethics from the study of axiology. Logic has to do with thinking, reasoning and problem solving. Leeds to decision making. Thinking can be: Inductive or Deductive EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder)  EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder) Topic: 19 - What is philosophy of education   All teachers have a personal philosophy that colors the way they teach.   Who they are or intend to be.  Why they do or propose to do what they do. Eric Berne’s three important questions:   Who am I?   Why am I here?   Who are all these other people and what do they want of me? Philosophies of Education Topic: 20 - Idealism Ideas are the only true reality, the only thing worth knowing. Ideas are generated in the hand and these need to be translated as these are only thoughts. So, as people develop ideas, old ideas lead to newer ideas, lots of ideas and information is created and that brings us to know how many of these new ideas do we need. Focus: Mind __________________________________________________________________________________ _ 9 EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder)  EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder) Foundations of Education (EDU101) Originators:   Plato  Socrates Topic: 21 - Goal of Education  Educators are interested in the search of truth through  ideas rather than through the examination of the false shadowy world of matter.   They encourage students to search for truth as individuals.  Education is transformation: ideas can change lives. EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder) EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder) EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder)  EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder) __________________________________________________________________________________ _ 10 EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder)  EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder) Foundations of Education (EDU101) Lesson 05 PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION - 2 Idealism Topic: 22 - Role of Teacher   Dealing with abstract notions through dialectic method and connecting analysis with action.  Active, posing questions,  selecting materials and establishing an environment to ensure the desired outcomes.  A role model to be imitated by students. Topic: 23 - Methods of Instruction Teachers active in students’ learning. Through questioning, students encouraged to discuss, analyze, synthesize and apply what they have read. Lecturing but particularly using dialectic approach. Students encouraged to work in groups/ individually on research projects both oral and written. Topic: 24 - Curriculum Examining the roots of contemporary problems in the past (great literature/classics etc)   Education at any level should teach students to think.   Subject- matter curriculum  Back-to-basics approach in education EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder)  EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder) “Perennialism” Related Educational Philosophy to Idealism Topic: 25 - Perennialism Focus: Teach ideas that are everlasting. Seek enduring realities which are constant, through great literature, art, philosophy, religion. Key Proponents Robert Hutchins Jacque Maritain Mortimer Adler Allan Bloom Topic: 26 - Realism Reality exists independent of the human mind. World of physical object is ultimate reality. They say that reality is something that exists. The ultimate reality is the physical objects so everything that you can see, touch and feel is real. Focus: Body Originator: Aristotle __________________________________________________________________________________ _ 11 EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder)  EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder) Foundations of Education (EDU101) Topic: 27 - Goal of Education   Develop intellectual abilities  To equip students with information to understand current events (Tabula Rasa) Tabula Rasa means a blank slate EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder) EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder) EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder)  EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder) __________________________________________________________________________________ _ 12 EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder)  EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder) Foundations of Education (EDU101) Lesson 06 PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION - 3 Realism Topic: 28 - Role of Teacher Having a social grounding in science, math and the humanities Relying on test scores to place students (competency testing of students with various methods) Readily adopting new technology Enabling students to learn objective methods of evaluating the works above Teacher’s responsibility is to teach skills and disciplined knowledge Teacher should be competent in a specific subject matter Teacher presenting ideas in a clear and consistent manner and demonstrating that there are definite ways to judge works of art, music, poetry and literature. Topic: 29 - Methods of instruction   Lecture, question and answer (formal ways of teaching)   Inductive and scientific reasoning Competency-based assessments as a way of ensuring that students learnt what they are   being taught   Emphasis on critical reason aided by observation (our experiences) and experimentation   Stressing, precision and accuracy in math, science, social studies and writing EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder)  EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder) Emphasizing realistic novels such as Oliver Twist, Great Expectations, For Whom the Bell  and such novels are the keys for students to reach Tolls etc. to give life’s laws and principles the ideal world through material world Topic: 30 - Curriculum   Curriculum consists of the basics- math, science, reading etc.  Attention is given to didactic and object studies in education (use of pictures, TV, videos in educational process)   Use of objects in education (Montessori)  Emphasis is on subject matter (highly organized and systematic in approach) Criticism Empirical facts always subject to change Topic: 31 - Essentialism Related Educational Philosophy to Realism Focus: Teach the common core, “the basics” of information and skills (cultural heritage) neede for citizenship. (Curriculum can change slowly) Key Proponents   William Bagley   Arthur Bestor   E.D. Hirsch  Chester Finn __________________________________________________________________________________ _ 13 EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder)  EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder) Foundations of Education (EDU101)   Diane Ravitch  Theodore Sizer Topic: 32 - Pragmatism Universe is dynamic and evolving. Purpose of thought is action. Truth is relative. The key term here is evolving which means that when you evolve you change. So, when you change, nothing can be permanent. Things change, nothing is permanent is the pragmatism approach. Focus: Experience Originators Pierce Dewey Topic: 33 - Goals of Education Primary goal of education is growth Education should not be looked upon merely as schooling and the acquisition of academic subject matter but as a part of life itself School should balance the needs of the society and community on the one hand and the needs of the students on the other Helping people direct, control and guide personal and social experience (self actualization) Schools should foster habits of thought, invention and initiative Education should promote our true individualism (self-directed learning) EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder) EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder) Education has a moral influence and should play a vital part in helping us become the kind of moral persons who are interested not only in promoting our own growth but also in promoting the growth of others EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder)  EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder) __________________________________________________________________________________ _ 14 EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder)  EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder) Foundations of Education (EDU101) Lesson 07 PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION - 4 Pragmatism Topic: 34 - Role of Teacher   Applies democratic methods   Classroom is a community of learners Teacher encourages, offer suggestions, questions and helps plan and implement the courses  of study   Teacher is facilitator no authoritarian Teacher writes curriculum  and must have a command of several disciplines to create and implement curriculum Topic: 35 - Methods of Instruction  Problem solving. experiential learning, inquiry  methods, field trips, projects (not all students can learn in the same way-vary strategies) Formal instruction  is abandoned (flexible methods are used) moveable chairs, freedom in  class etc.   Lockstep, rote memorization of traditional schools are replaced with individualized studies   Action-oriented education (activity oriented approach to curriculum)  Learning in groups and individually Topic: 36 - Curriculum   Learner centered curriculum   Pragmatist curriculum is composed of both process (experience) and content (knowledge)   All academic and vocational disciplines in an integrated and connected way Problem centered learning/project method: such approaches to curriculum start with a central question, core/problem. Students attack the problem in diverse ways according   They work independently or in groups. They evaluate their growth to interest and need. and development. EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder)  EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder) Child interest to beconsidered in the curriculum. Varied needs, interests leading to different curricula. Topic: 37 - Progressivism Related Educational Philosophy to Pragmatism Focus: ideas should be tested by active experimentation. Learning rooted in questions of learners in interaction with others. Experience3 and student centered. Key Proponents   John Dewey  William Kilpatrick Topic: 38 - Reconstructionism Critical pedagogy: Analysis of world events, controversial issues and diversity to provide vision for better world and social change. Focus: Freedom __________________________________________________________________________________ _ 15 EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder)  EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder) Foundations of Education (EDU101) Originators   George Counts   J. Habermas   Ivan Illich  Henry Giroux Topic: 39 - Goal of education   Education is an activity liberating the individual from a chaotic, absurd world.  Individuals are responsible for consequences. Individuals should be given credit for the creation of concepts like peace, truth and justice. So, focus is n humans and their ideas.  Good education would encourageindividuals to ask such questions: ”Who am I?”, “Where am I going?”, “Why am I here?”   AIM: to make the world better.   Good education is one that”   Emphasizes individuality  through intellectual journeys so that we can see and understand ourselves.  Helps individuals to examine the abnormal/corrupted  side of life, the irrational as well as the good side. (life/death, wars, peace …..) EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder)  EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder) __________________________________________________________________________________ _ 16 EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder)  EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder) Foundations of Education (EDU101) Lesson 08 PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION - 5 Reconstructionism: Topic: 40 - Role of the Teacher: Emphasizes individual choices (there is no common way of viewing the world). Teachers must take risks; expose themselves to resistant students; and work constantly to enable their students to become ‘wide awake’. Due to greater experience and knowledge, it is the teacher’s responsibility to develop an educational environment that promotes awareness of the past and present, and of the future possibilities. Teachers help students become sensitive to human possibility and understand that they themselves are both necessarily and fully determined by the past (every present is conditioned by the past) but every present is pregnant with future possibilities for change and new direction-individuals can change the future. Topic: 41 - Methods of Instruction: Stressing individual freedom. Empowering students to make choices about what and how they will learn. Buber “I-thou approach”- Student and Teacher learn cooperatively from each other in a non-traditional, nonthreatening friendship. (posing questions, generating activities, and working together). Educational methods which help teacher in rediscovering the excitement of learning and opening up a whole new world of possibilities for students. Students become more articulate and capable of comprehension and self-expression with the help of teacher’s approach. Topic: 42 - Curriculum: EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder)  EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder) Stressing arts and literature, little emphasis is given on math and science. The humanities are considered because they deal with the essential aspects of human existence, such as the relations between people, the tragic side of human life as well as the happy, the absurdities as well as the meaning. Through humanities, try to awaken modern individuals to the dangers of being swallowed up by the megalopolis and runway technology (wide awaken) Do not have definite rules about what the curriculum should compromise. Believe that the Student-In-Situation making a choice should be the deciding factor. (Curriculum from the standpoint of the learner rather than as a collection of discrete subjects). Related Educational Philosophy to Reconstructionism: Topic: 43 - Existentialism: Focus: Reality is subjective, within the individual. Individual rather than external standards. Key Proponents: Sartre Kierkegaard __________________________________________________________________________________ _ 17 EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder)  EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder) Foundations of Education (EDU101) Topic: 44 - Eclecticism: There is a way of dealing with all the various models. Eclecticism is not a philosophical system or model, but rather is the synthesizing and personal interpretation of various models to draw out the best components for you. Thus, you pull the best from various models in an effort to build your own statement of personal philosophy. EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder) EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder) EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder)  EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder) __________________________________________________________________________________ _ 18 EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder)  EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder) Foundations of Education (EDU101) Lesson 09 PHILOSOPHIES OF EDUCATION Topic: 45 - Humanistic School-1: Show respect to students Considerations of students’ needs, expectations, feelings, values. Accepting students as they are Topic: 46 - What things happen in a humanistic classroom? Active learning strategies Conflict resolution Incorporating whole class Topic: 47 - Characteristics and beliefs of humanistic approach: Meaning: intellect distinguishes humans from animals What is reality? Humans have potential and innate goodness Nature of Humanness: Autonomy, dignity, and freedom are sacred. Educational aim: Individual potentiality; self-actualization Educational Methods: Facilitation, self-direction; team work Educational content: Any curriculum is a vehicle for meeting needs Main criticism: Important societal goals can be missed Key proponents: Maslow, Knowles, Elias/Merriam, Tough Topic: 48 - Programs/Practices-1: Individualized instructional process Learning projects Sensitivity training Teacher effectiveness training Active listening Topic: 49 - Programs/Practices-2: EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder)  EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder) - Conflict resolution - Invitational learning - Values clarification - Moral education - Multiethnic educational approaches Topic: 50 - A Comparison: Education School   Broad Specific   Take place anywhere anytime, anyplace Particular location; limited definition   Behavior change processes Place for education collective body of pupils   Lack of formalization Formalized   No assessment processes Assessment   Non-official Official   Lack of system Systemic   No need for certified person Certified person   No specific time limit for learning Compulsory period for attendance __________________________________________________________________________________ _ 19 EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder)  EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder) Foundations of Education (EDU101) Lesson 10 PHILOSOPHIES OF EDUCATION (APPLICATION) - 1 Topic: 51 - Idealism/Perennialism: Axiology: Values, ethics, and athletics. Changeless Determined by the very nature of reality Logic: How we think? Inductive and deductive. Rationality, especially deductive thought is developed by studying classics and through the Socratic dialectic Topic: 52 - Applications to Education: Metaphysics: What is real? Does it have meaning? The meaning of life is the search for unchanging truth found in the collective wisdom of the great books. Epistemology: Knowledge and knowing---- What is truth? EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder)  EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder) Truth and knowledge are changeless, revealed through guided reflection and in literature of the classics. Topic: 53 - Role of the teacher under Idealism and Perennialism: Teacher is expert of content knowledge Passes on to next generation the accumulated wisdom of the past The student: Is there to learn what is taught Topic: 54 - Realism-Essentialism Application to Education: Metaphysics: What is real? Does it have meaning? What are relevant are what helps an individual lives well and what benefits humanity. Epistemology: Knowledge and knowing --- What is truth? Truth exists in the classics and modern science. Students must learn process and content. Knowledge is gained through the interaction of experiences and rational thought. __________________________________________________________________________________ _ 20 EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder)  EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder) Foundations of Education (EDU101) Topic: 55 - Realism/Essentialism: Axiology: Values, ethics and athletics Determined by the natural order of things. Values exist in the best of culture. Logic: How we think? Deductive and Inductive. Rationality is best developed through interplay of deductive and inductive thinking. Topic: 56 - The teacher: Teacher is expert of content knowledge. Teaches essential knowledge Maintains task-oriented focus The students: Is there to listen and learn EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder) EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder) EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder)  EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder) __________________________________________________________________________________ _ 21 EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder)  EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder) Foundations of Education (EDU101) Lesson 11 PHILOSOPHIES OF EDUCATION (APPLICATION) - 2 Topic: 57 - Pragmatism/Progressivism: Applications to Education: Metaphysics: What is real? Does it have meaning? Reality is in flux and ever-changing, so meaning is in the context of the individual, who is a “problem-solver.” Epistemology: Knowledge and knowing---- What is truth? Knowledge is gained via individual experience. Truth is individually defined so that emphasis is on learning how to learn. Topic: 58 - Axiology: Values, ethics and athletics. Determined by each individual in interaction with his/her culture, based on the shared values of the community or culture. Logic: How we think? Deductive and Inductive Emphasis is on inductive thinking and problem solving EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder)  EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder) Topic: 59 - The teacher’s role: - Teacher is facilitator of student learning; provides resources for students’ problem- solving abilities. Develop students’ problem solving abilities. Helps students to do what they want to do. The student: Learns by doing and discovering Topic: 60 - Reconstructionism/ Existentialism: Applications to Education: Metaphysics: What is real? Does it have meaning? Reality is stable; the meaning of life is derived primarily through self-development away from society. Epistemology: Knowledge and knowing---- what is truth? Knowledge is gained through sensory experiences and interaction with one’s environment. __________________________________________________________________________________ _ 22 EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder)  EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder) Foundations of Education (EDU101) Topic: 61 - Axiology: Values, ethics and athletics Determined by the individual Logic: How we think? Deductive and Inductive Emphasis is primarily on inductive thought, because learning starts with experiences and moves to hypothesis. Topic: 62 - The teacher: The teacher responds to the learner’s requests for knowledge, does not initiate learning in the students. The Student: Is naturally good and must be protected from the evils of society. EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder) EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder) EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder)  EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder) __________________________________________________________________________________ _ 23 EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder)  EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder) Foundations of Education (EDU101) Lesson 12 POSTMODERNISM Topic: 63 - Modernism: God, reason and progress Progress is based upon knowledge, and man is capable of discerning objective absolute truths in science and the arts. Modernism is linked to capitalism-progressive economic administration of world Modernization of 3rd world countries (Imposition of Modern Western values) Language and truth: People are the same everywhere. There are universal laws and truths Knowledge is objective, independent of culture, gender etc. Language is a man-made tool that refers to real things/truths I have a discernible self The self is the center of existence Topic: 64 - What is postmodernism? Postmodernism means literally ‘after the modern era’. The modern era was the time of certainty and stretched from the 18th century to the late 20th century. Post modernists believe that this era was far more predictable than the times we live in today, e.g. jobs were for life and class was major source of identity. Since around the 1970’s we have been living in times characterized by risk and diversity. Consequently, this has had huge implications for education. Continuation of modernist view Does not mourn loss of history, self, religion, center A term applied to all human sciences ---anthropology, psychology, architecture, history etc. Reaction to modernism; systematic skepticism EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder)  EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder) Anti-foundational Topic: 65 - Postmodernism: Basic Concepts Life just is: Rejection of all master narratives All “truths” are contingent, cultural constructs Skepticism of progress; anti-technology bias Sense of fragmentation and decentered self Multiple conflicting identities Mass mediated reality Language is a social construct that “speaks” and identifies the subject. Knowledge is contingent, contextual and linked to POWER Truth is pluralistic, dependent upon the frame of reference of the observer Values are derived from ordinary social practices, which differ from culture to culture and change with time. __________________________________________________________________________________ _ 24 EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder)  EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder) Foundations of Education (EDU101) Topic: 66 - Postmodernism (Critical Theory): An educational philosophy contending that many of the institutions in our society, including schools, are used by those in power to marginalize those who lack power. History/Classics examined for power issues, struggles of marginalized groups. Criticized for using schools for political purposes. Topic: 67 - Postmodernism and Knowledge: Societies that have computer knowledge are at the forefront in the transformation process to postmodernity. Advancing technology has a direct effect on knowledge (economically powerful nations have exerted their will on less-developed nations). Knowledge and power are the two sides of the same question: Who decides what knowledge is, and who knows what needs to be decided? Topic: 68 - Postmodernism: Proponents Fredrick Jameson Jean Baudrillard Michel Foucault Jacques Derrida Gilles Deleuze Felix Guattari Postmodernists: The hope of Postmodernist: The deconstruction of foundational views will lead to a recognition and acceptance of a pluralistic worldview. Create a truly global civilization EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder)  EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder) __________________________________________________________________________________ _ 25 EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder)  EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder) Foundations of Education (EDU101) Lesson 13 PSYCHOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION - 1 Topic: 69 (Psychological Foundations of Education: Introduction) What is psychology? Psychology is the scientific study of mental functions and behaviors including: Perception Cognition Behavior Emotion Personality Interpersonal relationships Topic: 70 (What is Psychology-1) The major theories of learning have been classified into three groups: 1. Behaviorist Theories: Focuses on stimulus response and reinforcers Studies conditioning, modifying or shaping behavior through reinforcement and rewards Focuses information processing in relation to the total environment Studies developmental stages, understanding, multiple forms of intelligence, problem solving, critical thinking, and creativity. Phenomenological and Humanistic theories: Topic: 72 Focuses on the whole child, their social, psychological and cognitive development Studies focus on human needs, attitudes, feelings and self awareness. EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder)  EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder) Topic: 074 (Edward Thorndike) Thorndike is said to be the Father of Modern Educational Psychology and founder of Behavioral Psychology. Started his research with animals using stimulus-response (Classical Conditioning) and develop the idea of Connectionism. In 1928 – Thorndike conducted his first major study with adults Edward Thorndike’s Connectionism: Defined learning as a connection or association of an increasing number of habits. More complicated associations means higher levels of understanding. Three laws of learning __________________________________________________________________________________ _ 26 EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder)  EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder) Foundations of Education (EDU101) Lesson 14 THREE LAWS OF LEARNING Topic: 075 - Three Laws of Learning-1: 1. Law of Readiness: Often misinterpreted as educational readiness Deals with attitudes and focuses on “Why Should I do This?” If nervous system is ready, conduction is satisfying and lack of conduction is annoying. Topic: 076 - Three Laws of Learning-2: 2. Law of exercise: Strength of connections is proportional to the frequency, duration and intensity of its occurrence. Justifies drill, repetition and review. Seen today in behavior modification and basic skill instruction. Topic: 077 - Three Laws of Learning-3: 3. Law of Effect: Responses that cause satisfaction, strengthen connections and discomfort weakens connections. Justifies use of rewards and punishments, especially Skinner’s Operant Model. Topic: 078 - Thorndike’s Influence: Thorndike and other followers believed that rote memorization does not necessarily strengthen connections. EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder)  EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder) There has to be some sort of meaning associated with it in order to be transferred to other situations. Thorndike broke the traditional thinking about the hierarchy of subject matter. One subject was no more important to meaningful learning than other. Until then, maths and science were seen as more important to teaching structure. __________________________________________________________________________________ _ 27 EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder)  EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder) Foundations of Education (EDU101) Lesson 15 PSYCHOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION - 2 Topic: 079 – Ivan Pavlov Pavlov was the first behaviorist to demonstrate Classical Conditioning. He is best known for his experiment with salivating dogs Classical Conditioning: Eliciting an unconditioned response by using previously neutral stimuli. Unconditioned stimuli create reflexes that are not “learned,” but are instinctual. Neutral and unconditioned stimuli are introduced at the same time. Unconditioned stimuli are gradually removed, and the neutral stimuli elicit the same reflex. Topic: 080 – Pavlov’s Dog:   Pavlov’s experiment with salivating dogs best demonstrated the principal of Classical Conditioning.  Dogs were trained to salivate at the sound of a bell Dogs naturally salivated with food. (Unconditioned response) A bell (neutral stimuli) was rung every time the dogs were fed over a period of time creating the association/connection of bell with food. After time the dogs salivated at the sound of the bell alone. Topic: 081 – James Watson   Watson took Pavlov’s findings to another level.   Emphasized that learning was observable or measureable, not cognitive  Believed the key tolearning was in conditioning a child from an early age based on Pavlov’s methods.  Nurture vs nature Watson’s theories strengthened the argument for the influence of experiences as opposed to genetics. EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder)  EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder) Topic: 082 – B. F. Skinner   B. F skinner was one of the most influential American Psychologists.   He began his research with rats at Harvard and pigeons during WWII.  His work led to the development of Theory of Operant Conditioning. - The idea that behavior is determined or influenced  by its consequence. Respondent vs Operant behavior Respondent behavior is the elicited response tied to a definite stimulus. Operant behavior is the emitted response seemingly unrelated to any specific stimuli. Topic: 083 – Operant Conditioning-1  Types of reinforcers (stimuli) Primary – Stimuli fulfilling basic human drives such as food and water. Secondary – personally important such as approval of friends or teachers, winning money, awards or recognition. Secondary reinforcers can become primary. Due to the wide range of secondary reinforcers, Skinner referred to them as generalized. __________________________________________________________________________________ _ 28 EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder)  EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder) Foundations of Education (EDU101) Lesson 16 PSYCHOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION - 3 Topic: 084 – Operant Conditioning-2   Operant behavior will “extinguish” without reinforcement.  - Positive reinforcement – presenting a reinforcing stimulus. - Negative reinforcement – removing/withdrawing a stimulus or reinforce but it is not punishment. Topic: 085 – Operant Conditioning-3  Operant behavior will “extinguish” without reinforcement. Punishment – presenting harmful stimuli (rejected by Skinner because he felt it inferred with learning) “Reinforcers often strengthen behavior” “Punishment is used to suppress behavior” Topic: 086 – Operant Conditioning-4  Desired operant behaviors must be reinforced  in a timely manner. Delay of reinforcement hinders performance.  By selecting,  which behavior to reinforce, we can direct the learning process in the classroom.  Learners can acquire new operant’s. As behavior is shaped, new and more complex concepts can be introduced and desired behavior again reinforced. “Education is what survives when what has been learned as been forgotten” Topic: 087 – Albert Bandura Bandura contributed  to the understanding of learning through observation and modelling EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder)  EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder) He showed that aggressive behavior can be learnt from watching adults fighting, violent cartoons or even violent video games. Passive behavior can also be learnt from watching adults with subdued attitudes. Repeated demonstration and modeling is used by coaches in various sports, military endeavors, and is also used in the classroom setting to model and practice desired behaviors Topic: 088 – Robert Gagne   Gagne’s hierarchy of learning notes the transition from behaviorism to cognitive psychology.   The hierarchy of learning is an arrangement of 8 behaviors ranging from simple to complex.   He also describes 5 observable and measureable learning outcomes. The hierarchy  of learning is an arrangement of 8 behaviors ranging from simple to complex. The first five behaviors are Behaviorist, the nest 2 are both behaviorist and cognitive and the last (highest form) is cognitive. The hierarchy suggests a “bottom-up” approach to learning where general principles/concepts must be learnt before advanced learning can take place. __________________________________________________________________________________ _ 29 EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder)  EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder) Foundations of Education (EDU101) Lesson 17 GAGNE’S HIERARCHY OF LEARNING Topic: 089 – Gagne’s Hierarchy of Learning-1 Signal learning (behavioral) Classical conditioning – response to a signal. Students have to be trained what a signal means and what they are required to do. It is very similar to what Pavlov was trying to do. So, this is learning by association Stimulus response: (behavioral) Operant Conditioning – response to a given stimulus. This is the learning through reinforcement because your behavior is reinforced. Topic: 090 – Gagne’s Hierarchy of Learning-2 Motor chains (behavioral) Linking two or more stimulus responses connections to form a more complex skill Verbal association (behavioral) Linking two or more words or ideas Multiple discriminations (behavioral) Responding in different ways to different items in a set. Concept (Behavioral - Cognitive) Reacting to stimuli in an abstract way Rules (behavioral - Cognitive) Chaining two or more stimulus situations or concepts Problem solving (Cognitive) Combining known rules/principles into new situations to solve a problem Topic: 093 – Robert Gagne’s Learning outcomes-1  Five learning outcomes (observable and measureable) EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder)  EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder) Intellectual skills: “knowing how” to organize and use verbal and mathematical symbols, concepts and rules to solve a problem. Information: “knowing what” – knowledge and facts Cognitive strategies: “learning strategies” needed to process information Motor skills: Ability to coordinate movements. Attitudes: feelings and emotions developed from positive and negative experiences. Mental operations needed for each outcome differ. Gagne’s Instructional Events lead into cognitive psychology. Classroom Implications Under Gagne’s theory, the teachers need to observe and relate lessons to students interests so it is easier for the students to understand. Teachers then need to gain attention and this can be done by showing PowerPoints, diagrams, videos, etc. to help inform the students of what they will be learning. The teacher will then present the stimulus and this can be done by demonstrating how to perform the task(example: how to create a diagram). The teacher will be there for guidance and then will assess the performance of the students. __________________________________________________________________________________ _ 30 EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder)  EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder) Foundations of Education (EDU101) The students will be active listeners and will learn how to perform various tasks. The student will have established an interest and will use their prior knowledge to perform a new task. The students will complete the task and then give feedback as to what they have learned. The students will then be able to apply their new acquired skills into their everyday lives on their own so they can actually have a learning experience. EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder) EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder) EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder)  EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder) __________________________________________________________________________________ _ 31 EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder)  EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder) Foundations of Education (EDU101) Lesson 18 PSYCHOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION - 4 Topic: 096 – Cognitive Psychology Replaced behaviorism as dominant philosophy in 1960s Criticism of behaviorism: Did not explain language and learning why people respond differently to the same stimulus reinforcement can reduce motivation Popularity of newly discovered theories of Piaget and Vygotsky in the 50’s and 60’s Topic: 097 – Cognitive Psychology: Basic Characteristics Focus on how individuals process information Emphasis on memory (storage, retrieval, types) chunking can aid working memory, which is limited. Successful learners transfer information to long term memory --- “infinite” in capacity. Topic: 098 – Behaviorism vs Cognitivism Attribute Behaviorism Cognitivism Behaviors The end in themselves ---the Evidence pointing to brain only observable truth activity --- learning Activation of prior Irrelevant Essential knowledge Teachers role Provide stimulus Prepare environment EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder)  EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder) Topic: 099 – Cognitive Psychologist (Maria Montessori) Rationale for including her: - Authors do not place her with progressive child-centered. Approaches --- Lack of “free-play” vs. freedom within structure Opposed behaviorist focus only on “doing” but focused also on looking and listening Focus on how sensory stimulation from the environment shapes thinking Topic: 100 – (Maria Montessori’s Legacy) What she did: Psychiatrist Clinic  at the University of Rome --- taught “difficult” children to read at a  normal level.  1906 asked to start a progressive school for slum children of Italy --- Casa dei Bambini (Children’s House) Why she was important?   Pioneer of child advocacy --- for exceptional children, low SES children.   Discuss Tyler and Taba’s Traditionsl vs. Progressive study (1920 ---- 30% HS)  Modern Irony --- Expense of Montessori School. __________________________________________________________________________________ _ 32 EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder)  EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder) Foundations of Education (EDU101) Lesson 19 PSYCHOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION - 5 Topic: 101 – Jean Piaget   Swiss Psychologist (Pestalozzi)   America noticed in the 50’s and 60’s   Text reminds us that his theories are not fact, and should be taken as “suggestive”   Influenced: Tyler, Taba, Bruner, Kohlberg and Many More!!   Tylor --- various assessment   Taba --- Too many facts, not enough connections   Bruner --- stages like Piaget, but are revisited to develop in complexity  Kohlberg --- moral stages Topic: 102 – Jean Piaget Cognitive Developmental Stages-1 Sensorimotor: Lasts from birth to 2 years The child: Uses his senses and his increasing motor skills to explore the environment Begins to use language to imitate and represent the environment Egocentric: The child is aware only of himself and his own likes, dislikes, and wants He cannot see other people’s perspectives Topic: 103 – Jean Piaget Cognitive Developmental Stages-2 Assimilation: To incorporate new ideas into an existing schema (or concept) i.e. ball Accommodation means: EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder)  EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder) To adopt old schema (concept) and develop new schema for interacting with it. When a child adapts his/her existing ideas to fit new understandings. Assimilation (Filing information in an existing schema) + Accommodation (Changing schemata to fit new information) = Learning Examples of Acquisitions Trial-and-error experimentation: Exploration and manipulation of objects to determine their properties Goal-directed behavior: Intentional behavior to bring about a desired result Object permanence: Realization that objects continue to exist even when removed from view Symbolic thought: Representation of physical objects and events as mental entities (symbols) __________________________________________________________________________________ _ 33 EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder)  EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder) Foundations of Education (EDU101) Topic: 104 – Jean Piaget Cognitive Developmental Stages-3 2. Preoperational: Lasts from 2 – 7 years The child can speak and print words His memory and imagination develops His thinking is often not logical Much egocentric thinking occurs He learns that symbols represent something else; Examples of Acquisitions Language: Rapid expansion of vocabulary and grammatical structures Extensive pretend play: Enactment of true-to-life or fanciful scenarios with plots and assigned roles (e.g., mommy, doctor, Superman) Intuitive thought: Some logical thinking based on "hunches" and "intuition" rather than on conscious awareness of logical principles (especially after age 4) Topic: 105 – Jean Piaget Cognitive Developmental Stages-4 Concrete Operational: - Lasts from 7 – 11 years - The child has the ability to do simple math and measurement, with manipulatives - He begins to understand cause and effect - He can think about real, concrete things in systematic ways, but cannot understand abstract concepts - He is no longer egocentric (he can now understand other people’s points of view) Topic: 106 – Jean Piaget Cognitive Developmental Stages-5 EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder)  EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder) Concrete Operational: Conservation means The amount, weight, volume, and number of things stay the same even when the outward appearance of objects or groups is changed. For example, a short glass of water is the same amount as a tall glass half full of water. __________________________________________________________________________________ _ 34 EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder)  EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder) Foundations of Education (EDU101) Lesson 20 PSYCHOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION - 6 Topic: 107 – Jean Piaget Cognitive Developmental Stages-6 Concrete Operational: reversibility means: An action can be undone or reverted to its previous state A ball of clay can be made into a clay bowl but it can be reformed into a ball of clay Examples of Acquisitions Distinction between one's own and others' perspectives: Recognition that one's own thoughts and feelings may be different from those of others and do not necessarily reflect reality Class inclusion: Ability to classify objects as belonging to two or more categories simultaneously Conservation: Realization that amount stays the same if nothing is added or taken away, regardless of alterations in shape or arrangement Topic: 108 – Jean Piaget Cognitive Developmental Stages-7 4. Formal Operational: He is able to use logic and abstract thinking He questions previously accepted thoughts, ideas and values Schema theory explains: Importance of accessing prior knowledge Why cognitive dissonance strategies work Examples of Acquisitions EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder)  EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder) Reasoning about abstract, hypothetical, and contrary-to-fact ideas: Ability to draw logical deductions about situations that have no basis in physical reality Separation and control of variables: Ability to test hypotheses by manipulating one variable while holding other variables constant Proportional reasoning: Conceptual understanding of fractions, percentages, decimals, and ratios Idealism: Ability to envision alternatives to current social and political practices (sometimes with little regard for what is realistically possible in a given time frame) Topic: 109 – Lev Vygotsky-1 Russian Psychologist The West published in 1962 Theory of socio-cultural development Culture require skilled tool use (language, art, counting systems) Topic: 110 – Lev Vygotsky-2 Explained complex learning through Guided Participation Explained things that are taught rather than discovered (reading, writing etc.) __________________________________________________________________________________ _ 35 EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder)  EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder) Foundations of Education (EDU101) A way to “share the thinking load.” Helping a novice accomplish a complex task Assisting can be physical or mental and come from adults or peers Scaffolding: where the more knowledgeable other provides some type of structure. Topic: 111 – Lev Vygotsky-3 Vygotsky developed the theory of the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) The distance between where a learner is at developmentally on their own and where a learner could be with the help of a more knowledgeable other. A more knowledgeable other can be an adult or a peer, helping a learner in this way is to scaffold their learning. Scaffolding occurs through the process of internalization… mediated by language. EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder) EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder) EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder)  EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder) __________________________________________________________________________________ _ 36 EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder)  EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder) Foundations of Education (EDU101) Lesson 21 PSYCHOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION - 7 Topic: 112 – Lev Vygotsky-4 Scaffolding: “role of teachers and others in supporting the learner’s development and providing support structures to get to the next stage or level.” In an educational context, however, scaffolding is an instructional structure whereby the teacher models the desired learning strategy or task then gradually shifts responsibility to the students. Scaffolding: Provides support Extends the range of what a learner can do Allows the learner to accomplish tasks otherwise impossible Used only when needed. Topic: 113 – Lev Vygotsky-5 Scaffolding example: An example of scaffolding in the classroom setting could include a teacher first instructing her children on how to write a sentence using commas and conjunctions. As the week goes on, she has her students practice writing these sentences with peers, gives students feedback and eventually has the kids to complete this skill without her guidance. The Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) is a distance between a student’s performance with help and performance independently. EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder)  EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder) Learning occurs in this zone Is the idea of scaffolding one of building on existing knowledge or providing assistance in the ZPD? Topic: 114 – Lev Vygotsky-6 Vygotsky and School: Emphasized social learning We can often complete harder tasks with someone else than we could alone. Collaborative learning, group presentations, group work. Zone of Proximal Development The teacher considers how much scaffolding to give a student to help them learn. A push for “authentic learning” Learning is tied to the context it is in. EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder)  EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder) Topic: 115 – Lev Vygotsky-7 General Principles of Cognitive Development: Children actively construct knowledge. Social interaction supports cognitive development. Cognitive development involves relating new information to the prior knowledge. Children think in qualitatively different ages. A child’s readiness affects how well a task can promote cognitive development. Cognition and language are closely intertwined. Topic: 116 – Piaget Vs. Vygotsky Piaget Vygotsky Emphasis Discrete hierarchical stages of Modelling and guided learning the individual Which outcomes first social Development Social learning learning (chicken) or development (egg)? EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder)  EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder) Lesson 22 PSYCHOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION - 8 Topic: 117 – Phenomenology Phenomenology examines pattern of subjective experience and consciousness Focus upon a systematic reflection on and investigation of the structures of consciousness: Realist concepts can be examined scientifically. Based solely on consciousness Individuals will be influenced by others, but not same experience Views social world as multiform structure Inner subjectivity Group understanding/unity Topic: 118 – Husserl’s contributions to Phenomenology Every certainty be questionable Believed scientific method and naturalistic thinking was overvalued and, “not important to understanding behavior based on consciousness.” In short, can conduct a science of perceptions Consciousness is where you will find ‘true’ meaning behind actions Time consciousness: past events influence one’s present consciousness/perception In turn, allows unbiased ‘time’ to be cohesive to draw perceptions Perception was based on retention and memory What one “sees” is based on the past memories and reflection Topic: 119 – Schutz’s contributions to Phenomenology-1 Must accept own existence and other’s existence Must reflect/observe others experience and relate/find understand from own experience Can observe own experiences only in the past, can observe ‘yours’ as they take place. Leads to individuals coexisting, or having each consciousness intertwined. Topic: 120 – Schutz’s contributions to Phenomenology-2 EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder)  EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder) We will see our actions as single act, not natural view of two separate persons. “Growing old together” Each act is influenced by others, but not the same experience Example: movie level of enjoyment Therefore, experience shared but consciousness is unique This shared experience lead us to our social world Allows understanding of ‘united individualism’ Can perceive same world and understand others with similar experiences/subjective meanings Leading to social relationships or, “mutually related acts of consciousness” Topic: 121 – Schutz’s contributions to Phenomenology-3 Social scientist should act as observer to detach self and biases EDU101 Midterm Preparation Short Notes BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder)  EDU101 Midterm Preparation Mega file BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder) Foundations of Education (EDU101) Stock of knowledge: As observer, researcher must draw from own experience to, “fill in blanks”. Individuals must also do this while interacting. World is constructed by social group/life experiences and allow them to create proper behaviors/actions Phenomenology: Reality versus our experience of reality. Or put another way: the distinction between things themselves and our experience of them For example: the hammer? A common tool – As what do we experience this hammer? It is many things to many people. Such as to a carpenter it is a tool; to a retailer it is merchandise; to a killer it is weapon; to a lecturer it is a prop, to my friend it is a nuisance; to a communist, it is a symbol. Topic: 122 – Common Threads of Phenomenology In order to gain the knowledge of the world we must examine experience. To achieve this in a fundamental way, we must avoid all existing preconditions to our understanding of experience: Scientific, Historical, Aesthetic A desire to enhance the richness and vitality of everyday lived experience. A fear and avoidance of the kind of thinking that results in the doubting of the existence of the ‘outside’ world. Allows us to understand or “see” how social structure develops Break down individuals, ‘actors’ and view why these actions are formed. Explain how perceptions are gained, molded, and then used in everyday life. Explain the limitations of a positivist approach to science Provides a methodological solution to a scientific investigation of realist concepts. EDU101 Midterm Preparation Mega file BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder)  EDU101 Midterm Preparation Mega file BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder) FOR ANY VU STUDY RELATED PROBLEM CONTACT US: 03024731376 All vu data (midterm final term+ assignments +quiz + GDB +) and also WAQAR + MOAZ +TEAM HADI + VU TOPPER RM AND ALL OTHER STUDENTS FILES VISIT https://masallrounder.blogspot.com/ EDU101 Midterm Preparation Mega file BY PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder)