EDTE 102 SOCIAL FOUNDATION OF EDUCATION IN GHANA.pdf

Lecture 1 Dr. Priscilla Commey Mintah Week 1; Lecture 1 EDTE 102: SOCIAL FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION IN GHANA  the CONCEPT OF DUCATION ...

Lecture 1 Dr. Priscilla Commey Mintah Week 1; Lecture 1 EDTE 102: SOCIAL FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION IN GHANA  the CONCEPT OF DUCATION  Learning Objectives Explain The Meaning of Education Examine The Processes of Education Discuss The Forms of Education  CASE STUDY Ante Abena has never stepped foot in a classroom, but she owns the biggest cement retail outlet in Accra. Even though she can't read and write, she has managed to build her company to the level where it employs over 450 employees, including university students with Masters degrees. She seems to know a lot about business including attracting and maintaining customers, setting the right price, negotiating with vendors, making profit and calculating her profits. Would You Describe Her As EDUCATED?  What is Education?  Education is derived from two Latin words Ethnological a. Educare – which means to "bring Definition of up", "bring out", "bring forth Education what is within", "bring out potential" b. Ducere - which means to "lead".  This simply means that every good education must… a. "bring people up " – help them to grow and develop the right values b. "bring people out" - help them to overcome limitations and challenges such as diseases, ignorance, poverty, disabilities etc. c. "bring forth deep things hidden within " - help them to dig deeper into themselves to draw out solutions, ideas and initiatives to make their lives and that of society better d. "bring out potential" – help to achieve one’s capabilities and destiny e. "lead" – point people to the right direction Philosophical Definition of Education How Some Philosophers Define Education Education means the bringing out of the ideas of universal validity which are latent in the mind of every man. Socrates ❖Education is the reconstruction or reorganization of experience which adds to the meaning of experience and increases the ability to direct the cause of subsequent experience”. ❖It means helping the child to develop in such a way as to contribute to his continued growth. Dewey (1916) Whitehead (1932) defines education as “the art of the utilization of knowledge”. ❖He sees education as guidance towards the understanding of the art of living. How Do Sociologists Define Education?  Sociologists consider education as the transmission of CULTURE ❖This process of cultural transmission is also called socialization. ❖Definition of Education According Émile Durkheim ❖Émile Durkheim was a French sociologist who rose to prominence in the late 19th and early 20th Centuries. ❖He is credited as one of the principal founders of modern sociology. ❖According to Durkheim (1956) education is the systematic socialization of the younger generation by which the latter learns religious and moral beliefs, feelings of nationality and collective opinions of all kinds. SOCIOLOGICAL DEFINITION OF EDUCATION IN SUMMARY  Can we classify How do we everyday evaluate or interaction with measure if an people as a interaction is truly form of education ? education?  Criteria For Measuring If A Process Can Be Considered As Education (R.S Peters) According to R.S. Peters an activity is education if: 1. It involves the transmission of something worthwhile to those who become committed to it. 2. Knowledge and understanding and some sort of cognitive perspective, which is not passive (inert). 3. Procedure for transmission does not lack willingness and voluntariness on the part of the learner. (Schofield, 1972).  is any act or experience that has a formative effect on the mind, character In Summary or physical ability of Education Is… an individual.  Education relates to the acquisition of knowledge, skills, and values that enable the individual lead a good and useful life not only to himself but the society as a whole. 1. Formal Education 2. Informal Education Forms of 3. Non-formal Education Education  Formal Education Definition - Formal Education An organized teaching, learning and training that occurs in schools  Features Of Formal Education 01 02 03 04 Takes place Teaching Institutions of Learning is in an and learning Education like evaluated organized Schools and through is usually and Universities are examination based on usually accredited structured prescribed and grading or officially manner at a Curriculum systems mandated by place called and Syllabus government a school Learning Is Prearranged Teaching & Learning Is Teaching And Learning And Teacher-led Sequential And Involves Some Level Of - Intentional Compulsion Teaching is usually – arranged in advance and led by trained Follows predictable professionals or experts procedure, steps and techniques 5. 6. 7.  3 Sub- 1. Organization systems Of Formal 2. Human Education 3. Curriculum  Organization Component 1. Every Formal Education has a Mission - part of the organizational structure of an educational system which legally establishes its purposes, goals and objectives of operation. 2. Every Formal Education has a Sponsor - consists of political, religious, industrial, or other institutions which initiate, support and govern the enterprise. Within these operating institutions, schools are established, legitimized and managed.  Human Component 1. Mentors - trained and certified personnel who teach, counsel and train other human resources 2. Students - participants to be educated Curriculum Component Content This is the body of knowledge, subjects or skills which students are expected to learn. Media These consist of materials, equipment, and processes through which learning experiences are provided for participants. Non-formal Education  Non-formal education is any intentional and systematic education outside the normal or traditional school system aimed at providing specific training for specific target groups or clientele such as the youth, the aged, farmers, expectant mothers, school drop-outs etc.  Such education includes remedial classes for WASSCE candidates, vocational or apprenticeship training for the youth, extension services for farmers, adult literacy programme, health education for nursing mothers etc.  Examples Of Non- Formal Education 1. Motivational and Youth 7. Community-based adult empowerment seminars educational courses 2. Attending short refresher 8. Boy Scouts and Girls Guides program 9. Religious groups and meetings 3. Apprenticeship 10.Clubs, societies and groups 4. Orientations 11.Fitness programs 5. On the job training 6. Conferences Features Of Non-formal Education 1. It is less costly than formal education 2. Hands-on learning which can be applied directly to life or work 3. Proof of education is more likely to be performance than by certificate 4. Occurs at institutions outside school eg. Workplace 5. Learning may be guided by experts and industry leaders 6. Usually adapted to meet individual learner’s specific need 7. Learning is voluntary and intrinsically driven 8. Instruction is seldom graded and sequential 9. May be formally or loosely organized – occurs in flexible settings  Pedagogical Style of non-formal education ❖Pedagogical approaches is more flexible and build upon the needs of clients and their satisfaction. Informal Education Informal Education It is the traditional, incidental or indigenous education which one acquires consciously or unconsciously  Features Of Informal Education Teaching and learning is … 1. Informal - occurs everywhere in casual settings and at any time for unspecified time periods 2. Experiential - learning is based on the daily life experiences 3. Spontaneous – not prearranged; can occur in any form or mode 4. Unstructured – does not follow a curriculum or syllabus 5. Socially led – learning process is led by family, friends, caregivers, Grand Parents, play, media, entertainment, or any other influence in the learner’s surrounding 6. Learning process involves observation, imitation, practice and participation 7. Learning is voluntary 8. Non-sequential- does not follow prescribed order, steps or technique 9. Learning is evaluated through practical results and output - not through examination or grading  Goals of Traditional African Education 1. To develop the child physically 2. To develop character 3. To inculcate respect for elders and those in position of authority 4. To develop intellectual skills 5. To acquire specific vocational training and to develop a healthy attitude towards honest labour 6. To develop a sense of belonging and to encourage active participation in family and community affairs 7. To understand, appreciate and promote the cultural heritage of the community at large.  Specific Goals of Informal Education 1 2 3 ensuring Ensuring Ensuring education in training in education of matrimonial, thinking, will power social, religious practical through self- domain. wisdom and denial; physical aesthetics etc. endurance and self-control  Content General Education 1. Children and adolescent learn the geography and history of their community from observation and from elders. 2. Botany and Zoology are the subjects of both theoretical and practical lessons. 3. Proverbs and riddles are exceptional wit sharpeners which are used to teach the child to reason and to take decisions. 4. Mathematics is worked into game of wits. 5. The youth learn the institution, norms and ideas of their culture. By attending baptisms, religious ceremonies, weddings, funerals and annual yam festivals. 6. Festivals are occasions when those who have travelled or stayed outside the town come back home; festivals are periods of reunion and learning of culture. 7. Good manners, moral rules and social laws are inculcated by close relatives or distant members of the family. Vocational Education - This comprises… 1. Agricultural Education 2. Trades and Crafts – weaving, sculpting, drumming, smiting, soap making, carpentry, singing, trapping, pottery making, dyeing and hair plaiting. 3. Professions – priesthood, medicine, justice, policing, messengers, judges, hunting, military (Asafo) and chieftaincy. 4. Teaching is through apprenticeship and Special Schools are created to provide such vocational training.  Methods of Informal Education This is done through 1. Observation 2. Imitation 3. Identification 4. participation thank you Any Questions  EDTE 102: SOCIAL FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION IN GHANA Dr. Priscilla Commey Mintah Week 2; Lecture 2  Lecture 2 Aims Of Education Let Me ask you a question 1. If someone dashed, you 1 million dollars today will you still be in school? 2. If someone you truly love tells you to stop schooling and come and marry him or her for One million dollars with free job. Will you still be in School? 3. If the USA President says stop everything you are doing and come and live in the USA with all your family, free Job, free monthly allowance, Free accommodation, food, car etc. Will you still be in school? To a large extent, your response to the questions gives us some ideas about what your aims for education are. What Do We Mean By Aims Of Education The aim of Education is the …. 1. Reason for education - Purpose 2. Goals for education – results education seeks to achieve 3. Problem education seeks to solve – Solutions  1. Needs – what you consider essential for your survival – (Physical, What Shapes Psychological & Social needs) An Individual’s Aim Of 2. Problems – challenges and limitations Education? you want to overcome 3. Value Systems – what you consider important and unimportant 4. World View – how you see the life  Ultimate Aim Of Education The aim of any educational system should be to develop a wholistic human being It must develop persons 1. “Head” - represents intellectual development 2. “Heart” - represents moral development 3. “Hand” – represents acquisition of manual or vocational skills  Cognitive Affective Bloom’s Domain Domain Taxonomy Educational Objectives Psychomotor Domain  Broad Aims Of Education Physical Development Education should aim at the physical development of the individual How Education Can Help Achieve Physical Development 1. Observing personal & Social hygiene in school – clean ups 2. Activity based learning – learning involving movements 3. Games and sporting activities 4. Health inspection at school 5. Studying science 6. Serving nutritious snacks and meals at school  Education must help the Mental Development individual to.. ❖Develop problem solving skills ❖Become mentally healthy. How Can Education Be Used To Achieve Mental Development? 1. Teaching School Subjects –present students with mentally challenging and stimulating experiences to make them think critically. 2. Use audio-visual aids in teaching 3. Training children to reason in an abstract or deductively and inductively, at the “stage of formal operations” (about the age of 11 and above). 4. Use guidance and counselling programmes to help students tackle their personal struggles 5. Employ problem solving teaching techniques like Discovery Method, Project Method and Activity Method  Social Development Education should aim at helping individuals to … 1. Be sociable 2. Live in harmony with others in society How Can Education Be Used To Achieve Social Development? Put in place events and activities that require students to work together which may include: 1. Games and athletics – inter house competitions 2. Clubs - drama, debate, exhibition School Entertainment 3. Group Work – group presentations, group project, mixed ability groups like Houses/Sections. 4. Encourage democracy in class Emotional Development Education should aim at 1. Developing positive emotions such as love, joy and happiness of the individual 2. Managing emotions such as fear, jealousy, envy, worry, anxiety and aggression How Can Education Be Used To Achieve Emotional Development? 1.Motivate learners to manage both negative and positive emotions by using rewards and praises 2.Set the right examples by managing your emotions properly 3.Assist students to directly control specific emotions like fear, anger, sexual urge etc. 4.Help students to use their religious beliefs, cultural values and their backgrounds to bring certain emotions under control. For example, a Christian learns to overcome anger and fear 5.Help learners to translate emotional energies into useful activities 6. Children can be encouraged to dramatize their fears away. For example, masks can be used in drama to help children who are afraid of ghosts and bogey-men. 7.Use play therapy and counselling sessions to help learners to manage negative emotions. Moral Development The Aim of Education should be to: 1. Help learners to make good judgement of people and situation 2. To tell right from wrong 3. Develop good manners 4. Make informed decisions How Can Education Be Used To Achieve Moral Development? 1. Teach students to know what is right and wrong 2. Enforce positive and consistent discipline 3. Use rewards as incentives that can be used in moral training 4. Use persuasions and involve students in setting rules 5. Moral training at home and in school should aim at one and the same thing. The child may be confused in case the training at home differs from training at school 6. Organize seminars on topical issues  Spiritual Development Whatever the belief held by people, education should aim at the spiritual development of the individual How Can Education Be Used To Achieve Spiritual Development? 1. Expose students to the teaching of religions. 2. School worship should also be conducted. The art of praying should be taught. 3. Student should be guided to observe moral codes of their religions 4. Students should be taught to love others as themselves 5. Students guided to form the habit of giving willingly  Vocational Skills Education should 1. Predispose learners to different vocations. 2. Guide them to acquire occupational skills. 3. Place learners in the vocations of their interest, for example, carpentry, etc. 4. Encourage learners to have respect for manual work and use their hands in such work 1. Teachers should encourage creative and manipulative skills, for example, in art and crafts. 2. Takes learners on excursions to various workplaces 3. Include vocational and technical subjects such as agriculture, woodwork, tailoring, metal work, typing and accounting should be included in the school curriculum. 4. Guidance coordinators should be employed to guide and place children in occupations. Social Aims Of Education 1. Social aims of education has to do with qualities and aspirations society expect one to have after completing the educational process 2. Sometimes social aims of education may conflict with one’s individual aim.  The aims of a society or a nation like Ghana can better be formulated considering her characteristics, needs and aspirations  Characteristics Of A Developing Society Like Ghana 1. Large percentage of primary products constituting the National Products 2. Economic mismanagement 3. Political instability 4. Sticking to archaic cultures 5. Shortage of food and manufactured products 6. Low level of sanitation and health 7. High degree of dual economy 8. Size of population and rate of population growth 9. Unexploited resources  Needs Of Ghana The following may be considered as priority needs of Ghana. 1. Agricultural and industrial products like food, clothes, machines, etc. 2. Well-equipped hospitals and clinics; medical personnel like doctors, nurses and midwives to see to the health needs of the people 3. Political stability through political education 4. Good morals 5. Transportation 6. Vocational and technical skills to solve many of the economic problems 7. Cultural and civic education Aims and Functions of Education in Ghana  What Should Be The Aims And Functions Of Education In A Developing Country Like Ghana? 1. Education should aim at making the population proficient in numeracy and literacy. People should be able to read, write and deal with mathematical issues in their daily lives. 2. Critical and logical Thinking - should lead to the development of creative and inquiry skills, resulting in critical and logical thinking in everyday problem solving. 3. Vocational and Technical Skills. 4. Education should develop the vocational and technical skills of learners and also satisfy the manpower requirement of the society. 5. Political Stability - Education should produce patriotic and informed citizens who will contribute ideas to solve the country’s numerous problems 6. Patriotic and informed citizens - Education should produce patriotic and informed citizens who will contribute ideas to solve the country’s numerous problems, or even take active part in communal labour in the towns and villages 7. Morality - Education should aim at producing honest, truthful, courageous and kind boys and girls, men and women. 8. Mental Physical Health - Education should produce a healthy Ghanaian society. It should make people respect the rules of hygiene. 9. Ghanaian Culture Heritage thank you  Any Questions?  EDTE 102: SOCIAL FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION IN GHANA Dr. Priscilla Commey Mintah Week 3; Lecture 3 Lecture 3  In this lecture, you will be able to explain: 1. Definition of Sociology 2. Definition, Components, and Types of Learning Society Outcomes 3. Definition and Scope of Sociology of Education 4. Importance of studying Sociology of Education What Is Sociology? 3. Sociology forces us to look at the social processes that influence our thoughts, perceptions, and actions, and helps us see how social change occurs and the impact we can have on others. (Newman, 1995:495) 1. The scientific study of society and human behaviour (Henslin, 2003:4) 2. The scientific study of groups and group interactions, societies and social interactions, from small and personal groups to very large groups.  What Do Sociologists Do? Sociologist's study …. 1. All the different parts and levels of society – i.e. micro & macro a. Micro-levels Of Society – studies interactions between individuals or small groups. Example – When a Legon boy says I love you does he really mean? Is it Real or just wants sex? b. Macro-levels Of Society - look at trends between large groups and societies. Example - Are Ghanaian men more romantic compared to Nigerian Men? Why Are Africans usually late? 2. Patterns of behaviour between people when they are interacting with one another in small or larger groups  What Is A Society? 1. A group of people who live in defined communities, interact with one another, and shares similar culture 2. Consists of the people and institutions around us, our shared beliefs, and our cultural ideas  Other Meanings Of Society A society may consist of … 1. Like-minded people governed by their own norms and values within a dominant, larger society – example naturalists society, gangs, alcoholic society etc. 2. Different ethnic and cultural groups - A society can be a particular ethnic group, such as the Dagombas; or a nation state such as Togo; or a broader cultural group, such as a Western society. 3. Organized voluntary association of people - for religious, charity, cultural, scientific, political, or other purposes.  What Is A Community?  Community comes from latin word communitas, which means shared in common and public spirit. Community, therefore, is, ❖A group of people living in the same place or having common interests, likeness and characteristics such as ideology, religion, language, age, sex, family and kinship, profession, residence etc.  Forms Of 1. Family 4. Religious sect Community 2. Neighborhood 5. Social groups 3. School What Is The Difference Between A Society And A Community?  1. A Society is bigger than a Community – Society is a consolidation of different communities, whereas community is a collection of families or tribes 2. Members of a society have different interests and characteristics whereas members of a community have similar and sometimes the same interests and characteristics 3. Communities are the building blocks of society whereas societies are the building blocks of nations 4. Community may be limited to a small specific area, society may extend its coverage 5. There is a stronger attachment to one another in a community compared to society  Modern societies and communities can be… 1. Visible – Physical e.g. neighborhood, university, associations, 2. Invisible –Virtual eg. online, social media platforms like WhatsApp groups, facebook, Instagram, Tiktok Types Of Societies 1. Hunter-gatherer Societies - a. Rely solely on nature for survival - survives by hunting animals, fishing, and gathering plants b. Highly Mobile – moves from one place to the other staying in temporal and natural structures like caves c. Small Societies - less than 50 members 2. Pastoral Societies – members … a. Domesticate Animals – bread and rear animals for food and transportation b. Geographically Stable – live in tents but may occasionally move to feed animals 3. Horticultural Societies – members of this society a. Moved from place to place in search of lands with good soil and reliable water source for irrigation b. Domesticated fruits, vegetables, and plants with simple farm inputs like cutlass and hoes c. Built permanent settlements 4. Agricultural Societies: a. Used advanced technology such as the plough, tractors, irrigation system etc.in farming and animal husbandry which led to ‘Agricultural Revolution’ b. Able to cultivate large areas with high agricultural yield enough to sell extra 3. Agricultural Revolution made farming possible and profitable 4. Increases in food supplies led to larger populations and centers of trade to support rulers, educators 5. People had the time and comfort to engage in more contemplative and thoughtful activities, such as music, poetry, and philosophy. 6. The period was referred to as the “dawn of civilization” because of the development of leisure and humanities. 5. Feudal Societies - feudalism was a form of society based on ownership of land. a. These societies maintained a strict hierarchical system of power based on land ownership and protection. b. The kings, placed vassal (person gaining the land) and in charge of lands. c. In return for the resources that the land provided, vassals promised to fight for their lords. d. These individual pieces of land, known as fiefdoms, were cultivated by the lower class. e. In return for maintaining the land, peasants were guaranteed a place to live and protection from outside enemies. f. Power was handed down through family lines, with peasant families serving lords for generations and generations.  6. Industrial Society a. Dramatic increase in technological invention, such as railways, steam engines, mechanized factories, phones, boats, pharmaceuticals, airplane. b. Inventions made the production of goods easier, faster and better which led to making more profits c. As productivity increased, means of transportation improved to better facilitate the transfer of products from place to place. d. Great wealth was attained by the few who owned factories, and the “masses” found jobs working in the factories. e. Economists and Sociologists called this era as the Industrial Revolution f. Started in Britain and spread to other parts of the world  7. POSTINDUSTRIAL SOCIETY a. Also known as information societies, or digital societies. b. Unlike industrial societies that are rooted in the production of material goods, information societies are based on the production of information and services. c. Digital technology is the steam engine of information societies, and computer d. Since the economy of information societies is driven by knowledge and not material goods, power lies with those in charge of storing and distributing information. e. Members of a postindustrial society are likely to be employed as sellers of services—software programmers or business consultants, for example—instead of producers of goods. f. Social classes are divided by access to education,  What Are The Components Of A Society? The Component/Structure of a Society Economy Education Politics Culture Marriage & Religion Medicine Technology Family Security SOCIOLOGY OF EDUCATION WHAT IS SOCIOLOGY OF EDUCATION? ❖Sociology of education is defined as a study of the relationship between education and society. ❖It is an investigation of the sociological processes involved in an educational institution. ❖It is concerned with educational aims, methods, institutions, administration and curricula in relation to the economic, political, religious, social and cultural forces of the society in which they function. ❖ Sociology of education emphasizes sociological aspects of educational phenomena and institutions. What is the Scope of Sociology of Education? Sociology of Education … 1. Examines the impact a society’s economy has on the type of education provided to learners in the society Eg. Will education in higher income societies affect the quality of education delivery for learners? 2. Deals with analysis of educational situations in various geographical and ethnological contexts. 3. Studies the effect of various social agencies like family, health, security etc. on students and educational institutions 4. It studies the relationship between social class, culture, language, parental education, occupation and the achievement of the students. 5. It studies the role and structure of school, peer group on the personality on learners. 6. It provides an understanding of the problems such as racism, communalism, gender discrimination etc. in society and educational institutions 7. It studies the role of schools in the socialization of learners. 8. It promotes research studies related to planning, organization and application of various theories in education. How Sociology Of Education Deals With The Subject Of Education Sociology deals with the process of education under 4 broad categories 1. The educational process as an aspect of social interaction 2. The school as a social group (micro-society, rules govern activities). 3. The influence of other social institutions upon the institutions of education (health, economy). 4. The functions of society as regards the institutions of education (the role society plays concerning educational institutions, such as, provision of lands, accommodation for teachers and motivation of pupils and teachers) - (Ezewu et al.,1988) Importance Of Sociology Of Education 1. Provides insight into how education can be used as an effective tool of socialization in a community, society, nation and the world at large 2. Helps to discover ways by which education can be used to bring about positive changes in a society 3. Helps to align the philosophy, needs and aspirations of a society with its educational institutions, processes and systems. 4. Provides understanding into the effectiveness of different educational methods in teaching students with different kinds of intelligences. 5. It helps us to understand the effect of various social agencies like family, school on education vise versa 6. Helps in the development of national curriculum in relation to the cultural and economic needs of the society 7. Help us to understand and tolerate different societies and cultures 8. Helps in national integration and development 9. Helps to maintain social and cultural heritage and lagacies 10.Need for understanding and promoting international culture  Education is a social process; education is growth; education is not preparation for life but is life itself. John Dewey  EDTE 102: SOCIAL FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION IN GHANA Dr. Priscilla Commey Mintah Week 4; Lecture 4  Lecture 4 Social Function of Education 3 Main Sociological Perspectives & Paradigms 1. Symbolic Interactionist Paradigm a. They focus on meanings we attach to verbal and non-verbal interactions and symbols b. People attach meanings to symbols, and then they act according to their subjective interpretation of these symbols c. We make sense of our societies through communication i.e. the exchange of meaning through language and symbols. 2. Conflict Paradigm a. Developed the Conflict theory which sees society as a competition for limited resources. b. Rich becomes richer and poor becomes poorer 3. Structural Functionalist Paradigm – Developed the functionalist theory. a. They see society as a structure with interrelated parts designed to meet the biological and social needs of the individuals in that society. b. Liken society to the human body with different parts performing unique roles and working together Structural Functionalist Views of Formal Education and School (What role does school play in society?) 1. Functionalists view education as one of the most important social institutions in a society. 2. They focus on the positive functions of school and education in fulfilling the needs of a society. 3. They argue that education contributes two kinds of functions to society: a. Manifest (Or Primary) Functions & b. Latent (Or Secondary) Functions 1. Manifest Or Primary Functions of Formal Education - These are the visible and intended functions of education. 2. Latent Or Secondary Function Of Formal Education - These are the hidden and unintended functions of school and education. They are also the by-products of going to school and receiving an education. Do You Agree With This Statement? No one was born a thief, society makes them. We are who we are largely because of our Socialization What is socialization? 1. Socialization is the process by which individuals acquire the knowledge, language, social skills, and value to conform to the norms and roles required for integration into a group or community 2. It describes the processes people go through to understand societal norms and expectations, to accept society’s beliefs, and to be aware of societal values. 3. Socialization is not the same as socializing (interacting with others, like family, friends, and coworkers); to be precise, it is a sociological process that occurs through socializing. 4. Socialization is a deliberate and systematic process of learning basic norms, beliefs, way of life including simple things like holding a spoon, sitting in public, talking, etc. Socialization goes through a process  What Is The Process Of Socialization The process of socialization of a person begins with the moment of birth and ends immediately with the moment of death. Agents of Socialization Agents of socialization are the persons, groups, or institutions that teach us what we need to know in order to participate in society. 1. Primary Socialization 2. Secondary Socialization Primary Socialization Primary socialization occurs when a child learns the attitudes, values, and actions appropriate to individuals as members of a particular culture. a. Family is the most important agent of Primary Socialization for a child b. Family may include nuclear and external family members  How Does Family Function As An Agent Of Socialization 1. Family teaches language – verbal and non-verbal language 2. Family teaches values, customs, norms and beliefs 3. Family provides love and affection 4. Family teaches morals – right and wrong 5. Family teaches gender roles 6. Family teaches dress codes 7. We learn the World through the eyes of our primary agents of socialization – trust verse mistrust  Secondary Agents of Socialization 1. Involves all the individuals and social institutions apart from the family who are involved in the socialization process of a child 2. This socialization takes place outside the family and home. 3. Agents of Secondary socialization are Peer Groups, school, Religion, community and Mass Media  Peer Groups As Agents Of Socialization 1. Peer groups provide adolescents’ first major socialization experience outside the realm of their families. 2. A peer group is made up of people who are similar in age and social status and have shared interests. 3. Peer group socialization begins from childhood, adolescence to adulthood 4. There is freedom of expression and exploration 5. Values and customs learnt are indirectly acquired through non-formal ways 6. Peer group helps the child to form his own social personality i.e. his ways of getting along with other people, of being friendly or reserve, brave or timid. 7. Children learn fairness, corporation and responsibility through play with peers 8. Gender roles are also learnt through group play and socialization 9. Boys learn how to relate with girls and girls learn how to relate with boys School As An Agent Of Socialization ❖The school is the principal agent established by modern society for the socialization of children. It stands beside the family in importance. ❖These two institutions i.e. the family and the school carry the major responsibility of socialization. ❖The school contributes significantly to the preparation of the child for adult life. ❖A good school has good influence on the child. 1. The school is not only expected to transmit skills and practical knowledge but important values as well such as patriotism, ambition, concern for others and so on. 2. The school provides the child with social learning which will be valuable for him when he becomes an adult member of his community. 3. The school offers the pupils who are young citizens diverse opportunities to demonstrate the sense of civic responsibility. 3. The impact of the school is affected of course by family attitudes and behaviours, which can facilitate formal educational efforts or hinder it. That is if the family or the home co-operates with the school, the influence of the school on the child would yield good results. The opposite would however, happen if the home does not co-operate with the school. 4. The school itself includes both the formal organization with prepared curriculum and established procedures, and the teachers with whom pupils can establish personal relationship that may significantly affect their attitudes and behavior. It also provides a convenient centre for the development of informal though often important, peer groups. Religion as an agent of socialization 1. Provides moral education through its formal and informal teaching. 2. It helps in moulding the child’s personality through inculcating virtues such as honesty, respect and patriotism, and modelling our life style on that of Christ. 3. It provides models for imitation. For example the young imitate the adults’ ways of worship and their being devout Christian, Muslim, Hindu etc. 4. It helps to transmit the society’s culture to the child e.g. drumming, dancing, enacting plays. 5. Through the various groups within the church the child is trained for leadership and other responsible positions e.g. boy’s brigade, girls fellowship. 6. It provides formal education – eg. Central university, Presec, etc. 7. It directly teaches certain skills and vocations. – Talks/seminars/workshops using resource persons.  Community As Agents Of Socialization 1. The community through its various Youth Associations contributes to the education of the Ghanaian child in the following ways: 2. They help in personality development by shaping the child’s attitudes, way of thinking and values: 3. They provide models for imitation; 4. Help in cultural transmission; 5. Provide avenues for the interaction with peers; 6. Help train children for leadership and other roles; and 7. Provide avenues for learning vocational and technical skills. Mass Media As An Agent Of Socialization 1. The television which at present seems to be especially important in the socialization of children has children’s special programmes 2. There are entertainment programmes such as football; other games and sports on the television as well as on radio. 3. The radio and television programmes are given to supplement school programmes. E.g. science quiz, what do you know? 4. The radio and television programmes serving as an audio-visual aids, motivate the children. 5. News commentaries and bulletins on radio and TV serve as a source of knowledge on current world events. 6. Some of the dailies carry separate sections for children. 7. The government reports, policies etc. are published in the dailies and magazines. 8. Books and libraries are major socialization influences. Children do not only form concepts of appropriate and desirable behavior from the heroes they read about, but try to imitate those heroes 9. Online news and entertainment content  EDTE 102: SOCIAL FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION IN GHANA Dr. Priscilla Commey Mintah Week 5; Lecture 5 CULTURAL FUNCTIONS OF EDUCATION  In this lecture, you will be able to explain: 1. Meaning of Culture 2. Cultural function of education Learning 3. Forces of Social Change Outcomes 4. How educated people contribute to culture? 5. Conservatism, Reconstruction and Progressivism Schools of Thoughts. What Does The Cultural Function Of Education Mean? Cultural function of education means the role of education in the transmission and improvement of the cultural heritage. What Is Culture? Culture refers to the social behavior and norms found in human societies, including the knowledge, beliefs, art, laws, customs, capabilities, and habits of the individuals in these groups (Tylor, 1871)  Culture is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom and any other capabilities and habits acquire by man as a member of society. E.B. Taylor (1871) Scholarly G.F Kneller (1965) sees culture as “the Definitions total shared way of life of a given people, of Culture which comprises their mode of thinking acting and feeling and which is expressed for instance in religion, law, language, art and custom as well as in material products such as houses, clothes and tools.” 1. Culture also includes the food people in a society eat, how it is prepared and how they eat it. 2. It also includes the economic activities they engage in, the tools they use and how they are made. 3. Also includes how they bring up children, who they worship and the how they worship.  Culture is a human creation , and man differs from animals because he creates culture, and because he transmits what he has learned and what he has created from one generation to the next (Havighurst & Neugarten, 1967).  2 COMPONENTS OF CULTURE MATERIAL COMPONENT OF NON-MATERIAL CULTURE COMPONENT OF CULTURE 1. Material Component – ❖The material components of culture refers to all the visible parts of culture which can be seen, felt or touched, and are shared in common by a group of people. ❖Includes all the behaviour and physical objects of a society, such as clothing, food, festivals, dance, buildings, technology, transportation, funerals, occupations etc. 2. Non-Material Component – ❖This components of culture refers to all the invisible parts of culture which cannot be seen, felt or touched, but are shared in common by a group of people. ❖It includes Values, beliefs, religion, language, knowledge, common sense, assumptions, expectations, rules, norms, laws, and morals that govern society. Important Note Culture is said to be a universal phenomenon, as such every society possesses both the material and non-material components of culture.  1. Conservative Dimension – This 2 Dimensions Of Culture deals with the transmission of culture from one generation to the other. 2. Dynamic Or Change Dimension. This deals with the changes that culture is expected to bring to what has been passed on from one generation to the other.  How Does The Change Occur? ❖It occurs through schooling or school education. ❖Every society is constantly changing; but some societies change faster than others. ❖Pre-literate societies are characterized by a relatively slow change; modern literate and complex societies are undergoing very rapid changes which are due to scientific and technological development (Agyeman, 1986).  According to sociologists, change is driven by: 1. Internal or Endogenous Force – this change is driven by accident or chance Two Forces such as an epidemic or by a revolution. Of Social 2. External Or Exogenous Force – this is Change when external factors such as cultural contact, invasion, colonization bring about change in the society. Example western culture is influence Ghanaians to western dishes like pizza and rice  How Does The Change Occur? ❖It occurs through schooling or school education. ❖Every society is constantly changing; but some societies change faster than others. ❖Pre-literate societies are characterized by a relatively slow change; modern literate and complex societies are undergoing very rapid changes which are due to scientific and technological development (Agyeman, 1986)  How Does Education Initiate Change In Society? Education also initiates change directly in the society by … 1. Preparing learners to cope with life. 2. Preparing learners to be critical thinkers – objectively critique the aspects of their culture that needs change 3. Promoting creativity – helps students to develop ways to solv social problems and make cultural changes e.g. gas stove has replaced firewood for cooking 4. Promotes change through research. For example, through research new ways of doing agriculture is discovered to improve agricultural produce. 5. Education, especially school education brings about attitudinal change. For example, bad cultural practices like female genital mutilation has be eradicated from most traditional societies because of formal education  What Contributions Do Educated People Make To Culture? 1. Origination – involves the invention of new things or the discovery of new ideas, techniques and the incorporation of these things into the existing culture or ways of life or cultural heritage of the new people. ❖Because students are exposed to a wide scope of ideas or discipline, they become broad minded and this makes them more creative. ❖Example if we invent new machines or we discover some new ideas and we add these to what we already have in our culture then we say there has been cultural origination. Diffusion – involves the adoption, adaptation or borrowing of elements or things from other culture(s) and adding them to what we have in our own culture. For example, the English language we use in our schools, dressing, wearing of spectacles or wrist watches etc are all borrowed things. Anything which is borrowed from outside our culture or which is not part of our culture is termed as cultural diffusion or cultural borrowing. 3. Re-interpretation – It is the modifications made in an already existing element of culture, making it look as if it was new, that is, something we already know or have but only given a new look. ❖Examples are Royco Dawadawa and Royco shrimps. They are the same dawadawa and shrimps we already know, but they have been modernized to look like something different The Role Of Education On Cultural Change 3 Schools of Thought  Conservativists School Of Thought On The Role Of Education in Promoting Cultural Change ❖According to the conservativists, it is not the prerogative of the school to change the culture ❖For them the main function of education is to transmit the cultural heritage from generation to generation in an unadulterated way, as such school has no business trying to change society. ❖ They argued that to improve society we must improve the individuals who lives in it by using school to transmit all the positive elements of culture to the individual ❖For example, use education to teach the language , that is, teaching the language the people speak. Use education to promote the cultural Economic activities like farming, fishing etc. of the people ❖They also argue that society is improved not by forcing a programme of social reform down the throat of the people through the school but by the improvement of the individuals. ❖The prime purpose of education is to reproduce the type of individuals to transmit the social heritage and to adjust the individual in society. Reconstructionists School Of Thought On The Role Of Education in Promoting Cultural Change They are the direct opposite of the conservativists school of thought. They argue that it is the responsibility of school and teachers to envision the kind of society that it will be in the future and prepare students towards that future. For instance, school and teachers in Ghana should determine the kind of future Ghana has to be and produce people with skills and knowledge needed for that society. The needed syllabus and teaching materials must be designed and used to prepare learners for what society aspires to be in the future. The educational curriculum should use education (school) as an instrument of social engineering Progressivists School Of Thought On The Role Of Education in Promoting Cultural Change 1. According to the Progressivists School of thought, it is not the duty of the school to embark on a deliberate cultural change. 2. School should only perform the duty of teaching students all the things they are supposed to know so that students by themselves can intelligently bring about the kind of changes they consider desirable. 3. For them, students should be exposed to a liberal curriculum to enable them understand the world in which they live. 4. According to them, students must not be narrow specialist but must be exposed to wider areas such as human sciences, social sciences, physical, natural sciences etc in order to fit into the society. 5. This makes the individual intelligent enough to understand the environment he or she lives in. 6. They add also that, we cannot change society unless we understand it and how it works. We can understand it when we study it.  Culture As Content Of Education ❖The ultimate aim of education whenever it takes place is the transmission of the patterns of behaviour, the techniques, the values, the beliefs, the ideals and knowledge which a society has accumulated and uses. ❖“These items transmitted through and in the process of education are described as the culture of that society” (Agyeman, 1986). ❖It can therefore be said that culture is the content of education. Elements Of Culture Transmitted Formally And Informally Through Education ❖Patterns of behavior – E.g. how to greet at various times of the day or on festive occasions or how to address people in various capacities. ❖Techniques, skills and knowhow of some material culture like building of houses, farming, hunting and the tools that are used in various circumstances are transmitted in the course of education. ❖Values of a society from generation to generation. These include respect for old age, patriotism, religiousity, hard work etc. ❖It should be noted that every society’s culture is peculiar to that society. Therefore educational systems in different societies are different in organization and content. It is significant to note that the education given in any society is dictated by the culture of that society. ❖ “consequently, whenever and wherever the content and organization of education are different from the cultural background of the society, that society falters in its progress” (Agyeman, 1986). ❖The reason for this statement is not farfetched because in the opinion of Nyerere (1968) “people find that their education has prepared them for a future which is not open to them”. ❖It should be noted that the adoption of western culture through formal education has greatly influenced the lifestyle of many Africans especially the educated ones. ❖The western education was introduced to Africa by European merchants, missionaries and the colonial administrations. Therefore, the cultural backgrounds of these educational agents influenced the educational systems that were established. ❖Thus, the values, attitudes and skills that were taught were based on European culture. ❖In this regard, the more one consumes these educational experiences the less African he becomes in terms of lifestyle, values and aspirations.  EDTE 102: Sociological Foundations of Education in Ghana Dr. Priscilla Commey Mintah Week 6; Lecture 6 Lecture EDUCATION & ECONOMIC 6 DEVELOPMENT  By the end of the lesson, student will be able to explain: 1. Meaning of Economic Function Of Education 2. Two Dimensions Of Economic Learning Function Of Education Outcomes 3. Forms Of Unemployment 4. How School Can Address Unemployment Problems 5. How Two Sociological Paradigms View The Economic Functions Of School 6. Economic Benefits Of Education What Does The Economic Function Of Education Mean? ❖The economic functions of education refers to the contributions education make to the economy of a society ❖It is recognized in the world over that education makes positive contributions to economic development. ❖The human resources of a nation are more important than the material resources because it is the human being that changes the material resources to usable things. (Forojalla, 1993) 2 Dimensions Of Economic Function Of Education QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE DIMENSION DIMENSION  What is The Quantitative Dimension This refers to the role education plays in the training and development of the right quantity of human manpower with the right skills to serve the economy.  How Does Education Produce The Right Quantity Of Manpower? Educational Curriculum – introduce more programmes Diversifying and courses to train different kinds of manpower new need-driven courses like computer science Introducing that are found to be very crucial in the economy Increasing enrolment in areas where there is a crucial need. Awarding scholarships short and flexible schooling hours to absorb more Introducing students without compromising on quality ❖Different levels of education produce different levels of manpower. ❖One of the things that education does in the economy is to stabilize it and provide employment. ❖Unfortunately, education can also create unemployment.  Two Forms Of Unemployment  Structural Unemployment ❖Structural unemployment exists when there are jobs available and people are willing to work, but there are not enough qualified labour to fill the vacant jobs. ❖Jobs are available, but there is a serious mismatch between what companies need and what workers can offer. ❖Structural unemployment is usually caused by technological change, government policy or sift competition which make the job skills of many workers obsolete.  ❖Teachers who are unable to do online teaching may end up unemployed ❖Uber against regular taxi drivers in Ghana – regular taxi drivers can't drive uber if they don’t know how to use the apps and read Examples of maps Structural ❖Lockdown causing tomatoes and grocery sellers to move from physical trade to online Unemployment trade ❖Government bring in a policy that says all manual writing in government offices should be digitized ❖Those who produce manual bicycles are facing competition from new manufacturers who are now producing electronic bicycles  1. Employees should be offered refresher or on-the-job training to equip them with new skills to help them adapt with the How To Solve new changes brought about by technology. The Problem Of Structural Unemployment 2. Students must be equipped with general knowledge that will help them adapt to techno- economic changes. 3. Revise school curricula often to meet the growing needs and skills sets that will be required to satisfy the economy. 4. Introduce new need-driven courses – E.g. Computer coding, oil and gas, aeronautics etc. 5. Academia should often interact with industry to identity and eliminate obsolete knowledge that are being taught in schools and are no longer needed in industry and economy Aggregate Unemployment  ❖This kind of unemployment occurs when the right number of the required manpower is produced but the economy does not grow in What is a manner that is able to absorb them. Aggregate Unemployment? ❖Graduate unemployment - Here job seekers possess the required skills and qualification but there are no jobs to employ them.  Example OF Aggregate Unemployment ❖More nurses are trained but they stay home for 5 years because there no jobs ❖HR. Managers are trained but there no jobs in the market to absorb them ❖Taxi drivers learnt how to drive but have no taxis to drive  Causes of Aggregate Unemployment 1. Unrealistic High Wage – when the demand for wages is high and industry is unable to make profit to pay for the high wages, they are forced to either cut down on employment or freeze employment. 2. Lack Of Investment – when industries do not make enough profit to save, reinvest and expand their operations to employ more skilled labour, there will be graduate unemployment 3. Poor Management Of The Economy – if the economy is not well managed and the economy is not growing to create more avenues for more jobs to grow, skilled labour will be chasing after fewer existing or unexacting jobs  How School Can Address Aggregate Unemployment Problem 1. Equip students with the skills, mindsets and inspiration to create jobs and not only go seeking jobs after school 2. Entrepreneurial Studies in our schools should be more practical, relevant and hands on so people can leave school to either start their own businesses or manage existing businesses profitably 3. Teach value added skills and knowledge to help students to refine raw products into fine attractive products which will be useful for both domestic consumption and international export 4. Schools should teach ‘need-driven courses’ which will train and deploy students into different aspects of the economy 5. Introducing courses to equip people with the skills needed for a sector. 6. By increasing intake and training of students in critical areas of the economy which is rapidly growing. For example, intake for teachers, doctors, computer programmers, etc. should be increased to handle the pressure in such sectors.  The Qualitative Dimension Of The Function Of Education  WHAT IS THE QUALITATIVE DIMENSION OF THE FUNCTION OF EDUCATION ❖This involves the acquisition of skills, habits and dispositions that go with the skills required to be productive. ❖Thus, education equips people with not only the hard skills but also the soft skills, habits and personal disposition needed to be successful and productive, ❖Soft skills such as time management, planning, supervision, creativity, corporate governance, public speaking. presentation skills, etc. are transmitted through schooling. For Example … ❖Having school timetable teaches students to acquire skills in discipline, planning and personal management. ❖Students are punished when they disobey rules while those who respect them are rewarded. ❖Make presentations in class equips students with presentation and communication skills  How Two Sociological Paradigms View The Economic Functions Of School Functionalist View Of The Economic Functions Of School They are of the view that school a. Produces appropriate manpower for different sectors of an economy. b. Should not only give hard skills but also develop the qualities that trained workers would need to function at their work places.  According to the conflict theory, schools are being manipulated by the capitalists’ class to exploit others and perpetuate Conflict inequalities in society Theory View Of That is, the Capitalists want workers of certain The Economic caliber. E.g. they want workers who are submissive, respectful, punctual, regular and Functions Of hardworking so that they can exploit them. School That is, the schools are in collaboration with the capitalists to produce people to be exploited. What Are The Economic Benefits Of Education? 1. Indirect/Social/Public Benefits-They are benefits that accrue not only to the individual but also to the society at large 2. Direct/Private/ Individual Benefits which accrue directly to the individual  Social/Public Benefits of Education. According to T.W. Shultz (1963) educational benefits can be grouped by 1. Research - Through research new products, new techniques of production new processes and so on are discovered or invented and put to use in the economy to promote development. 2. Production of Human Resources – education trains all types or levels of manpower are produced to service the economy. For example, through education engineers, technicians, craftsmen, agriculturists, teachers, accountants, doctors and so on are produced for the economy. 3. Political Consciousness - Education makes people politically conscious and politically responsible. It makes people confident to participate in the affairs of the community – Education thus, facilitates self-government and democracy. 4. Harmonious Co-existence – Education makes people develop qualities that make harmonious co-existence with neighbours and work mates (co-workers) possible. 5. Education of the next generation - Educated people give their children (next generation) a chance for better education which leads to a better life 6. Productivity Of Labour - Through education individuals acquire specialized skills and as a result quality of labour improves and in the long run it increases productivity of labour (ie. improve skills). 7. Education Provides Long Term Cost Saving To The Community - For example in the USA, about 40% of the people jailed have very low levels of formal education. With education the country stands to reduce the probability of high unemployment. 8. Education Limits Population Growth - Research shows that education delays marriage and child bearing, thereby limiting population growth. Also educated elites do not give birth to many children. 9. Education Bring About Gender Balance In Employment - Research again shows that education enables women to participate in the labour force, thereby earning income and avoiding dependency. 10.Promotes Good Nutrition - The children of educated women are well fed and thus, become healthier. Kalmijn (1993) found the effect of mother’s education on their children to be stronger than that of the man on the children. Hence the adage “if you educate a man you educate an individual but if you educate a women you educate a nation” works.  Private/Indiv idual Benefits of Education The private benefits of education can be grouped under 2 main categories 1. Consumption: A product or service is consumption when it yields satisfaction or utility in a single period only. For example, when you buy a bar chocolate your enjoy it alone and it is gone 2. Investment: It would be called pure investment when it is expected to yield satisfaction or utility in future period only. a. Education yields satisfaction to the student at the time it is given. It also provides future satisfaction in the form of employment and increased productivity and increased earnings. Specifically, the private benefits of education include the following 1. Education gives psychological satisfaction: This benefit is derived from the possession of knowledge and understanding of one’s world and the ability to rub shoulder high with enlightened people, to interact with the men and women of civilized culture. 2. Education increases an individual's chance of earning higher income 3. Education provides a hedge against unemployment - The individual who obtains a more general education is more flexible in adopting new job opportunity when technical change occurs. The flexibility provides the individual a hedge or hedging against unemployment. 4. Educations helps individuals to think critically about their lives 5. Education provides the opportunity for upward social mobility – (ie movement along the social ladder) - if an individual wants to move higher the social ladder it can easily be done through education.  EDTE 102: Sociological Foundations of Education in Ghana Dr. Priscilla Commey Mintah Week 7; Lecture 7 POLITICAL FUNCTIONS OF EDUCATION  By the end of the lesson, student will be able to explain: 1. Meaning Of Politics And The Political Function Learning Of Education 2. Meaning And Agents Of Outcomes Political Socialization 3. Role Of Education In National Integration 4. Role Of Education And The Teacher In National Development  The problem of Ghana’s underdevelopment is a problem of bad political leadership and governance. Do you agree? What Is Politics? ❖The work Politics is derived from the Greek word, “Polis”, which means the city state. ❖Politics according to Greek philosophers is the total study of man, society, state, morality and so on.  It also means the art or science of government or governing, especially the governing of a political entity, such as a nation, and the administration and control of its internal and external affairs.  Refers to the… What Does a. Contributions of education The Political Function Of to the political Education development of a nation. Mean? b. Consequences of education on political development. 1. Should citizens continue to pay What Do You Think About their tax even if the taxes they pay are being wasted by The Following? politicians? 2. Which government has been the best government in Ghana so far? 3. Which political party is the best political party in Ghana so far? 4. Will Ghana be better off under a military rule than a Democratic rule? 5. Should the government legalize abortion in Ghana? 6. Should the government be the one to determine the number of children a couple should have? Your Answers To These And Many More Political Questions Is Shaped By Your Political Socialization What Is Political Socialization? Political socialization is… 1. The process by which people form their ideas about politics. 2. A political learning whereby people develop the attitudes, values, beliefs, opinions, and behaviors that are conducive to becoming good citizens in their country. 3. The lifelong development of a person's political values.  Family Media What Are The Peers Agents Of Political Religion Socialization? Workplace School 1. Family ❖Can little children have political party affiliation, even as children? - Although most kids don't understand the intricacies of party affiliation, they can align themselves with political parties. ❖Children build their political beliefs based on the affiliations, behaviours and attitudes of their parents, grandparents or other key adult figures in their lives. ❖ For example, if a child grows up in a family where everyone in the family, from their grandparent to their parents, aunties etc. identifies themselves with CPP, NPP or NDC, the child will believe he or she is a CPP, NPP or NDC without really knowing what that entails Children often take on the political culture of their older family members through… ❖Observations ❖Casual Adult political conversations - For example, If your parents end up praising or criticizing a political party often you are likely to like or dislike that political party ❖Political symbols and paraphernalia – display of political flags, emblems, colours etc. at home 2. Media is the most significant influence on our beliefs because it is often the way in which we acquire information about politics, society and the world. The media has a strong ability to influence or validate our political beliefs and opinions. 3. Peers – people within our immediate circles, can influence and shape our political views. 4. Religious Groups have strong political beliefs which tend to influence the members' opinions; therefore, they can strengthen or weaken current political beliefs. Example is the current so-called “prophecy of politics” where some pastors predict who will win in elections etc. These can shape people’s political choices 5. Workplaces political discussions and exchange of ideas - Political Debates in the office, market, public transport (trotro and taxis) etc.can shape ones political ideologies and beliefs 6. School is an important influence because they are places in which we spend a considerable amount of time and where we are exposed to new ideas, different people, and belief systems  What Role Does Education Play In The Political Development of a Nation Or A State? ❖The Role Of Education In Political Development Is Political Socialization. ❖The goal of education as a political socialization agent is to prepare people to become politically responsible citizens and leaders Who Is A Politically Responsible Citizen? A politically responsible citizen is one who… 1. Acts according to the tenets of the constitution 2. Is loyal to his community 3. Pays taxes without being forced 4. Voluntarily serves his or her community 5. Takes care of public properties. 6. Participates in decision making process of the country. 7. Puts national interest above personal interest.  1. Incorporation of political topics and subjects into the school curriculum 2. Students participating in Games and sports – promote tolerance and enable students to accept defeat just as what happens in politics. 3. Students' politics – Voting to select prefects, Hall Reps, etc. help to teach about how to exercise their national political duties How Does School Promote 4. Clubs and societies are also other vehicles for Political Socialization? conveying political socialization.  National Integration How Does Education Bring About National Integration? 1. Use Of Common Instructional Language – the use of one common language to teach builds a sense of solidarity and oneness amongst students from different ethnic backgrounds. 2. Boarding School System – students from different cultural and ethnic groups living together in one dormitory helps them to foster understand and tolerate for one another’s differences 3. A Common Educational Experience –students who attend the same school are exposed to a common school culture which builds a sense of solidarity and oneness. 4. Helps Bridge These Social And Economic Gap - Students from rich and poor homes all come together in unity and with one purpose E.g. Free SHS brings both rich and poor together under one Discussion 3 1. Is Ghana a Nation Worth Dying For? 2. Will you be willing to die for Ghana? Give Reasons for your answers How Can We Use The Education You Are Receiving Today To Improve The Political Situation In Ghana?  What Is The Role Of A Teacher In Shaping The Political Minds Of Students? Will You Be Willing To Vote For A Politician Who Offers You This Brand-new Car To Vote For Him Or Her? Who Is The Most Powerful Person In Ghana Today? ❖You are the most powerful person in Ghana. ❖Without your vote, the people who have power will not have the power you have ❖Your vote is your power don’t give it away recklessly ❖Your vote is your future, don’t destroy it by accepting gifts. ❖Your vote is your life, go beyond campaign slogans, party names, advertisements, tribes, physical looks, religion. “It Is An Insult To Your Intelligence To Put Your Vote On Autopilot” Dr. Mensa Otabil Your role as a teachers is to help students to… 1. Know the power of their votes so they don’t sell their votes for gifts from politicians 2. Objectively evaluate government performance 3. Engage in useful research to help in decision making of government 4. Hold their leaders and governments accountable 5. Learn and practice good governance 6. Bring social political change through political education  What Is Political Education Political education is centered on 1. Good governance 2. Respect for the rule of law 3. Free and fair election 4. Separation of powers 5. Respect for fundamental human rights 6. Promotion of press freedom 7. Equality and justice for all  Socrates once said… ‘I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.’ Make The People In Your Immediate Environment Think Again About Their Political Choices Because Their Choices Will Either Make Or Break All Of Us  EDTE 102: SOCIAL FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION IN GHANA Dr. Priscilla Commey Mintah Week 8; Lecture 8  Great Pioneer Educators And Their Influence On Modern Education  Great men and women The focus of this lesson will be have contributed to the to examine major contributions kind of education we have made by some educators to the today. kind of education practiced the world over  John Amos Comenius ~~~ 28 March 1592 – 4 November 1670 ❖He was a Czech teacher, educator, and writer. ❖He was born in the Moravian town of Nivnitz and lived during Europe’s post-Reformation era which was characterized by religious violence between Catholics and Protestants. ❖He set up a new educational philosophy called “pansophism” to cultivate universal understanding and hoping to end religious intolerance. As a pioneer peace educator, he believed that universally shared knowledge would generate a love of wisdom that would overcome ethnic and religious hatred and create a peaceful world order.  ❖Comenius honored multicultural principles that respected religious and cultural diversity. ❖He believed that by cultivating universal knowledge and values, schooling could promote Education And Schooling international understanding and peace ❖Comenius formulated the idea of “education according to nature. ❖He respected children’s natural needs and interests and strongly opposed the conventional wisdom that children were inherently bad and that teachers needed corporal punishment to discipline them. ❖Instead, Comenius wanted teachers to be gentle and loving persons who create joyful and pleasant classrooms. ❖He urged teachers to make their lessons and materials appropriate to children’s natural stages of growth and development. ❖He also advised teachers to organize lessons into easily assimilated small steps that made learning gradual, cumulative and pleasant Comenius Principles Of Teaching And Learning  1. Use objects or pictures to illustrate concepts – obtaining ideas through objects rather than Comenius’ words Educational 2. Apply lessons to students' practical lives Principles -giving the child a comprehensive knowledge of his environment, physical and social, as well as instruction in religious, moral, and classical subjects 3. Present lessons directly and simply 4. Emphasize general principles before details 5. Emphasize that all creatures and objects are part of a whole universe 6. Present lessons in sequence stressing one thing at a time 7. Not leaving specific subject until students understand it completely 8. Starting with objects most familiar to the child to introduce him to both the new language and the more remote world of objects 9. Learning foreign languages through the vernacular 10.Making this acquisition of a compendium of knowledge a pleasure rather than a task 11.Making instruction universal  What Has Been John Amos Comenius’s Influence on Educational Practices Today? 1. Comenius’s use of education to promote ethnic and religious tolerance remains important to us today, especially as we live in a world torn by violence, divisions and terror. 2. His principles and philosophies of schooling has influenced current existing system of kindergarten, elementary school, secondary school, college, and university. 3. Promoted child- centered education through active engagement of learners in schools. 4. He served as the forerunner for the promotion of “education according to nature” by influential educationists like Rousseau, Pestalozzi, Froebel, etc. Jean-Jacques Rousseau 28 June 1712 – 2 July 1778 Rousseau’s Philosophy Of Education And Schooling ❖Rousseau’s basic philosophy of education is rooted in the idea that human beings are good by nature. ❖For him, the goal of education should be to cultivate our natural tendencies. ❖He minimizes the importance of book learning, and recommends that a learner’s emotions (heart) should be educated before his or her reasoning (mind). 1. He also believed that the child must be freed from society’s imprisoning institutions, of which the school was one of the most coercive. 2. He believed children needed freedom to explore their environment and his emphasis on learning from direct experience with the environment was endorsed by progressive educators later. 3. Rousseau preferred the natural to the social  Key Ideas In Rousseau’s Philosophy Of Education 1. Childhood is an important foundation of human development 2. Children’s natural interests and instincts are valuable beginnings of a more thorough exploration of the environment 3. Human beings in their life cycles, go through necessary stages of development 4. Adult coercion has a negative impact on children’s development 1. Like Comenius, Rousseau recognized the crucial Rousseau’s importance of stages of Principles of human development. Teaching and Learning 2. Rousseau identified five developmental stages  5 Developmental Stages Infancy Childhood Boyhood Adolescence Youth  Infancy From 0 – 5 years The child makes his first contact with objects in the environment and learns directly from his senses  Childhood Stage- 5 -12 Years 1. Child constructs his personality as he becomes aware that his actions cause either painful or pleasurable consequences. 2. Motivated by curiosity, he actively explores his environment, learning more about the world through his senses. 3. Rousseau called the eyes, ears, hands and feet the first teachers and considered the senses better and more efficient than the schoolmaster who teaches words the learner does not understand. Boyhood Stage -12 to 15 years 1. Children learn natural science by a. observing the cycles of growth of plants and animals. b. exploring surroundings-learns geography far more realistically than from studying maps. 2. Children learn a manual trade, such as carpentry to make the connection between mental and physical work  Adolescence Stage- 15 To 18 Years 1. Children are now ready to cope with the outside world and to learn about society, government, economics and business. 2. Aesthetic tastes are cultivated by visits to museums, art galleries, libraries, and theatres.  Youth- 18 To 20 Years 1. Children experience the world through travelling and meeting new people and societies 2. Dating and marriage considerations 1. Curriculum should reflect children’s interests and needs and not just conform to adult prescriptions deeply influenced child-centered education 2. Rousseau’s ideas has been incorporated into the constructivist view of child development in which children interpret their own reality rather than learn information from Rousseau’s Influence indirect sources. On Modern Education Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi ~~~ 12 January 1746 – 17 February 1827  Who Was Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xRkcWIKWrUo ❖Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi was a Swiss educator, who lived during the early period of the industrial revolution. ❖Pestalozzi sought to develop schools that would nurture children’s development like loving families do. ❖He shared in Rousseau’s view that humans were naturally good but only became spoiled by a corrupt society that traditional schooling was a dull mess of deadening memorization and recitation, and that pedagogical reform could generate social reform. ❖He put Rousseau's theories into practice and became the first applied educational psychologist. ❖He established schools at Burgdorf and Yverdon to educate children and prepare teachers. ❖He shared in Rousseau’s view that humans were naturally good but only became spoiled by a corrupt society that traditional schooling was a dull mess of deadening memorization and recitation, and that pedagogical reform could generate social reform. ❖He devised an efficient method of group instruction by which children learned in a loving and unhurried manner. ❖The success of his schools attracted educators from all over the world who paid visits to the schools. Education & Schooling Philosophy of Pestalozzi 1. Pestalozzi based learning on natural principles and stressed on the importance of human emotions. 2. Unlike Rousseau, he relied not on individual tutoring but on group instruction. 3. Both Rousseau and Pestalozzi defined “Knowing” as understanding nature, its patterns, and its laws. 4. He stressed on empirical learning – for him, people learn about their environment by carefully observing natural phenomena. 5. Pestalozzi believed children should learn slowly and understand thoroughly what they were studying. 6. He was especially dedicated to children who were poor, hungry, and socially or psychologically handicapped. He fed them if they were hungry, comforted them if they were frightened before he attempted to teach them. 7. He believed that love of humankind was necessary for successful teaching.  Principles Of Teaching And Learning Pestalozzi’s approach to teaching can be organized into 2 a. General Methods - The general method created a permissive and emotionally healthy homelike learning environment that had to be in place before specific instruction occurred. b. “Special” Methods – ❖Believes thinking begins with the senses ❖He developed his object lesson, which stressed sensory learning. ❖In this approach, children studied the common objects in their environment – plants, rocks, artifacts, and other objects encountered in daily experience. ❖To determine the form of an object, they drew and traced ❖They also counted and named objects. -Thus, they learned the form, number and name or sound related to objects. ❖From these lessons grew exercises in drawing, writing, counting, adding, subtracting, multiplying, dividing and reading. ❖The first writing exercises consisted of drawing lessons in which the children made a series of rising and falling strokes and open and close curves. These exercises developed the hand muscles and prepared children for writing.  Begin with the concrete object before introducing abstract concepts Pestalozzi’s Begin with the immediate environment before Principles In dealing with what is distant and remote Teaching begin with easy exercises or activities before introducing complex ones Always proceed gradually, cumulatively, and slowly  Pestalozzi’s Influence On Current Educational Practices 1. His belief that education should be directed to both the mind and the emotions stimulated educators to develop instruction to encourage both cognitive and affective learning. 2. His assertion that emotional security is a necessary precondition for skill and subject learning strongly parallels the contemporary emphasis on supportive home-school partnerships. 3. His feeding of the poor can be related to the school feeding programme in Ghana.  Maria Montessori (1870–1952)  ❖She was an Italian physician and educator who devised an internationally Who Was Maria popular method of early childhood Montessori? education ❖ Montessori attended University of Rome and was the first woman in Italy to be awarded the degree of doctor of medicine. ❖Like Pestalozzi and Froebel, Montessori recognized that children’s early experiences have an important influence on their later lives. Show Video https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UzmvtVAuuyI ❖As a physician, Montessori worked with children regarded as mentally handicapped and psychologically impaired. ❖Her methods with these children were so effective that she concluded they were useful for all children Education And Schooling Principles Of Montessori Montessori’s curriculum included three major types of activity and experience: a. Practical - It was designed to introduce children to such practical activities as setting the table, serving a meal, washing dishes, tying and buttoning clothing, and practicing basic manners and social etiquette. b. Sensory - Repetitive exercises developed sensory and muscular coordination. c. Formal Skills And Studies - Formal skills and subjects included reading, writing, and arithmetic. ❖Children were introduced to the alphabet by tracing movable sandpaper letters. ❖Reading was taught after writing. Coloured rods of various sizes were used to teach measuring and counting. Because they direct learning in the prepared environment, Montessori educators are called directresses rather than teachers. Under the guidance of the directress, children use materials in a prescribed way to acquire the desired skill mastery, sensory experience, or intellectual outcome. Montessori education is characterized by an emphasis on independence, freedom within limits, and respect for a child’s natural psychological development.  5 Essential Elements Of Montessori Classroom 1. Mixed age classrooms, with classrooms for children aged 2½ or 3 to 6 years old by far the most common 2. Student choice of activity from within a prescribed range of options uninterrupted blocks of work time 3. Uses a Constructivist Or "Discovery" model of teaching, where students learn concepts from working with materials, rather than by direct instruction 4. Use of specialized educational materials developed by Montessori and her collaborators 5. Montessori education theory was based on self-construction, liberty, and spontaneous activity  Montessori’s Principles Of Teaching And Learning 1. Montessori argued that children, contrary to the assumptions of conventional schooling, have an inner need to work at what interests them without the prodding of teachers and without being motivated by external rewards and punishments. 2. Children are capable of sustained concentration and work. 3. Enjoying structure and preferring work to play, they like to repeat actions until they master a given activity. 4. In fact, children’s capacity for spontaneous learning leads them to begin reading and writing Influence Of Montessori Education Theory On Educational Practices Today 1. Montessori’s pioneering contribution to education was her emphasis on the formative significance the early childhood years have for later development. 2. Her other important educational contributions were her: a. Concept of sensitive periods, phases of development, when certain activities and materials are especially useful in sensory, motor, and cognitive learning b. Recognition that learning is complex and involves a variety of experiences c. Emphasis on the school as part of the community and the need for parent participation and support. d. The discovery that all children, no matter what privations they had previously suffered, were capable of achieving great things when simply given what they needed e. Recognition that children fail, not because they have some innate deficiency, but because adults (schools, and their staff) have failed to give them the right conditions in which to prosper and that all children are capable of achieving success if given the right conditions. f. There are many schools in the world now modeled on Montessori’s concept of education.  Montessori Education Theory Was Based On Self- construction, Liberty, And Spontaneous Activity Video 3 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BzBXWlAU0M8 HOW HAVE YOU BEEN IMPACTED BY THIS COURSE? PLEASE SHARE  The great scientist, Isaac Newton once said.. "IF I HAVE SEEN FURTHER, IT IS BY STANDING UPON THE SHOULDERS OF GIANTS“ Go And Be A Great Shoulder That The Next Generation Stands On  Any Questions? PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION  Each individual has an attitude toward life, children, politics, learning, and previous personal experiences that informs and shapes their set of beliefs. Although you may not be conscious of it, this set of beliefs, or personal philosophy, informs how you live, work, and interact with others. As an educator what you believe is directly reflected in both your teaching and learning processes. It is important to understand how philosophy and education are interrelated. To become the most effective teacher you can be, you must understand your own beliefs, while at the same time empathizing with others. Developing your own educational philosophy is a key part of your journey to becoming a teacher The essence of this lesson is to explore the various philosophical views that influence the teaching profession.  What Is Philosophy? Philosophy comes from Greek word ❖“phillos” which means – love ❖“Sophia” which means – wisdom ❖Philosophy therefore is the “love of wisdom”. Wisdom is commonly linked with the process of knowing. Is Wisdom The What Is The Difference Same As Between Intelligence And Intelligence? Wisdom?  Scholarly Definition of Philosophy 1. Philosophy as a rational, critical and systematic inquiry into the fundamental ideas underlying human thought, experience and conduct. (Gyekye, 1987) 2. Philosophy can be described as rational investigation into fundamental problems about the nature of man and the world he lives in. 3. It can also be described broadly as a conceptual activity in which a person by proposing relevant questions seeks to clarify meanings of concepts and language, establish rational basis of beliefs and assumptions, thereby leading to an organized and reasoned view of himself/herself and the universe in which he/she lives; and finally seeks to determine standards for assessing values, judging conduct and appraising art. 4. The work of Philosophy is to simply ask fundamental questions about life – including truths, assumptions, beliefs, behaviour, attitudes and conventional knowledge and reasoning Characteristics or Nature of Philosophy Philosophy Involves Critical Thinking – analysing problems and ideas from different objective perspectives Is Methodological – It uses formal methods such as reasoning, deductions, observation and reflections (reflection involves thinking deeply and carefully about issues) to arrive at results. Involves Finding Solutions To Human Problems 3. Relies Largely On Logical Reasoning To Arrive At Conclusions - philosophy doesn’t make conclusions and assumptions out of nothing. It offers a stronger basis known as premises for every conclusion and assumptions. For Example, one cannot say “all men are cheats, all politicians are thieves. What will be the basis for arriving at those conclusions 4. Philosophy Treats All Truths And Conclusions As ‘Tentative’ and Temporal. There are no true knowledge in philosophy, there are only “tentative truths and conclusions”. Knowledge is constantly changing Philosophical Perspectives According To Jonas Soltis According to Jonas Soltis, philosophy can be considered from 2 perspectives 1. Common Sense Notion of Philosophy: a. It is a person’s philosophy or observed worldview which is the sum total of his/her assumptions, attitudes and prejudices. b. A person’s philosophy of life may be partly inherited and partly acquired in the process of living. c. It is simply our conceptual responses to environmental problems.  2. Technical or Professional Sense of Philosophy: a. This refers to the knowledge and insight received in institutions of higher learning. b. Philosophy is seen as an academic discipline. c. It is characterized by logical consistent and systematic thinking before conclusions are reached.  Understanding The Foundations Of Education To understand the foundations of educational philosophies, it’s necessary to first examine philosophy’s four main branches of philosophy Understanding educational philosophy will contribute to the understanding of how these foundations have given rise to what is commonly practiced and believed in the classroom today. 4 Branches Of Philosophy Metaphysics Epistemology Axiology Logic  ❖Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy that considers the physical universe and the nature of ultimate reality ❖The word ‘metaphysics’ comes from the Greek ex