EASP Academic Writing PDF

**EASP\ ACADEMIC WRITING** **Non-academic languages or Informal languages** - (Gonna) **Colloquialism** also called colloquial language, everyday language, or general parlance -- is the linguistic style used for casual (informal) communication. - (**Win over** means to persuade someon...

**EASP\ ACADEMIC WRITING** **Non-academic languages or Informal languages** - (Gonna) **Colloquialism** also called colloquial language, everyday language, or general parlance -- is the linguistic style used for casual (informal) communication. - (**Win over** means to persuade someone to support you or agree with you, often when they were opposed to you before) **phrasal verb** - **(Granny) Slang is words, expressions, and meanings that are informal and are used by people who know each other very well or who have the same interests.** - **AWOL -absence without leave (Jargon is the language of specialized terms used by a group or profession.)** - **A [euphemism] is a word or phrase that softens an uncomfortable topic. It uses figurative language to refer to a situation without having to confront it. For example, if someone was recently fired, they might say they are between jobs, a common euphemism for being unemployed.** **[Academic language] has a unique set of rules: it should be explicit, formal and factual as well as objective and analytical in nature.** 1. **survey** 2. **questionnaire** 3. **control** 4. **differentiate** 5. **Vocabulary** **Academic text is an example of a text produced for academic purposes.** **Saqueton & Uychoco (2016) defined academic writing as "a process that starts with posing a question, problematizing a concept, evaluating and opinion, and ends in answering the questions or question posed clarifying the problem, and/or arguing for a stand".** **Examples of Academic Texts include** - **Essay** - **concept paper** - **reaction paper** - **position paper** - **education reports** - **Research paper.** **What are the factors to consider when doing academic writing?** **ROLE -- refers to who you are as the writer** **AUDIENCE** -- refers to the intended reader for one's piece of writing **PURPOSE** -- refers to the reason why a piece of writing is produced; these purposes may include informing, persuading, or arguing for something **FORMAT** -- refers to the form most appropriate for one's piece of writing; this is shaped by one's purpose for writing and intended writing. **What are the different Academic Writing** **Conventions?** When doing academic writing, one has to consider the following conventions which we should remember using the acronym FISH: **F** is FORMAL **I** is for IMPERSONAL **S** is for STRUCTURED and **H** is HEDGED. **STRUCTURES OF ACADEMIC TEXTS** **Text Structure** - -refers to how the text is organized. **Types of Text Structure and their Pattern** 1. **Chronological**-Goes in order of time/date. 2. **Cause and effect**.-One thing happen that cause something else to happen. 3. **Problem and Solution**-A proposed solution to a problem. 4. **Compare and Contrast**\--Similarities and differences. 5. **Spatia**l-Describes how a space is arranged. Information is organized in order of space (top to bottom, left to right) 6. **Descriptive c**ontains a description of something such as animal, things, place or person by describing its features, forms, colors, or anything related to what the writer describes. **Commonly used text structures** 1\. sequence/process, 2\. Description 3\. Time order/chronology 4\. proposition/support 5\. compare/contrast 6\. problem/solution 7\. cause/effect, 8\. inductive/deductive 9\. Investigation 10\. Definition **Various Techniques in Summarizing** 1\. Clarify your purpose before you read. 2\. Read the text and understand the meaning. 3\. Select and underline or circle the key ideas or phrases while reading. 4\. Write all key ideas or phrases you identified on the margins or on your notebook in a bullet or outline form. 5\. Without looking at the text, identify the connection of these key ideas and phrases using a concept map or graphic organizer. 6\. List down your ideas in sentence form in a concept map. 7\. Combine sentences into a paragraph. 8\. Ensure that you do not copy a single sentence from the original text. 9\. Refrain from adding comments about the text. 10\. Edit the draft of your summary by eliminating redundant ideas. 11\. Compare your output with the original text to ensure accuracy. 12\. Record the details of the original source. (Author's name/s, date of publication, title, publisher, place of publishing, and URL (online). **THESIS STATEMENT** **Thesis statement -** presents or describes the point of an essay. In an academic text, the thesis statement is usually presented in the abstract or executive summary or found at the last part of introduction. It is written in a declarative sentence. **A thesis statement is different from a topic sentence in two aspects.\ **1. The topic sentence is the *main idea of an essay.*\ 2. The thesis statement *contains at least two supporting points which are developed in succeeding paragraphs*. The **thesis statement** covers the entire argument/the primary point of the paper. The **topic sentences** give the main point(s) of individual body paragraphs and, in turn, support a part of the argument/primary point of the thesis **\ Characteristics of an effective thesis such as:\ **1. The language is clear, and straightforward (direct). 2\. It is contestable and arguable. It means: Are there two sides of the matter? Could someone disagree? The answer should be yes. 3\. It is concentrated on a focused point: not too broad and not too narrow. 4\. It is complex. It means that it is not always an easy claim, hence it needs bases, or evidences or proofs why they claim that to be so. 5\. It is compelling. It means that it is so "convincing\" that your readers are very much interested to read more and see how you prove your claim. 6\. It is directly connected to the prompt/question/assignment for the essay. **Some of the advantages of knowing and using the thesis statement are:\ **1. It allows the reader to make predictions about the reading.\ 2. It guides the writer to stay focused on the main idea of the essay.\ 3. It generates thought, evidence, and analysis.\ 4. It provides a purpose for the essay and answers question like: **Writing a thesis statement**\ **Example:**\ **Topic:** Regulating Children's Mobile Gaming\ **Position:** Parents should regulate the amount of time their children spend on mobile gaming.\ **Reason/s:**\ 1. It inhibits social interaction.\ 2. It shortens children's attention span.\ 3. It's not always intellectually stimulating.\ **Concession:** mobile gaming can be educational OUTLINE - An outline is an ordered list of the main points of your essay. - Outlining helps you define and organize your topic and subtopics so that you bring the reader on a logical journey from your thesis, through your supporting evidence, to your conclusion. IBC , IMRD  **GENERAL PRINCIPLES IN OUTLINING** 1. Parallelism - Nouns should be made parallel with nouns, verbs with verbs; This will enable the reader to recognize similarity and function. This will enable the outline to be expressed in parallel sentence structure. Blessed are the meek; for they shall inherit the earth. 2. Coordination - Items of equal significance in the same category or label. +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **Heading = Using Roman Numerals** | +=======================================================================+ | **Subheadings = Arabic Letters** | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **I. Definition of Communication** | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **II. Functions of Communication** | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **III. Forms of Communication** | | | | **A. Oral** | | | | **B. Written** | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ 3. Subordination -- Though its most important and least important details. Writers should distinguish major and minor components of the outline. 4. Division - Basic rule is to have two or more parts and this division should be based on rank/level/category. **Example:** **I. Preparing for a Test** **A. Review the lessons** **B. Take down notes** **C. Sleep early** **D. Have a good breakfast** **II. Taking the Test** **A. Concentrate** **B. Read the questions** **Writing Outline** - It is what you make before you write an essay. **Reading Outline** - It is what you make when you study a paper. **Decimal Outline** - It is a system of decimal notation that clearly shows how every level of outline relates to the larger whole. **Alphanumeric Outline** - It uses letter and numbers to organize ideas.