Education Philosophy and Teaching Roles

EDU101 Midterm Preparation Notes

• This document provides short notes for the EDU101 midterm exam.
• The notes are by PIN2 and MUHAMMAD (MAS All Rounder).
• A website for more VU data is available: https://masallrounder.blogspot.com/
• The file contains notes on the Foundations of Education course.

Introduction to Foundations of Education

• Topic 01 – Introduction: Ideology is a shared understanding and beliefs within a group.
• Islamic Perspective: A continuous process enhancing human potential (intellectual, behavioral, spiritual, and physical) to create righteous people.
• Islamic Philosophers' Perspectives:
  • Abd Halim Hj. Mat Diah (1989): Islamic education is a guided process.
  • Abdul Halim El-Muhammady (1993): Education's purpose is to create righteous individuals who take responsibility.
• Topic 02 - Aims of Educating People: To cultivate noble character, refine the soul, teach good deeds, and encourage courtesy.

Areas of Islamic Education

• Topic 03 – Areas of Islamic Education: A wide range of areas are covered:
  • Character building (moral values)
  • Physical education
  • Social education
  • Mental education
  • Sex education
  • Life education

Foundations of Education (EDU101)

• Mental Education: Develops the mind. Includes critical, natural, analytical thinking.
• Life Education: Learning occurs formally and informally (outside of the classroom).
• Social Education: Emphasizes cooperation, tolerance, and consideration of others in a globalizing society.
• Sex Education: Focuses on the proper interaction with the opposite sex.
• Muslim Faith Education: Emphasizes religious teachings.

Islamic Philosophy-1

• Topic 04 - Islamic Philosophy-1: Islamic philosophers.
• Ibnu Rushd (520-595 Hijrah): Significant contributions to Philosophy, Medicine, and Islamic Legislation.
• Other Islamic Philosophers: Al-Ghazali (1058-1111)
  • Important works: Ihya al-Ulum al-Din.

Islamic Philosophy-2

• Topic 05 – Islamic Philosophy-2: Ibn Khaldun (1332-1406)
• Major Contributions: History of Philosophy and Sociology.
• Works: Universal History

Summary of Results

• Al-Frabi (870-950 AD): Major contributions to Philosophy, Logic, and Sociology.
• Kitab al-ihsa al ulum: Explains basic sciences' classification and principles.
• Kitab al-Musiqa: Book on music.

Ideological Foundations of Education

• Topic 06 - Concepts I (Ontological Concepts): God is the only ontological reality.
• Topic 07 - Concepts II (Axiological Concept): Islamic values are eternal and based in orders from God.
• Further Philosophical Inquiry:
  • Metaphysics: Nature of reality
  • Epistemology: Nature of knowledge
  • Axiology: Nature of values
  • Logic: Nature of reasoning

Curriculum

• Topic 08 - Curriculum: Quran, Hadith, and Fiqh have primary roles, with inclusion of modern sciences and technology, such as industry, banking, space technology and medicine
• Topic 09 - Methods of Teaching Many methods of teaching can be used - problem-solving, debate, research etc.

The Teacher

• Topic 10- The Teacher: Teachers are expected to be of high moral character and experts in their fields.

The Student

• Topic 11 - The Student: Respect teachers, seek guidance, be active in the classroom.
• Topic 12 - The Institution: Focus on the establishment of modern schools and institutions with a balance of religious and secular knowledge.

Administration/Management

• Topic 13 - Administration/Management: Islamic philosophy stresses supervisors or leaders' orders in administration.
  • Democracy and freedom are acknowledged within reasonable limits; not in ways that harm the educational institution.

Definition of Islamic Philosophy

• Topic 14- Definition of Islamic Philosophy:
  • Al-Kindi, Al-Farabi, Ibn Sina.

Comprehensive Education

• Topic 15 - Comprehensive Education: Comprehensive education should combine "Allah's word" (Quranic knowledge) with "Allah's world" (the physical world).

Philosophical Foundations of Education-1

• Topic 16 - Introduction: Philosophical inquiry involves engaging in the process of logical and rational reasoning.
• Topic 17- Tools of Philosophy-1: Introduces metaphysics, epistemology, axiology, and logic as tools of philosophical inquiry.
• Topic 18- Tools of Philosophy-2: Exploring areas of axiology, ethics, values.
• Topic 19- What is Philosophy of Education: Emphasizes self-examination of values, goals, and motivations in education.
• Topic 20- Idealism: Idealism emphasizes the priority of ideas as the only true reality.

Philosophical Foundations of Education- 2

• Topic 21- Role of Teacher: Teachers are important to help students use their minds and critically engage, use dialectic methods.
• Topic 22- Methods of Instruction: Focus on active learning, group work, and individualized study.
• Topic 23- Curriculum: Exploring the history of topics, or "great books" from past cultures.
• Topic 24- Realism: Highlights the view that physical objects are the most real.

Philosophical Foundations of Education- 3

• Topic 25- Perennialism: Focuses on teaching timeless ideas, using examples from classic literature and art.
• Topic 26- Realism: Emphasizes the importance of the physical world as the most real, including human body as part of the world.
• Topic 27- Goal of Education: To develop intellect and equip students with information via topics such as historical events.
• Topic 28- Role of Teacher: Teacher is an expert, role model, and facilitator.

Philosophical Foundations of Education- 4

• Topic 29 - Methods of Instruction: Teacher is a guide for students, encouraging questioning and exploring.
• Topic 30 - Curriculum: Learning is experience-based and integrated in many disciplines in curriculum.
• Topic 31- Essentialism: Curriculum emphasis is on core skills and knowledge as well as cultural heritage and citizenship.

Philosophical Foundations of Education-5

• Topic 32 - Pragmatism: Knowledge is viewed as relevant ideas and experiences, focus on learning by doing ,active participation in learning.

• Topic 33 - Goals of Education: Education is for growth and learning for the whole person and helping society.

• Topic 34, 35 & 36 Curriculum Role of Teacher Methods of instruction: Emphasis on active learning, student-centered approach, teaching as guiding.

• Topic 37 - Progressivism: Students gain from their experiences and the lessons learned from them. Focus on experiences and interactions with peers.

• Topic 38 - reconstructionism: Social change is a goal in education. Diversity and conflicting views are highlighted.

• Topic 39 - Goal of Education: Education encourages questions about life and self-discovery, promotes intellectual journeys.

Psychological Foundations of Education- 1

• Topic 69 - Introduction: Psychology is a scientific study of mental processes, including perception, cognition, emotions, and behaviors.
• Topic 70 - What is Psychology-1: Learning theories categorize into behaviorist (stimulus-response and reinforcement), phenomenological (individual behavior and experiences), and humanistic theories (whole person and complete development).
• Topic 71 - Edward Thorndike: Learning involves connections and associations, emphasizing the importance of practice.

Psychological Foundations of Education- 2

• Topic 72 - B. F Skinner: Behavior is influenced by its consequence, emphasizing operant conditioning.
• Topic 73 - Ivan Pavlov: Classical conditioning, a type of associative learning.
• Topic 74 - James Watson: Emphasized the idea of observational learning, focusing on environmental factors for influencing behavior.
• Topic 75- Albert Bandura: Focuses on observational learning—modeling others' actions.

Psychological Foundations of Education- 3

• Topic 76 - Cognitive Psychology: Study of mental processes like memory, information processing.
• Topic 77 - Characteristics of Cognitive Psychology: Focus on cognitive processes (memory and information processing).
• Topic 78- Behaviors vs. Cognitivism: Behaviors are what we can observe, cognitivism is the study of mental processes.
• Topic 79 - Maria Montessori: Focus on education of children; using their senses to gain knowledge.
• Topic 80 - Jean Piaget: Stages of cognitive development.
• Topic 81, 82 and 83 - Jean Piaget: Cognitive Developmental Stages-1,2,3: Sensorimotor stage (birth – 2 years); Preoperational stage (2–7 years), and Concrete operational stage (7–11 years).
• Topic 84 - 84,85 and 86 – Jean Piaget: Cognitive Developmental Stages-4,5, 6: Formal operational stage (11+ years)
• Topic 87, 88, and 89 – Lev Vygotsky: Learning is tied to social interaction, emphasized scaffolding for learning with support from others
• Topic 87 & 88 - Lev Vygotsky: Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) Learning in social contexts
• Topic 90 - Cognitive Psychology-Maria Montessori: Emphasized the use of “child-centered” and “hands-on” learning in education

Psychological Foundations of Education- 4

• Topic 91 - Cognitive Psychology (Maria Montessori): Maria Montessori's work involves providing sensory experiences for children.
• Topic 92, 93 and 94 - Jean Piaget - Cognitive Developmental Stages 1,2, 3: A deep dive into each stage.
• Topic 95 - Three Laws of Learning: The 3 laws of Learning focus on readiness, exercise, and effect, developed by Edward Thorndike.

Philosophical Foundations of Education-6

• Topic 96- Cognitive Psychology, focus on mental processes
• Topic 97- Characteristics of Cognitive Psychology, Cognitive psychological principles
• Topic 98- Behaviorism vs. Cognitivism, comparison of the 2
• Topic 99- Maria Montessori: Focus on educating children, using their senses to learn basic skills.
• Topic 100- Maria Montessori's Legacy: Impact on early childhood education.
• Topic 101, 102, and 103 - Jean Piaget: Cognitive Development Stages-1, 2, 3: In-depth explanations for each stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development.
• Topic 104 - Jean Piaget: Cognitive Development Stages-4: Concrete operational, where the child can systematically deal with concrete objects.

Psychological Foundations of Education –

• Topic 105 - Jean Piaget: Cognitive Developmental Stages-5: Formal operational, where advanced reasoning is possible.
• Topic 106 - Concrete Operations – Conservation: Explanation for the conservation of objects (weight, amount)
• Topic 107 - Jean Piaget: Cognitive Developmental Stages-6: Concrete Operational: Reversibility Explanation
• . Topic 108 - Jean Piaget: Cognitive Developmental Stages-7: Formal operational, reasoning in hypothetical and abstract terms
• . Topic 109 - Lev Vygotsky: Developed the Zone of Proximal Development – the distance between a child's current abilities, and what they can achieve with guidance (scaffolding.)

Psychological Foundations of Education

• Topic 110 – Lev Vygotsky-2: Lev Vygotsky’s ideas applied to learning.
• Topic 111 – Lev Vygotsky-3: The scaffolding principle
• Topic 112 - Lev Vygotsky-4: Role of teachers and other helpers in providing support to a learner so they can advance and can advance in thinking
• Topic 113 - Lev Vygotsky-5: Scaffolding in classroom applications; how the teacher can give suitable direction, and support
• Topic 114 - Lev Vygotsky-6: Emphasizes social learning, group work, and collaborative learning.

Psychological Foundations of Education

• Topic 115 – Lev Vygotsky-7: General principles of cognitive development: children actively construct knowledge, social interactions, connecting new info.
• Topic 116 - Piaget Vs. Vygotsky: Comparing Piaget's stages and Vygotsky's social development theories.

Psychological Foundations of Education

• Topic 117- Phenomenology: Subjective experience
• Topic 118 - Husserl's Contributions to Phenomenology: scientific methods are overvalued, an emphasis on the individual's experience
• Topic 119 and 120 - Schutz's Contributions to Phenomenology-1,2: Our experiences effect what we see and understand.
• Topic 121 - Schutz's contributions to Phenomenology-3: Social scientists need to be aware of their biases when doing research and analyzing.
• Topic 122 - Common Threads of Phenomenology: Method for understanding the world based on experience.

This quiz explores the fundamental goals of education and the essential methods that educators employ in their teaching. It examines the characteristics of effective teaching, the transformative power of ideas in learning, and the teacher's responsibility in creating an enriching learning environment. Test your knowledge about the philosophy and practices of education!