Earth Science (Sci1A) Past Paper PDF

UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION Unisite Subdivision, Del Pilar, City of San Fernando 2000, Pampanga, Philippines 1Q - Sc1A Page 1 of 9...

UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION Unisite Subdivision, Del Pilar, City of San Fernando 2000, Pampanga, Philippines 1Q - Sc1A Page 1 of 9 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL - GRADE 11 Academic Track - Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Strand EARTH SCIENCE (Sci1A) magnitude to that of an electron, but of opposite sign. (First Semester, First Quarter Reviewer) 2. NEUTRON EARTH SCIENCE Subatomic particle of about the same mass as a Branch of science dealing with the physical proton but without an electric charge, present in all constitution of the earth and its atmosphere. atomic nuclei except those of ordinary hydrogen. ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE While expanding, FOUR (4) FUNDAMENTAL FORCES OF NATURE were formed 13.8 BILLION YEARS AGO - There was nothing, but a single point made of pure 1. GRAVITATIONAL FORCE energy called singularity. Attractive force that exists between all objects. Weakest of the 4 forces. SINGULARITY - Unimaginably small 2. STRONG NUCLEAR FORCE - Infinite density Force of very short range that holds the particles in - Extremely hot the nucleus together. Strongest of the 4 forces. GEORGES LEMAITRE AND ALEXANDER FRIEDMAN Theorized that the singularity after its initial 3. ELECTROMAGNETIC FORCE appearance, it inflated and expanded. Force due to electric charges, both static and moving. Second strongest of the forces. 4. WEAK NUCLEAR FORCE Involved in the radioactive decay of some nuclei. Singularity Actually a form of the electromagnetic force. Pure Matter and Protons and Hydrogen Hydrogen energy anti-matter neutrons and helium PURE ENERGY Any field energy, like potential energy, any kinetic energy, like a fast moving particle, but no mass energy of stable or nearly stable massive particles which would require a process to turn into work. 1 2 3 4 MATTER AND ANTI-MATTER STARS 1. MATTER Considered as element manufacturer. Something that creates. Elements are formed inside the star’s core. Composed of 75% hydrogen (H) and 25% helium 2. ANTI-MATTER (He). Something that destroys. Stars aged as they form heavier until they eventually die. - When matter and anti-matter attract each other, there were 1 billion of matter were left, which SUPERNOVA protons and neutrons were formed. When stars explode scattering matter in space. PROTONS AND NEUTRONS NEBULA GAS Interstellar cloud of dust, hydrogen, helium, and 1. PROTONS other ionized gases. Stable subatomic particle occurring in all atomic nuclei, with a positive electric charge equal in - The nebula’s gravitational balance was distributed Created by: Jopar Jose C. Ramos | STEM 11 - Saint Camillus de Lellis Professor: Sir Rex Ryan Patrimonio  UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION Unisite Subdivision, Del Pilar, City of San Fernando 2000, Pampanga, Philippines 1Q - Sc1A Page 2 of 9 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL - GRADE 11 Academic Track - Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Strand as it was smashed with the shockwave of a nearby A. MERCURY supernova. Smallest planet in the Solar System. Closest planet to the Sun, but not the hottest. ACCRETION Has the shortest year and longest day. Particles accumulated at the middle part. The Sun moves backwards for a while every day. As it was spinning, the materials fall into the middle. B. VENUS - It is cooler at the outer part of the disk, making Closest planet to Earth, in distance and in size. possible for materials to attract each other. Hottest planet in the Solar System. - Materials start clumping together forming Rotates in the wrong direction. planetesimal. The slowest rotating planet, but does not have the longest day. - At the center, all materials accumulated forming a protostar. C. EARTH Largest of the inner planets. - A star was born and later became the sun. Densest planet in the Solar System. OORT CLOUD Only planet known to support life. Theoretical cloud of predominantly icy D. MARS planetesimals proposed to surround the sun. Half of diameter of Earth. SOLAR SYSTEM Last and coldest of the inner planets. The collection of 8 planets and their moons in orbit Has 2 tiny moons. around the Sun, together with smaller bodies in the After Earth, the most explored planet in the Solar form of asteroids, meteoroids, and comets. System. 2. OUTER PLANETS Gas and Jovian planets. Planet whose orbit lies outside the asteroid belt. FOUR (4) OUTER PLANETS (IN ORDER OF DISTANCE FROM THE SUN, CLOSEST TO FURTHEST) A. JUPITER Largest planet in the Solar System Has the shortest day of any planet. PLANET Has the most moons, specifically 79. Celestial body moving in an elliptical orbit around a Has the largest moon which is Ganymede which is star. bigger than Mercury. TWO (2) DIVISION OF PLANETS IN THE SOLAR B. SATURN SYSTEM Second largest planet in the Solar System. Most extensive ring system of any planet. 1. INNER PLANETS Rings less than 1 km thick, but thousands of km Solid and terrestrial planets. wide. Planet whose orbit lies within the asteroid belt. Has a great white storm which reoccurs every Saturnian year. FOUR (4) INNER PLANETS (IN ORDER OF DISTANCE FROM THE SUN, CLOSEST TO C. URANUS FURTHEST) First planet to be discovered. Has at least 13 rings all of which are darker than Created by: Jopar Jose C. Ramos | STEM 11 - Saint Camillus de Lellis Professor: Sir Rex Ryan Patrimonio  UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION Unisite Subdivision, Del Pilar, City of San Fernando 2000, Pampanga, Philippines 1Q - Sc1A Page 3 of 9 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL - GRADE 11 Academic Track - Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Strand Saturn. MINERAL Spins on its side. Naturally-occurring, inorganic solid, with a definite Only ever visited once in the year 1986. chemical composition, and an ordered internal structure. D. NEPTUNE Every mineral is unique, but they exhibit general Ring system has arcs rather than rings. characteristics. The eighth and final planet in the Solar System. Coldest temperatures of -220°C. FIVE (5) CRITERIA TO KNOW IF A SUBSTANCE IS A Has the longest year or 165 Earth years of any MINERAL planet. 1. NATURALLY-OCCURING FOUR (4) EARTH’S SUBSYSTEMS - Mineral exists naturally. - Steel and synthetic diamonds are created artificially, 1. GEOSPHERE and therefore, are not minerals. Refers to the solid earth. Composed of naturally-occurring sold aggregate of 2. INORGANIC minerals, organic material or natural gas called rocks, - Minerals are limited to substances formed through and loose particles of rocks that blanket the surface inorganic processes, and exclude materials derived of earth called regolith. from living organisms which involved organic Includes geologic landforms such as mountains and processes. hills. - Coal, which is composed of remains of plants and other inorganic compounds, is not a mineral. 2. HYDROSPHERE Totality of earth’s water, including the permanently 3. SOLID frozen parts called cryosphere. - All liquids and gases, even those that are naturally Earth is the only planet in the solar system that has formed such as petroleum, are not considered water in all of its 3 phases. minerals. Water in the atmosphere is considered separate - Ice formed in the glaciers is considered a mineral from that in the hydrosphere, but they are ultimately but water is not. connected. 4. DEFINITE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION 3. ATMOSPHERE - Chemical composition of minerals should express Mixture of gases like nitrogen, oxygen, argon, the exact chemical formula with the elements and carbon dioxide, and water vapor that surround the compounds in specific ratios. planet. - Only exception is the atomic substitution, which is Aside from the presence of important gases in the characteristic of certain minerals. atmosphere, its relative abundance is also crucial. 5. ORDERED INTERNAL STRUCTURE Air in the atmosphere is generally composed of - Atoms in minerals are organized in a regular, 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 0.9% argon, and the repetitive geometric patterns or crystal structure. remaining 0.10% is made up of different trace gases. - Volcanic glass, even if it is formed naturally, is not 4. BIOSPHERE considered a mineral because it is amorphous and Includes all life forms and even organic matter that has no form. has not yet decomposed. - Substances that fulfill all the requirements but do Most life on earth exists within a zone less than 20 not have an ordered internal structure are called kilometers wide, where interactions between the mineraloids, such as amber, obsidian, opal, and pearl. lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere create a FIVE (5) PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS habitable environment. Also in this zone that the interaction between the 1. CRYSTAL FORM AND HABIT different subsystems is most dynamic. Crystal habit is the physical property of a mineral Created by: Jopar Jose C. Ramos | STEM 11 - Saint Camillus de Lellis Professor: Sir Rex Ryan Patrimonio  UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION Unisite Subdivision, Del Pilar, City of San Fernando 2000, Pampanga, Philippines 1Q - Sc1A Page 4 of 9 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL - GRADE 11 Academic Track - Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Strand referring to its internal shape. 5. Calcium (Ca) - 3.6% 6. Sodium (Na) - 2.8% 2. CLEAVAGE AND FRACTURE 7. Potassium (K) - 2.6% 2.1. CLEAVAGE 8. Magnesium (Mg) - 2.1% Tendency of a mineral to break along smooth ROCK CYCLE planes. Model that describes all the processes by which 2.2. FRACTURE rocks are formed, modified, transported, Way a mineral break. decomposed, melted, and reformed. Chipping of a mineral. When minerals clump together, they will form rocks. 3. LUSTRE Way light interact with the surface of a mineral. THREE (3) TYPES OF ROCKS Mineral maybe described as metallic or non- 1. IGNEOUS ROCKS metallic. Form from the cooling and solidification of magma 4. COLOR AND STREAK or lava. Examples are granite, scoria, and obsidian. 4.1. COLOR Most obvious property of a mineral. 2. SEDIMENTARY ROCKS Minerals comes in different colors. Form from the compaction and cementation of sediments. 4.2. STREAK Examples are sandstone, shale, and gypsum. Color of a mineral in powdered form. 3. METAMORPHIC ROCKS 5. HARDNESS Form from exposure to intense heat and/or - In identifying a mineral’s hardness, we can use the pressure. Mohs hardness scale. Examples are marble, slate, and quartzite. MOHS HARDNESS SCALE ORES COMMON Rock that contains sufficient amount of minerals MINERAL HARDNESS OBJECTS with important metals that can be economically Diamond 10 extracted. Corundum 9 Topas 8 LITHOSPHERE Quartz 7 Made up of 98% of 8 most abundant element and Feldspar 6 Steel file (6.5) 2% metallic element. Apatite 5 Glass (5.5) Fluorite 4 Iron nail (4.5) THREE (3) CHARACTERISTICS OF A ROCK TO BE Copper penny CONSIDERED AN ORE Calcite 3 (3) 1. Overall chemical composition. Fingernail 2. Percentage of extractable resource with respect to Gypsum 2 (2.5) its total volume. Talc 1 3. Market value of resource. EIGHT (8) COMMON ROCK FORMING ELEMENTS SEVEN (7) MOST VALUABLE ORES AND PERCENTAGE ON EARTH’S CRUST 1. CINNABAR 1. Oxygen (O) - 46.6% Ore for mercury (Hg). 2. Silicon (Si) - 27.7% 3. Aluminum (Al) - 8.1% 2. GALENA 4. Iron (Fe) - 5.0% Ore for lead (Pb). Created by: Jopar Jose C. Ramos | STEM 11 - Saint Camillus de Lellis Professor: Sir Rex Ryan Patrimonio  UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION Unisite Subdivision, Del Pilar, City of San Fernando 2000, Pampanga, Philippines 1Q - Sc1A Page 5 of 9 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL - GRADE 11 Academic Track - Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Strand 3. HEMATITE 7. CHEMICAL WEATHERING Ore for iron (Fe). All rocks exposed to oxygen and water undergo chemical weathering which changes in their mineral 4. MAGNETITE components that results in their alteration into other Ore for iron (Fe). minerals and into the formation of residual ore 5. CHALCOPYRITE MAGNETITE deposits. Ore for iron (Fe) and gold (Au). MINING ORES 6. ILMANITE MINING Ore for titanium (Ti). Series of process through which materials are 7. BAUXITE extracted from its resource. Ore for gold (Au). EIGHT (8) STEPS DONE DURING MINING SEVEN (7) GEOLOGICAL PROCESSES ON HOW 1. PROSPECTING ORES ARE FORMED Look for the ore body, a deposit that can yield a 1. HYDROTHERMAL FLUID CIRCULATION large amount of the required mineral. Most common type of ore mineral deposition 2. DRILLING process. Forms when groundwater or seawater is Extracting a part of the ore to determine the heated by magma or when hot, aqueous solutions are resulting ore, its quality and the amount of ore expelled from a cooling plutonic body. This produces minerals. veins that host minerals like gold, silver, and copper. 3. MODELING 2. METAMORPHIC PROCESSES Determine the ores physical property to apply Lead to the alteration and recrystallization of appropriate mining method. minerals and aids the formation and localization of economically-important materials like graphite, 4. IDENTIFYING THE POTENTIAL IMPACTS marble, and asbestos. Considering the social and environmental aspects and finding ways in mitigating any consequences of 3. MAGMATIC PROCESSES the mining operations. Create ore mineral which are concentrated due to their premature recrystallization and separation 5. CONSTRUCTING THE MINE from magma Scientists and engineers work hand in hand to create an appropriate mine. 4. KIMBERLITE MAGMA Special type of magma originates deep within the 6. ORE EXTRACTION mantle and is the source of diamonds, which only Process of separating ore from the rest of the crystalize at depths greater than 150 kilometers. deposit. 5. CHEMICAL SEDIMENTARY PROCESSES THREE (3) ORE EXTRACTION METHOD From evaporate deposits from the precipitation of A. Sand and gravel extraction. saltwater minerals (halite, gypsum, and limestone) B. Extraction from buried ore bodies. and the evaporation of lake water (anhydrite). C. Ore processing such as crushing, separating, and purifying. 6. ACTION OF WAVES AND OCEAN CURRENTS Action of currents in flowing surface water tends to 7. MILLING take sediments along. If the wave action and strength Crushing and concentration of ores and waste is constant, is causes a selective freezing effect that minerals (tailings) are released removes sediments and leaves behind those that are 8. MINE SITE DECOMMISSIONING heavier in what are called placer deposits. Closure of the depleted mine, the mine site is Created by: Jopar Jose C. Ramos | STEM 11 - Saint Camillus de Lellis Professor: Sir Rex Ryan Patrimonio  UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION Unisite Subdivision, Del Pilar, City of San Fernando 2000, Pampanga, Philippines 1Q - Sc1A Page 6 of 9 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL - GRADE 11 Academic Track - Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Strand cleaned up and reclaimed of rehabilitated for other Cannot be replenished or regenerated on a human purposes. time scale. RENEWABLE AND NON-RENEWABLE RESOURCES TWO (2) NON-RENEWABLE RESOURCES I. RENEWABLE RESOURCES 1. FOSSIL FUELS Can be replenished or regenerated on a human time Derived from living thing that have lived million scale. years ago. Burning fossil fuels increases atmospheric carbon FIVE (5) RENEWABLE RESOURCES dioxide. 1. SOLAR ENERGY THREE (3) TYPES OF FOSSIL FUELS Energy coming from the sun. A. COAL 2. WIND ENERGY Combustible matter made up of carbon (C), Uses wind turbines to create air. hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), and varying PROCESS ON HOW WIND ENERGY TRASNFORM amount of sulfur (S). INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY: Formed from trees million years ago or Wind blows → across tall windmills → to turn the carboniferous period. blade of huge turbines → generator → distribution Continuous burial and compaction transform (reduce the voltage) decaying trees into peat. Peat is transformed into coal at burial depth of 4-10 kilometers deep. Amount of energy released when coals are burned is directly proportional to the amount of carbon within the coal. B. PETROLEUM Derived from the 2 Latin words “PETRA” meaning “rock” and “OLEUM” meaning “oil.” Naturally occurring liquid composed of hydrocarbons. Derived from microscopic aquatic organisms such as algae and plankton. Due to continuous burials, the organic matter 3. BIOMASS transforms into waxy material called kerogen and Biological matter derived from living or recently eventually transforms into hydrocarbon. deceased organisms. Forms within a temperature known as oil window. Takes carbon out of the atmosphere while growing Oil window temperature ranges from 50-150°C. and returns it as it is burns. C. NATURAL GAS 4. HYDROELECTRIC ENERGY Hydrocarbons made up of methane (CH4). Energy generated by the movement of falling water This gas is lighter than air and highly flammable. or fast running water. 2. NUCLEAR ENERGY 5. GEOTHERMAL ENERGY Energy released during nuclear fission or fusion, Derived from the 2 Greek words “GEO” meaning especially when used to generate electricity. “earth” and “THERMOS” meaning “heat.” ONE (1) TYPE OF NUCLEAR ENERGY Refers to earth’s internal heat. A. NUCLEAR REACTION II. NON-RENEWABLE RESOURCES Created by: Jopar Jose C. Ramos | STEM 11 - Saint Camillus de Lellis Professor: Sir Rex Ryan Patrimonio  UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION Unisite Subdivision, Del Pilar, City of San Fernando 2000, Pampanga, Philippines 1Q - Sc1A Page 7 of 9 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL - GRADE 11 Academic Track - Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Strand Occurs when atoms on 1 species of chemical Geological term that refers to naturally occurring element are transformed into atoms of another solutions containing large concentrations of species by nuclear change. dissolved, inorganic ions. Composed of oceans and seas. TWO (2) TYPES OF NUCLEAR REACTION RESIDENCE TIME a. NUCLEAR FISION Average length of time spent by water molecule in a Splitting of heavy atoms into lighter atoms. reservoir. b. NUCLEAR FUSION RESIDENCE TIME FOR SPECIFIC RESERVOIR Combination of 2 light atoms to form a heavier RESERVOIR RESIDENCE TIME atom. Oceans and seas Thousands of years HYDROSPHERE Ten to hundreds of Groundwater - Earth is composed of 71% water. years - Earth’s subsystem containing the oceans, lakes, Streams and rivers Few weeks streams, underground water and ice. Atmosphere Few days Organisms Few hours - We can finder water on groundwater, water vapor, and bodies of water and organism. SALINITY RESERVIOR Refers to the saltiness of saltwater. Place where water resides for varying amount of THREE (3) REASONS WHY OCEAN WATER IS time. SALTY PATHWAY 1. Natural elements like sodium and chlorine Processes that allow water to between reservoir or 2. Weathering between subsystems. 3. Volcanic eruptions PROCESS OF WATER CYCLE: TWO (2) IMPORTANCE OF SEAWATER Water → water vapor → water droplets → rain, snow, 1. Food resource or hail → infiltrate or runoff 2. Interaction with atmosphere THREE (3) WAYS ON HOW WATER COMES OUT FIVE (5) MAJOR OCEANS IN THE WORLD 1. Arctic ocean 1. HUMANS AND ANIMALS 2. Pacific ocean - Water comes out through sweat or perspiration and 3. Atlantic ocean urination. 4. Indian ocean 2. PLANTS OR LEAVES 5. Southern ocean - Water comes out through transpiration. THREE (3) MAJOR OCEAN ZONES 3. GLACIERS 1. SURFACE LAYER - Water comes out through sublimation or solid to Home of most aquatic organisms. gas. Only about 2% of the ocean. EARTH’S WATER BUDGET 2. THERMOCLINE SALTWATER AND FRESHWATER RESERVOIR 1,500 meters below. Temperature of water decreases with depth. I. SALTWATER RESERVOIR Saltwater is also known as saline water and it 3. DEEP ZONE covers about 71% of the earth. 80% of water is in deep zone. Composed of 97.5% of the earth’s water. Temperature is uniformly cold. Created by: Jopar Jose C. Ramos | STEM 11 - Saint Camillus de Lellis Professor: Sir Rex Ryan Patrimonio  UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION Unisite Subdivision, Del Pilar, City of San Fernando 2000, Pampanga, Philippines 1Q - Sc1A Page 8 of 9 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL - GRADE 11 Academic Track - Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Strand CHEMOSYNTHESIS A. CONFINED AQUIFERS Photosynthesis underwater. Water is not free to escape. TWO (2) REASONS WHY OCEAN WATER MOVES B. UNCONFINED AQUIFERS 1. Affected by prevailing winds Water can rise up to escape. 2. Ocean current WATER TABLE II. FRESHWATER RESERVOIR Boundary between zone of aeration and saturation. - Composed of 2.5% of the earth’s water. 3. PERMAFROST - Water containing less than 1,000 milligrams per Composed 0.8% of the earth’s water. liter of dissolved solids, most often salt. Soil, rock or layers of sediments frozen for more FOUR (4) DIVISION OF FRESHWATER RESERVOIR than 2 years. Happens in polar regions. 1. GLACIERS AND ICE SHEET Composed of 68.7% of the earth’s water. 4. SURFACE AND ATMOSPHERIC Formed through continuous compaction of solid Composed of 0.4% of the earth’s water. precipitation or snow. SIX (6) DIVISION OF SURFACE AND ATMOSPHERIC 1.1. GLACIERS A. Freshwater lakes - 67.4% Permanent body of ice which consist of largely B. Soil moisture - 12.2% recrystallized snow. C. Atmosphere - 9.5% Mostly found in polar and high-altitude regions. D. Wetland - 8.5% E. Rivers - 1.6% THREE (3) TYPES OF GLACIERS F. Plants and animals - 0.8% A. Sea glaciers B. Mountain glaciers SURFACE WATER RESERVOIR C. Ice sheet Any body of water above ground. 1.2. ICE SHEET FIVE (5) FRESHWATER RESERVOIR Layers of ice covering a land area, such as in 1. STREAM Greenland and Antarctica. Moving body of surface that flows downslope TWO (2) THINGS WILL HAPPEN IF ALL GLACIERS toward sea level because of gravity. ON EARTH WILL MELT TWO (2) TYPES OF STREAMS A. Global flood will occur B. Global sea level will rise up to 60 meters sea level A. INFLUENT STREAM Streams that let water flows underground 2. GROUNDWATER contributing to groundwater. Composed of 30.1% of the earth’s water. Refers to the freshwater found in rocks and soil B. EFFLUENT STREAM layers beneath the surface. Streams that are fed up by groundwater. Largest reservoir of liquid freshwater on earth. 2. RIVER TWO (2) CHARACTERISTICS OF AQUIFER Stream with considerable volume and a well- defined channel. A. PERIOSITY Where dissolved particles are transported. Layers of sediments that holds the groundwater. 3. LAKES B. PERMEABILITY Large inland bodies of freshwater or saline water. Ability of rock to let water to pass through. Its upper is expose to the atmosphere and is TWO (2) TYPES OF AQUIFERS essentially flat. Created by: Jopar Jose C. Ramos | STEM 11 - Saint Camillus de Lellis Professor: Sir Rex Ryan Patrimonio  UNIVERSITY of the ASSUMPTION Unisite Subdivision, Del Pilar, City of San Fernando 2000, Pampanga, Philippines 1Q - Sc1A Page 9 of 9 SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL - GRADE 11 Academic Track - Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) Strand TWO (2) KINDS OF LAKES D. SURFACE WATER FLOOD Heavy rains create a flood event. A. PONDS Common in urban areas. Small and shallow lakes. FIVE (5) ACTIVITIES AFFECTING THE QUALITY OF B. DAMS WATER Barriers constructed along streams to contain the A. Mining flow of water. B. Improper waste disposal TWO (2) WAYS ON HOW LAKES ARE FORMED C. Overexploitation A. Geological processes such as volcanic eruption and D. Water and air pollution landslides could block a stream creating a natural E. Climate change barrier. B. When a volcanic crater collapsed and filled with water. 4. WETLANDS Land areas where water covers the surface for significant periods. THREE (3) KINDS OF WETLANDS A. MARSH Shallow wetland around lakes, streams, and oceans where grasses and reeds are the dominant vegetation. B. SWAMP Wetland with lush trees and vegetation found in low-lying areas beside slow-moving rivers. C. ESTUARY Partly enclosed coastal body of water where freshwater from streams meets the saltwater from the sea. 5. FLOOD Natural event wherein an area that is usually dry is submerge underwater. Occurs when the rate of precipitation is higher than the rate of infiltration or runoff. FOUR (4) TYPES OF FLOODS A. RIVERINE FLOOD Cause by an overflowing stream. B. FLASHFLOOD Intense torrent of water with little no notice. C. COASTAL FLOOD Water overwhelms in low-lying area along coast. Created by: Jopar Jose C. Ramos | STEM 11 - Saint Camillus de Lellis Professor: Sir Rex Ryan Patrimonio