Text Structure, EAPP Second Week (PDF)

TEXT STRUCTURE ORGANIZING IDEAS IN A TEXT A.LEARNING OBJECTIVES 01 RECALL ON THE USE OF TRANSITION WORDS; 02 IDENTIFY THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF TEXT STRUCTURES 03 DETERMINE THE PATTERN OF DEVELOPMENT DESCRIBED IN THE TEXT 04 USE THE KNOWLEDGE OF TEXT STRUCTURE IN GLEANIN...

TEXT STRUCTURE ORGANIZING IDEAS IN A TEXT A.LEARNING OBJECTIVES 01 RECALL ON THE USE OF TRANSITION WORDS; 02 IDENTIFY THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF TEXT STRUCTURES 03 DETERMINE THE PATTERN OF DEVELOPMENT DESCRIBED IN THE TEXT 04 USE THE KNOWLEDGE OF TEXT STRUCTURE IN GLEANING INFORMATION READ TO FIND OUT! DIRE CT ION: RE AD T HE T E XT E NT IT LE D ST UDY ING FOR A T E ST AND ANSWER T HE QUE ST IONS T H AT FOLLOW. Studying for a Test Believe it or not, as important as it is, many students do not know how to study for a test. Well, studying for a test is easy. The first that you must do is to take out your notes. Open your notes up to the section that you are supposed to review. Read what you wrote in your notebook. When you are done, close your notebook and see if you remember the ideas that you were studying. Still don’t remember? Open your notebook back up and try again. 1. What does the author want to convey to the readers? 2. How does the author present his ideas? 3. What are the signal words used in the text? 4. How do the signal words help in organizing the author’s ideas?  100 W hat is the benefi t of 75 understanding text s truc tures in 50 develo ping one’s c o mprehension s kill? 25 0 TEXT STRUCTURE is the organizational structure used within paragraphs or longer texts, appropriate to genre and purpose. WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF TEXT STRUCTURES? 1. SEQUENCE (PROCESS) STRUCTURE in this pattern, steps or phases of a process or project are specified without cause-effect relationships being implied; a recipe or procedure for a science investigating would be examples of differing complexity. Example: During flooding, one thing that may probably save your life is an improvised flotation device. You can make one using your pants. First, knot off the leg holes of your pants. Then, hold the open waist and swing the pants around to fill the legs with air. Promptly knot the waist to trap the air and hold the pants underwater so that the air would not escape. 2. TIME ORDER/CHRONOLOGY this pattern is found in most narrative texts, where the plot unfolds over time; more complex texts use literary devices, such as flashback and foreshadowing to implicitly establish time order. Example: Ondoy began to develop from an active low-pressure area to a tropical cyclone on September 24, 2009. The following day, PAGASA raised storm signals all over the Philippine archipelago. At that point, signal no. 2 was raised in Catanduanes and other parts of Luzon. By Saturday morning, reports of flooding started to pour in. Meanwhile, President Arroyo declared a state of calamity in Metro Manila. Immediately after President Arroyo’s declaration, various government agencies began the rescue and relief operations. As soon as Typhoon Ondoy exited the Philippines, more and more relief and rescue operations were conducted. 3. EVENTS/ENUMERATION/DESCRIPTION STRUCTURE this pattern usually covers a larger piece of writing rather than a single paragraph. An introductory paragraph is provided which states the topic and facilitates the listing or elaboration of important descriptions, characteristics, or attributes. Example: A laptop is one of the greatest inventions of the modern era. It is a lightweight device that can save a vast amount of information. The screen, touchpad, speakers, keyboard, battery, and AC adapter are the basic parts of a laptop. The most noticeable part of a laptop is its screen, which is responsible for displaying information. Another major component is the keyboard. On it are the keys needed to enter data into the computer. Near the keyboard you will find a smooth, rectangular surface which acts like a desktop computer mouse—this is the touchpad. At the bottom part of this rectangular surface, you will see buttons that operate like a mouse button. Below the keyboard and touchpad, built into the laptop itself are the speakers which allow you to hear sounds and music. Found at the back of the keyboard is the battery; it serves as the lifeline of the computer. Finally, a laptop also comes with an AC adapter which charges the battery and serves as the source of electric power when it is plugged in.. 4. DEFINITION STRUCTURE Typically this pattern includes a “definition” and examples of class membership/type, attributparts or structure and function; in some instances, it will include ways something is similar to or different es, and functions; It may also include the parts and the relationship between the from other things Example: Social engineering is defined as any method which tricks people to share personal information through the use of technology. The “social” component in this scheme means that there is reliance on various psychological tricks and on the gullibility of users rather than technical hacking. Social engineering also refers to various malicious acts online, such as phishing, spamming, and pretexting. 5. COMPARE-CONTRAST STRUCTURE this pattern shows similarities and dissimilarities between objects, actions, ideas, or processes; headings and subheadings generally provide extra support/signals to readers about this structure; often one paragraph is dedicated to similarities and another to differences. Example: Are you not sure yet which phone to buy? To help you decide, this review will help you inspect the basic similarities and differences of the flagship phones of two giant companies: Apple’s iPhone 6 and Samsung’s Galaxy S5. Both brags to be the best smart phones in market to date. While these state-of-the art phones have similarities in the form of their sleek design, multi-touch screen, and multimedia features, they have their distinctive features as well. First, Galaxy S5 has a large creen at 5.1 inches as compared to iPhone 6’s 4.7 inches. As for the operating system, iPhone 6 uses iOS (8.x) while S5 uses Android (5.0, 4.4.2). In terms of the camera, S5 has a 2.1-megapixel front-facing camera which is higher than iPhone’s 1.2 megapixels. Unlike S5, iPhone’s battery is not user-replaceable and has a shorter talk time, but when it comes to built-in storage, iPhone 6 outperforms S5. Now that you know the basic differences of the two phones, you can decide! 6. CAUSE-EFFECT (ANTECEDENT- CONSEQUENCE) STRUCTURE unlike the sequence pattern, this pattern carries the implication that the effect is produced by a specific cause or that the consequences follow from the specified antecedents; this might be found in a discussion of science investigation results or historical articles linking multiple causes and effects. Example: The advancement in technology and economy has created major changes in modern society. One of these changes is globalization. As we know, globalization has affected the world in many ways. First, it served as a catalyst to worldwide trading, thus allowing countries to access foreign products. Although this had positive effects, it also posed a real threat to the merchandise of local traders. Second, globalization affected the financial market. As a result, different countries had more access to funds, and the exchange in national currencies dramatically increased. Finally, globalization also led to the privatization of various facilities, such as public health institutions. These institutions were being privatized due to the idea that the private sector can better manage and provide health services. In consequence, health policies become more and more of a commodity on a global scale. 7. PROBLEM SOLUTION (HYPOTHETICAL)STRUCTURE this pattern may follow a number of different forms; at one extreme, the problem and solution are labelled as such; at the other extreme, the pattern is a series of questions and answers that may or may not lead to a resolution of the problem or issue. Example: Today, most of the energy resources we have are generated from coal, oil, and natural gas. However, these resources are limited. If continuously consumed at an alarming rate, fossil fuels necessary for generating power to operate vehicles and factories will run out before long. Nonetheless, this problem can be resolved through the use of alternative sources of energy and conservation efforts. First, using alternative sources of energy such as solar energy and fusion energy would lessen pollution. These alternatives are actually more accessible and cost-efficient. Although there are some potential risks in using fusion energy, these risks can be mitigated by implementing strict safety measures. The second solution that governments can adopt is the enhancement of conservation efforts. To do this, governments need to make the public more aware of the benefits of conservation, as well as ways of conserving energy, such as recycling. Laws can also be passed to mandate the public and all stakeholders to recycle energy. 8. PROPOSITION-SUPPORT (PERSUASION) this is similar to problem/solution, although arguments and counter arguments are both presented in support of a thesis statement. Example: Euthanasia or mercy killing has been a widely debated issue. It is an act to end a person’s life to alleviate the suffering brought about by a terminal or grave illness. While it may be supported by some, mercy killing is not only an unethical medical practice, it is also a crime. After all, on the most basic level, euthanasia still takes a life. In fact, majority of the countries in the world, including those that have legalized it, consider it as homicide. Aside from being a crime, euthanasia is unethical in the medical context because it violates the principle of “primum non nocore” which means “first, do no harm.” In their code of ethics, doctors have the responsibility of saving lives, not destroying them, which is why euthanasia can never be acceptable. 9. JUDGMENTAL/CRITIQUE STRUCTURE this pattern uses a set of criteria to evaluate information or ideas that have been presented; often discourse style (e.g., humor, satire) affects the complexity and understanding of this type of text. Example: The objective of this review was to view the trends in composition studies within the past fifty years and see how commentary on student writing has transformed and is still transforming. It's clear from the research reviewed that evaluative commentary is widely practiced all through composition programs in universities today. Together with this, it's also evident that the field of composition studies in regards to the kinds of commentary that students get on their writing is varied and continues to be examined and analyzed to benefit both composition students and the society at large. Moreover, corrective vs. evaluative commentary is still being discussed, and continues to be problematic in the discourse community of college composition and also high school writing as viewed in Bardine et al.'s research." Assisting students to become better writers is important in our current society with reducing school budgets." 10. INDUCTIVE/DEDUCTIVE STRUCTURE there are subtle differences between these two structures, which apply elements of enumeration and definition structures A deductive structure first presents a generalization/definition and then follows it with specific examples; conversely, an inductive structure presents illustrations and examples and then moves the reader to draw conclusion from the examples; these structures are often embedded within cause/effect, proposition/support, and judgment/critique structures. Example: While the Internet offers so many benefits to man, it also has its downsides. One of these is phishing, which refers to the act of obtaining personal information, such as passwords and credit card details, through online means. In other words, phishing is a form of cybercrime. As an example, let us consider the case pf Mr. X. He received an email stating that his Gmail account has been compromised and that he needed to click a link to update personal information. If Mr. X clicks on the link, his personal information will be illegally acquired by cybercriminals. The clarit y of the c onc epts shown— the hints in how the text is built and what it means, how long the text is, how many diffi cult words it has, how much think ing it needs to under stand the ideas, and what the reader already k nows about the world— all aff ec t how well we under stand the text as a whole.  100 Do you have 75 any questions? 50 25 0 SAMPLE GRAPHIC ORGANIZER FOR TEXT STRUCTURE  100 1. Venn diagram 75 - it is used to compare and contrast ideas and events. This diagram uses 50 two or more overlapping circles to show similar and different attributes.25 0 100 75 50 25 0  0 2.Network Tree 75 – it is used to represent hierarchy, classification, and branching. It is 50 useful in showing relationships of scientific categories, family 25trees, and even lineages. 0 0 75 50 25 0  0 3.Problem-Solution Map 75 – displays the nature of the 50 problem and how it can be solved. This map usually contains the 25 problem’s description, its causes and effects, and logical solutions. 0 4.Fishbone Map 0 (Cause & Effect 75 Chart) 50 – it is used to better understand the casual relationship of a complex phenomenon. It shows the factors that 25 cause a specific event or problem, as well as details of each cause. 0 0 75 50 25 0  0 5.Cycle 75 – describes how a series of events interact to produce a set of results 50 repeatedly. Some examples of events that require a cycle are water cycle, 25 metamorphosis, and poverty cycle. 0 0 75 50 25 0  0 6.Timeline Chart 75 - is a type of chart that visually shows the chronological sequence of past or future events 50 on a timescale. - The chart’s timescale can be in days, weeks, months, quarters, years or other units25of time depending on the type of events shown on it. 0 0 75 50 25 0 ASSIGNMENT  0 Assignment 2: GRAPHIC ORGANIZER 75 Instruction: Choose 1 type of graphic organizer 50 and illustrate a sample graphic organizer related to your strand. 25 0 ASSESSMENT FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT Identification: Determine what pattern of development is described in each item below. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper. Identification: Determine what pattern of development is described in each item below. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper. Week 2: Assessment 1. This pattern carries the implication that the effect is produced by a cause or that the consequences follow from the specified antecedents; this might be found in a discussion of science investigation results or historical 1. This pattern carries the implication that the effect is produced by a cause or that the consequences follow from the specified antecedents; this might be found in a discussion of science investigation results or historical 2. This pattern may follow a number of different forms; at one extreme, the problem and solution are labelled as such; at the other extreme, the pattern is a series of questions and answers that may or may not lead to a resolution of the problem or issue. 3. This is similar to problem/solution, although arguments and counter arguments are both presented in support of a thesis statement. 4. This pattern uses a set of criteria to evaluate information or ideas that have been presented; often discourse style (e.g., humor, satire) affects the complexity and understanding of this type of text. 5. This structure first presents a generalization/definition and then follows it with specific examples 6. In this pattern, steps or phases of a process or project are specified without cause & effect relationships 7. This pattern is found in most narrative texts, where the plot unfolds over time; more complex texts use literary devices, such as flashback and foreshadowing to implicitly establish time order. 8. This pattern usually covers a larger piece of writing rather than a single paragraph. An introductory paragraph is provided which states the topic and facilitates the listing or elaboration of important descriptions, 9. Typically, this pattern includes a “definition” and examples of class membership/type, attributes, and functions 10. This pattern shows similarities and dissimilarities between objects, actions, ideas, or processes; headings and subheadings generally provide extra support/signals to readers about this structure; often one paragraph is dedicated to