Earth Science Reviewer PDF

EARTH SCIENCE REVIEWER 2. Stratosphere – Ozone layer (planes (omg sht is getting real) can be seen here) 3. Mesosphere – coldest layer (“Meso” WEEK 1: EARTH...

EARTH SCIENCE REVIEWER 2. Stratosphere – Ozone layer (planes (omg sht is getting real) can be seen here) 3. Mesosphere – coldest layer (“Meso” WEEK 1: EARTH means middle) - Earth is the only planet in the solar 4. Thermosphere – hottest layer (where system known to harbor life. Earth is in the the Aurora Borealis can be seen) GOLDILOCKS ZONE. 5. Exosphere – outermost layer - Earth is the only place in the known (spacecrafts can be seen here) universe confirmed to nest life and is the only Something to remember!!! one known for sure to have LIQUID WATER The 4 Subsystems are interconnected, on the SURFACE. ex: volcanic eruption, it affects all of the Reasons why earth is a living planet subsystems. 1. It has the right distance from the sun. 2. It is protected from harmful solar PROPERTIES OF MINERALS radiation by its magnetic field. Minerals are: 3. The atmosphere keeps us warm. 1. Naturally Occurring 4. It has the right amount of ingredients 2. Inorganic for life. Including water and carbon. 3. Homogenous Solid 4. Definite chemical Composition Question to remember!!! 5. Orderly crystalline structure Why Is Earth Called the living planet? PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS ORIGIN & STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH A. Color (THE 4 SUBSYSTEMS) - It is the most observable 1. Biosphere – is made up of the parts of characteristics of a mineral. Earth where life exists-all ecosystems. - Minerals color may change 2. Hydrosphere – is the total amount of depending on the surface. water on a planet. It includes water on B. Streak the surface of the planet, underground - Color of a mineral in powdered and in the air. form. Reasons why water is ESSENTIAL C. Hardness o It can be in any form (solid, liquid, - It is a measure of the resistance of gas) a mineral (not specifically surface) o Water has a neutral PH scale to abrasion. o Water is a good conductor of heat & energy) o It is a UNIVERSAL SOLVENT o Water is a high specific key 3. Geosphere – includes rocks and minerals on Earth. Layers of the Earth Crust Mantle Core (inner and outer) ✓ The outer core is liquid because it does not have enough pressure to sustain itself. 4. Atmosphere – the atmosphere is a gaseous barrier that protects the earth. D. Cleavage and Fracture The atmosphere is made up of: 78% - Cleavage refers to the tendency of nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and 1% of minerals to break along very other gases. smooth, flat and shiny surfaces. Layers of the Atmosphere A mineral fracture may break along 1. Troposphere – lowest layer (clouds are random, irregular surfaces. present here)  E. Crystal Habit other bodies of water at the Earth’s - The external/natural shape of a surface. crystal or groups of crystals is displayed/observed as these crystals grow in open spaces. F. Diaphaneity/Amount of Transparency - Ability to allow light to pass through it. This is affected by chemical makeup of the mineral shape. G. Luster - It is how light is reflected off a surface. - A mineral with high luster is very reflective. Lithification – it is the process of compaction H. Tenacity and cementation of sediments. - Describes the minerals reaction to Compaction- occurs when layers of sediment stress. compress the rock below it. Cementation – is when sediments are glued WEEK 2: ROCKS together by minerals deposited between - A rock is a solid collection of them. mineral grains that grow or Remember: Different types of fossils can be become cemented together. seen/embedded in sedimentary rocks. - There are 3 kinds of rocks: TYPES OF SEDIMENTARY ROCK: Igneous, Sedimentary and Clastic Sedimentary Rock – it is Metamorphic rocks. formed by mechanical weathering. IGNEOUS ROCK Chemical Sedimentary Rock – it is They are formed through the cooling formed when dissolved materials and solidification of magma or lava. precipitate from solution. Volcanic/Plutonic rocks Organic Sedimentary Rock – it is Classification of Igneous Rocks formed from the build up of plants and o Intrusive Igneous Rock (Course or animals. grained/Phaneritic texure) – this METAMORPHIC ROCKS type of rock is formed from - Came from pre-existing rocks solidification of magma below the called parent rocks. surface. They have large crystals of - Subjected to heat, pressure, and minerals that forms overtime through chemically-active fluids. a slow process of crystallization in a - Its parent rock can be an igneous, magma. sedimentary or metamorphic rock. o Extrusive Igneous Rock (Fine Factors that Influence metamorphism: grained/Aphanitic texture – This 1. Heat type of rock is formed through a 2. Pressure faster rate of solidification of lava 3. Chemically-active fluids on the surface of the Earth. Example of metamorphic rocks: Mineral Composition of Igneous Rocks Granite – Gneiss Felsic – Is composed mostly of light-colored Sandstone – Quartzite silicates. Ex: Granite Shale – Slate Mafic – it contains a substantial amount of We classify metamorphic rocks as dark colored silicates. Ex: Basalt, Gabbro FOLIATED and NON-FOLIATED. Intermediate – rocks with composition from 1. Foliated – formed through pressure dark and light silicates. Ex: Diorite due to compression. It has differential SEDIMENTARY ROCKS pressure. - Is formed by the deposition and 2. Non-Foliated – it has no foliation or cementation of mineral or organic bands. It has equal or not enough particles on the floor of oceans and pressure to compress it. 3 FACORS THAT CREATES THE ROCK CYCLE: - Shallow, horizontally located 1. The movement of Plate Tectonics deposits or ores. 2. Weathering 3. DREDGING 3. Erosion - Process of mining materials/minerals from the bottom of a body of water, including rivers, lakes and oceans. B. Underground mining - Is used to extract the rocks, minerals and other precious stones that can be found beneath the earth’s surface. - Most expensive in terms of production cost. - Mponeng gold mine, located in Johannesburg, South Africa is the deepest mine in the world. MINERAL PROCESSING Sampling – is the removal of a portion WEEK 3: ORE MINERALS/MINING which represents a whole, needed for Mining – is the process of mineral extraction the analysis of the materials. from a rock seam or ore – a natural rock or Analysis – is important to evaluate the sediment containing one or more valuable valuable component in an ore. This minerals. includes chemical, mineral and Ore Extracting – raw materials, mining, particle size analysis. deposited beneath the earth. Comminution – is the process where A. Surface Mining the valuable components of the ore is - It is used to extract ore minerals separated through crushing and near the surface of the earth. grinding. - In surface mining, the ground is Concentration – involves the blasted so that ores near the separation of the valuable minerals Earth’s surface can be removed to from the raw materials. the surrounding and is carried to Dewatering – uses the concentration refineries to extract the minerals. to convert it to usable materials. - Surface mining can be destructive to the mining surrounding FOSSIL FUELS landscape. - Fossil fuels are basically remains 1. OPEN PIT MINING of plants and animals that died - This is the most common type of millions of years ago. (non- surface mining. Open pit means a renewable kay dugay man na big hole in the ground. form) - It is Less expensive, safer, easy - They are all composed of and fast. hydrocarbons. 2. STRIP MINING 3 MAJOR TYPES OF FOSSIL FUELS - This mining type involves the 1. Coal - it is important and primary removal of a thin strip of fossil fuel present on Earth. overburden above a desired o ANTHRACITE – it is brittle and has deposit, dumping the removed a black lustrous coal, often called overburden behind the deposit, as HARD COAL, containing 86% to extracting the desired deposit, 97% carbon. creating a second parallel strip in o BITUMINOUS – it usually has a the same manner, and depending high heating value and it is the depositing the waste materials most common type of coal used in from that second strip unto the electricity generation. It appears first strip. (libog noh?) smooth at first glance, but it has  layer of you look closely. It has - The best energy source on Earth 45% to 86% carbon. because it is already stead and o SUBBITOMINOUS – black in color dependable. and dull and has a higher heating D. Geothermal Energy value than lignite. It has 35% to - It uses steam obtained from these 45% carbon. geothermal reservoirs to generate o LIGNITE – brown coal (baby coal), electricity. it is the lowest grade coal with a - Wells are drilled at the appropriate crumbly and high moisture content. locations to bring this geothermal It has 25% to 35% carbon. energy up to the surface. Types of Geothermal Powerplant 1. Dry Steam Powerplant – This is the simplest and oldest type of geothermal plant. It directly uses steam from the reservoir to operate the turbine. 2. Flash Steam Powerplant – The most employed in geothermal plants today. (taas ang process ani ) 3. Binary Cycle Powerplant - Binary powerplants are a recent development. They have made it 2. Oil – is an organic material mostly possible to produce electricity from algae, which was buried in mud at the geothermal reservoirs with bottom of the sea and lakes. temperatures lower than 150-degree - Petroleum in Latin means Rock Oil. Celsius. - Liquified Fossil Fuel 3. Natural Gas – it is mostly composed ADVANTAGES OF USING RES: - It is renewable of methane. - No harmful gases are emitted - Naturally occurring hydrocarbon - No greenhouse effects gas with the mixture of methane. - Cost of fuel is negligible - It can be extracted through - Capital cost is 40-60% less than drilling. thermal & nuclear plants. WEEK 4: RENEWABLE ENERGY DISADVANTAGES OF USING RES: - Availability at certain regions only - Is energy derived from natural - Low efficiency resources that are replenished at a - It is hard to replace fossil fuels higher rate than they are because of its energy capacity. consumed. A. Solar Energy WATER AS A RESOURCE - An impressive renewable resource Water Sources that can substitute fossil fuels. - Surface Water - It can be utilized to generating - Glaciers electricity from solar cells, - Underwater flow permitting people to access - Groundwaters electricity without letting go of Where’s Water (kadtong vid) destructive gassed into the - Drinkable water is mostly hidden atmosphere. underground. B. Wind Energy - There is Blue and Green water: Blue - Another source of energy that is water are rivers, lakes, very functional is wind power and groundwaters while Green water is presently, it is the quickest- water inside soil/agriculture. developing energy that can be Water Cycle accessed. - Condensation – Precipitation – C. Hydroelectric Energy/Power Collection – Evaporation - The most reliable source of energy - Water Pollutants - Organisms/Biological factors - Water stress (water is insufficient - Landscape/Topography for its need) - Parent Material (it determines - Population growth what type of soil will form) - Expansion of Business activity Residual soil – are formed through - Climate change weathering of its underlying rock. - Depletion of Aquifers Soil Texture – defined as the relative High Temperature = Low Oxygen proportion of the particle sizes in the soil – WEEK 5: SOIL sand, silt and clay. - Unconsolidated mineral and Sand – 2.00-0.05mm organic material on the immediate Silt – 0.05 – 0.002mm surface of the Earth that serves as Clay -