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Questions and Answers
What element is predominantly formed in the cores of stars?
What element is predominantly formed in the cores of stars?
Anti-matter is considered to create elements.
Anti-matter is considered to create elements.
False
What is formed when matter and anti-matter attract each other?
What is formed when matter and anti-matter attract each other?
Protons and neutrons
The explosion of a star, which scatters matter in space, is called a __________.
The explosion of a star, which scatters matter in space, is called a __________.
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Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
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What is the primary composition of petroleum?
What is the primary composition of petroleum?
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Natural gas is composed mainly of carbon dioxide.
Natural gas is composed mainly of carbon dioxide.
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What is the term used to describe the temperature range in which oil can form from organic matter?
What is the term used to describe the temperature range in which oil can form from organic matter?
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Hydroelectric energy is generated by the movement of ______ water.
Hydroelectric energy is generated by the movement of ______ water.
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Match the following energy types with their characteristics:
Match the following energy types with their characteristics:
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What is one characteristic of renewable resources?
What is one characteristic of renewable resources?
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Fossil fuels can be obtained from renewable resources.
Fossil fuels can be obtained from renewable resources.
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What energy is derived from the sun?
What energy is derived from the sun?
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Fossil fuels include coal, _____, and natural gas.
Fossil fuels include coal, _____, and natural gas.
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Match the type of fossil fuel with its description:
Match the type of fossil fuel with its description:
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Which process involves the transformation of wind energy into electrical energy?
Which process involves the transformation of wind energy into electrical energy?
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Natural gas releases more carbon dioxide than coal when burned.
Natural gas releases more carbon dioxide than coal when burned.
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What is the primary benefit of using hydroelectric energy?
What is the primary benefit of using hydroelectric energy?
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Study Notes
Earth Science - Grade 11
- Earth science is the study of the physical constitution of the Earth and its atmosphere.
- The universe originated 13.8 billion years ago from a singularity, an infinitely small, infinitely dense, and extremely hot point of pure energy.
- Georges Lemaître and Alexander Friedman theorized the singularity inflated and expanded after its initial appearance.
- Four fundamental forces of nature (gravitational, strong nuclear, electromagnetic, and weak nuclear) formed as the universe expanded.
- The gravitational force is the weakest force and exists between all objects.
- The strong nuclear force is the strongest force and holds particles in the nucleus together.
- The electromagnetic force is the second strongest force and is due to electric charges.
- The weak nuclear force is involved in radioactive decay and is actually a form of the electromagnetic force.
- Matter and anti-matter exist and when they attract, protons and neutrons are formed.
- Protons are stable and have a positive electric charge.
- Neutrons are stable subatomic particles and have no electric charge.
- Matter and anti-matter attract and destroy each other, leaving behind protons and neutrons.
Stars
- Stars are element manufacturers.
- Stars are composed primarily of hydrogen (75%) and helium (25%).
- Stars evolve as they form heavier elements until they eventually die.
- Supernova explosions scatter matter into space.
- Nebulae are interstellar clouds of dust, hydrogen, helium, and other ionized gases.
Planets
- Planets move in elliptical orbits around a star.
- The solar system has eight planets and smaller bodies such as asteroids, meteoroids, and comets.
- The four inner, terrestrial planets are Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars.
- The four outer, Jovian planets are Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.
Earth's Subsystems
- Geosphere: Solid Earth, including rocks, minerals, and geologic formations.
- Hydrosphere: All water on Earth (oceans, lakes, rivers, groundwater, ice).
- Atmosphere: The gaseous layer surrounding Earth.
- Biosphere: All living organisms and organic matter.
Minerals
- Minerals are naturally occurring, inorganic, solid substances with a definite chemical composition.
- Minerals have specific physical properties such as color, hardness, cleavage, and luster.
- They form in organized crystal structures.
Rock Cycle
- The rock cycle describes the processes by which rocks are formed, modified, transported, decomposed, melted, and reformed.
- The three main rock types are igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks.
- Igneous rocks form from the cooling and solidification of molten rock (magma or lava).
- Sedimentary rocks form from the compaction and cementation of sediments.
- Metamorphic rocks form from the transformation of existing rocks through heat and pressure.
Ore
- Ores are rocks that contain sufficient amounts of minerals with economically important metals.
- Eight common rock-forming elements in Earth's crust are oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium, potassium, and magnesium.
Weathering
- Chemical weathering is the alteration of minerals in rocks exposed to oxygen and water, forming new minerals and residual ore deposits.
- Several processes (hydrothermal fluid circulation, metamorphic processes, magmatic processes, kimberlite magma, chemical sedimentary processes, action of waves and ocean currents) can create and change ore minerals.
Renewable and Non-renewable Resources
- Renewable resources can be replenished naturally, such as solar, wind, biomass, hydroelectric, and geothermal energy.
- Non-renewable resources, such as fossil fuels (coal, petroleum, and natural gas), cannot be replenished on a human timescale.
Water Cycle
- Includes processes like evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and runoff.
- Reservoirs such as oceans and rivers, groundwater, and glaciers store water for various periods.
- Pathway describes the movement of water between reservoirs and subsystems.
Types of Lakes
- Lakes are bodies of water.
- Ponds are small, shallow lakes.
- Dams are barriers that contain water flow.
- Lakes can form due to natural barriers.
Types of Floods
- Flood is a natural phenomenon where an area is temporarily submerged in water.
- Flood types include riverine floods (caused by overflowing streams), flash floods (rapid and intense bursts of water), and coastal floods (water inundating low-lying coastal areas) due to heavy rainfall.
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Description
Test your knowledge of Earth science concepts and the fundamental forces of nature with this Grade 11 quiz. Explore the origins of the universe and how different forces interact. This quiz is designed to assess your understanding of the physical constitution of Earth and the universe.
