EDTE 102 SOCIAL FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION IN GHANA - Week 1 Lecture 1.pdf

Lecture 1 Dr. Priscilla Commey Mintah Week 1; Lecture 1 EDTE 102: SOCIAL FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION IN GHANA  the CONCEPT OF DUCATION ...

Lecture 1 Dr. Priscilla Commey Mintah Week 1; Lecture 1 EDTE 102: SOCIAL FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION IN GHANA  the CONCEPT OF DUCATION  Learning Objectives Explain The Meaning of Education Examine The Processes of Education Discuss The Forms of Education  CASE STUDY Ante Abena has never stepped foot in a classroom, but she owns the biggest cement retail outlet in Accra. Even though she can't read and write, she has managed to build her company to the level where it employs over 450 employees, including university students with Masters degrees. She seems to know a lot about business including attracting and maintaining customers, setting the right price, negotiating with vendors, making profit and calculating her profits. Would You Describe Her As EDUCATED?  What is Education?  Education is derived from two Latin words Ethnological a. Educare – which means to "bring Definition of up", "bring out", "bring forth Education what is within", "bring out potential" b. Ducere - which means to "lead".  This simply means that every good education must… a. "bring people up " – help them to grow and develop the right values b. "bring people out" - help them to overcome limitations and challenges such as diseases, ignorance, poverty, disabilities etc. c. "bring forth deep things hidden within " - help them to dig deeper into themselves to draw out solutions, ideas and initiatives to make their lives and that of society better d. "bring out potential" – help to achieve one’s capabilities and destiny e. "lead" – point people to the right direction Philosophical Definition of Education How Some Philosophers Define Education Education means the bringing out of the ideas of universal validity which are latent in the mind of every man. Socrates ❖Education is the reconstruction or reorganization of experience which adds to the meaning of experience and increases the ability to direct the cause of subsequent experience”. ❖It means helping the child to develop in such a way as to contribute to his continued growth. Dewey (1916) Whitehead (1932) defines education as “the art of the utilization of knowledge”. ❖He sees education as guidance towards the understanding of the art of living. How Do Sociologists Define Education?  Sociologists consider education as the transmission of CULTURE ❖This process of cultural transmission is also called socialization. ❖Definition of Education According Émile Durkheim ❖Émile Durkheim was a French sociologist who rose to prominence in the late 19th and early 20th Centuries. ❖He is credited as one of the principal founders of modern sociology. ❖According to Durkheim (1956) education is the systematic socialization of the younger generation by which the latter learns religious and moral beliefs, feelings of nationality and collective opinions of all kinds. SOCIOLOGICAL DEFINITION OF EDUCATION IN SUMMARY  Can we classify How do we everyday evaluate or interaction with measure if an people as a interaction is truly form of education ? education?  Criteria For Measuring If A Process Can Be Considered As Education (R.S Peters) According to R.S. Peters an activity is education if: 1. It involves the transmission of something worthwhile to those who become committed to it. 2. Knowledge and understanding and some sort of cognitive perspective, which is not passive (inert). 3. Procedure for transmission does not lack willingness and voluntariness on the part of the learner. (Schofield, 1972).  is any act or experience that has a formative effect on the mind, character In Summary or physical ability of Education Is… an individual.  Education relates to the acquisition of knowledge, skills, and values that enable the individual lead a good and useful life not only to himself but the society as a whole. 1. Formal Education 2. Informal Education Forms of 3. Non-formal Education Education  Formal Education Definition - Formal Education An organized teaching, learning and training that occurs in schools  Features Of Formal Education 01 02 03 04 Takes place Teaching Institutions of Learning is in an and learning Education like evaluated organized Schools and through is usually and Universities are examination based on usually accredited structured prescribed and grading or officially manner at a Curriculum systems mandated by place called and Syllabus government a school Learning Is Prearranged Teaching & Learning Is Teaching And Learning And Teacher-led Sequential And Involves Some Level Of - Intentional Compulsion Teaching is usually – arranged in advance and led by trained Follows predictable professionals or experts procedure, steps and techniques 5. 6. 7.  3 Sub- 1. Organization systems Of Formal 2. Human Education 3. Curriculum  Organization Component 1. Every Formal Education has a Mission - part of the organizational structure of an educational system which legally establishes its purposes, goals and objectives of operation. 2. Every Formal Education has a Sponsor - consists of political, religious, industrial, or other institutions which initiate, support and govern the enterprise. Within these operating institutions, schools are established, legitimized and managed.  Human Component 1. Mentors - trained and certified personnel who teach, counsel and train other human resources 2. Students - participants to be educated Curriculum Component Content This is the body of knowledge, subjects or skills which students are expected to learn. Media These consist of materials, equipment, and processes through which learning experiences are provided for participants. Non-formal Education  Non-formal education is any intentional and systematic education outside the normal or traditional school system aimed at providing specific training for specific target groups or clientele such as the youth, the aged, farmers, expectant mothers, school drop-outs etc.  Such education includes remedial classes for WASSCE candidates, vocational or apprenticeship training for the youth, extension services for farmers, adult literacy programme, health education for nursing mothers etc.  Examples Of Non- Formal Education 1. Motivational and Youth 7. Community-based adult empowerment seminars educational courses 2. Attending short refresher 8. Boy Scouts and Girls Guides program 9. Religious groups and meetings 3. Apprenticeship 10.Clubs, societies and groups 4. Orientations 11.Fitness programs 5. On the job training 6. Conferences Features Of Non-formal Education 1. It is less costly than formal education 2. Hands-on learning which can be applied directly to life or work 3. Proof of education is more likely to be performance than by certificate 4. Occurs at institutions outside school eg. Workplace 5. Learning may be guided by experts and industry leaders 6. Usually adapted to meet individual learner’s specific need 7. Learning is voluntary and intrinsically driven 8. Instruction is seldom graded and sequential 9. May be formally or loosely organized – occurs in flexible settings  Pedagogical Style of non-formal education ❖Pedagogical approaches is more flexible and build upon the needs of clients and their satisfaction. Informal Education Informal Education It is the traditional, incidental or indigenous education which one acquires consciously or unconsciously  Features Of Informal Education Teaching and learning is … 1. Informal - occurs everywhere in casual settings and at any time for unspecified time periods 2. Experiential - learning is based on the daily life experiences 3. Spontaneous – not prearranged; can occur in any form or mode 4. Unstructured – does not follow a curriculum or syllabus 5. Socially led – learning process is led by family, friends, caregivers, Grand Parents, play, media, entertainment, or any other influence in the learner’s surrounding 6. Learning process involves observation, imitation, practice and participation 7. Learning is voluntary 8. Non-sequential- does not follow prescribed order, steps or technique 9. Learning is evaluated through practical results and output - not through examination or grading  Goals of Traditional African Education 1. To develop the child physically 2. To develop character 3. To inculcate respect for elders and those in position of authority 4. To develop intellectual skills 5. To acquire specific vocational training and to develop a healthy attitude towards honest labour 6. To develop a sense of belonging and to encourage active participation in family and community affairs 7. To understand, appreciate and promote the cultural heritage of the community at large.  Specific Goals of Informal Education 1 2 3 ensuring Ensuring Ensuring education in training in education of matrimonial, thinking, will power social, religious practical through self- domain. wisdom and denial; physical aesthetics etc. endurance and self-control  Content General Education 1. Children and adolescent learn the geography and history of their community from observation and from elders. 2. Botany and Zoology are the subjects of both theoretical and practical lessons. 3. Proverbs and riddles are exceptional wit sharpeners which are used to teach the child to reason and to take decisions. 4. Mathematics is worked into game of wits. 5. The youth learn the institution, norms and ideas of their culture. By attending baptisms, religious ceremonies, weddings, funerals and annual yam festivals. 6. Festivals are occasions when those who have travelled or stayed outside the town come back home; festivals are periods of reunion and learning of culture. 7. Good manners, moral rules and social laws are inculcated by close relatives or distant members of the family. Vocational Education - This comprises… 1. Agricultural Education 2. Trades and Crafts – weaving, sculpting, drumming, smiting, soap making, carpentry, singing, trapping, pottery making, dyeing and hair plaiting. 3. Professions – priesthood, medicine, justice, policing, messengers, judges, hunting, military (Asafo) and chieftaincy. 4. Teaching is through apprenticeship and Special Schools are created to provide such vocational training.  Methods of Informal Education This is done through 1. Observation 2. Imitation 3. Identification 4. participation thank you Any Questions