Factors Affecting Design, Design Solutions (PDF)

H1.1 Factors affecting design: - Appropriateness of Design Solutions → Design solutions that effectively address the identified needs, problems, or opportunities. EXAMPLE: For preschoolers, it should be durable, non-toxic, lightweight, safe, and easy to use with clear, child-friend...

H1.1 Factors affecting design: - Appropriateness of Design Solutions → Design solutions that effectively address the identified needs, problems, or opportunities. EXAMPLE: For preschoolers, it should be durable, non-toxic, lightweight, safe, and easy to use with clear, child-friendly controls. - Needs → Refers to the specific requirements that consumers have, which can be addressed through the development of a new product or solution. - Function → Refers to the purpose that a product is designed for. EXAMPLE: the primary function of a dishwasheris to wash and hygienically clean dinnerware, cutlery and kitchen utensils. However, many consumerswill make their purchase choice based on secondary factors such as water and energy efficiency, quiet operation, capacity or materials and finishes that blend in with their kitchen decor. - Life cycle analysis → the evaluation of the resources used when designing. For example, the life cycle of a material. - Aesthetics → the physical appearance of a product and its visual appeal to the target market. - Finance → the cost of all expenses involved in all stages of product creation. EXAMPLE: tools like 3D printing allow prototype testing before mass production. - Obsolescence → means when a product becomes outdated or replaced by something better. Built in obsolescence is when a product is intentionally designed to stop working. - Environmental consequences ( short and long term ) → Are the impacts on nature caused by human actions. - Quality → is the level of excellence of a product, liked to durability. - Work health and safety → Refers to the rights of the employees to a safe and healthy work environment and their responsibility to follow safety procedures set by the employer. Work Health and Safety Act 2011 - Ergonomics → is the relationship between humans and their physical work H1.2 The work of designers Methods 1. interview/focus group 2. Prototyping / experimenting 3. Observations  Steps in the design process 1. Analysis - indefinication of the need / market research 2. Investigation - initial research 3. Idea solutions 4. Research and testing 5. Modification / reinforcement H2.1 Trends: Social Global Political Economic Environment Issue ATSI inequality Climate change Women's rights Rising cost of living Plastic pollution Driver/ Indigenous rights Increased demand Global movement for gender Rental crisis Biodegradable and for renewable energy equity and women's empowerment compostable packaging Trend Response Hause of dizzy Solar panels Female only gyms Tiny homes FrankGreen water bottles - Demographic trends - Occupation - Age - Sex - Race - Size density - Location - Obtained through census data - Economic trends: - Changes in real income per capita - Shifting income distribution among socio-economic classes - Fluctuations in economic figures e.g. interest rates + cost of living - Natural environmental trends - Shortages of raw materials  - Rising pollution levels - Increased energy and transportation - Government interventions in natural resource management - Technological trends - Technology advancements - Increased research and development budgets - Growing regulatory oversight H2.2 evaluates the impact of design and innovation on society and the environment - Individual / societal impacts - Environment - Personal values - Life cycle analysis - Individual beliefs - Landfill - Equity - Global warming - Safety and health - Energy consumption - Cultural beliefs - Recycling (sustainable materials) - Economic factors - Waste disposal - Community needs - Pollution (air, noise, water) - Employment - Renewable / non renewable energy sources - Ozone layer CASE STUDY: SNAPCHAT Individual Society Environment Positive - Always connected to others - Users with common interest can be brought - A communication style that does - Share stuff quickly → post together not require paper and share photos with - People in rural and remote areas can interact - Environmental groups can be others easily with people in metro areas easily. formed online - Business are able to directly target their demographic through advertising and marketing Negative - Can be contacted 24/7 - Employers are able to spy and find information. Uses a range of developing - Photos can be shared - Users many not develop interpersonal skills technologies, which may encourage without your consent - Children may be at greater risk of grooming materialism and become obsolete - Potential for bullying and attacks by online predators. quickly. (phones and computers) with add to landfill. Organisations and legislation that protect SAFETY and RIGHTS of designers: - IP Australia → “administers intellectual property (IP) rights and legislation for patents, trade mark & design rights.” for companies and their products → CASE STUDY: Cadbury has trademarked the colour of their chocolate wrappers to ensure no Other confectionary company can replicate their likeness. Lucas, the pawpaw ointment company, didnot trademark the colour red that they use for their packaging, leading to other Paw-paw products utilising the same shade and likeness to capitalise off of Lucas’ success - Standard Australia - Trade practices Act - Workers compensation - Australian competition and consumer commission (ACCC) Patent → a legal right to protect the designers product meaning they can legally sell and make money from their idea → Designers apply for a patent through IP Australia Registered designs → Registration protects; shape, pattern, configuration, decoration but NOT the actual workings Trademarks → Symbol or name used by a manufacturer to distinguish itself from competitors H3.1 analyses the factors that influence innovation and the success of innovation - Timing - Availability and emerging technologies - Historical, cultural, political, economic, legal factors Factor Definition Example Timing - Timing affects the success of a new product. A new perfume coming out around - Clever marketing helps create demand for Mothers day → increases profit as products. people are looking for mothers day - Trends influence product launches → when gifts. a product hits the shelves. Avaliable and Available technologies = technologies that VR headsets → they allow emerging are currently available. people to immersive themselves in technologies virtual environments.  Emerging technologies = technologies that 5G are in development and are not fully established. Historical Historical and cultural factors are the things and cultural from the past and present that affect how factors people in a society think, behave, and make choices. Political Historical and cultural factors are the things Electric cars → governments Factors from the past and present that affect how promote a carbon neutral world people in a society think, behave, and make by addressing environmental choices. concerns. Economic Economic strategies are plans and actions Solar panels on houses → Strategies taken by governments, businesses, or promoting sustainable energy and individuals to achieve specific economic goals. reducing electricity bills. Legal Legal factors are the laws and regulations Child car seats → there are strict strategies that affect how businesses and individuals laws and regulations about the make decisions and operate, ensuring use of car seats. compliance with rules and protecting everyone's rights. Marketing Marketing strategies are plans businesses use Energy drinks → promotion by Strategies to sell their products or services by attracting sporting teams. and convincing customers to buy. Agencies that influence innovation - Standards Australia → is recognised for its role in maintaining standards and setting benchmarks EXAMPLE: bike helmets, childrens toys → anything that comes into interaction with the human body - IP Australia → Innovations go to IP Australia to be protected. An innovator must take formal steps to obtain legal ownership of their idea by registering for intellectual property protection. Through the Patents Office at IP Australia, innovators can apply for a patent on their design, does NOT provide international protection  - CASE STUDY: Cadbury has trademarked the colour of their chocolate wrappers to ensure no other confectionary company can replicate their likeness. Lucas, the pawpaw ointment company, did not trademark the colour of red that they use for their packaging, leading to other paw paw products utilising the same shade and likeness to capitalise off of Lucas’ success Entrepreneurial activity - Nature of entrepreneurial activity An entrepreneur is a person who is both efficient and effective in the organisation and management of activities. An entrepreneur will make decisions and take risks with the aim of making a profit. Entrepreneurs: - Passionate about their work - Problem-solvers - Innovative in the use of technologies - Prepared to persevere - Willing to delegate - Good managers of finance, time and people - Creative - Energetic - Optimistic - Ethical Entrepreneurial activity is concerned with the creation, evaluation and exploitation of ideas- making good ideas into a commercial success. - It involves recognising those ideas that have potential for a successful commercial venture and the ability to take those ideas through to the creation of a successful product. - It involves decision-making, innovation and risk taking. - Some creative processes used may be: - applying new techniques to the production process - the development of new or improved products and services - the introduction of new forms of marketing, selling or organising. Agencies that influence entrepreneurial activity - Government agencies, through laws, incentives and subsidies  - Commercial agencies through the buying and selling of goods - Industrial agencies through WorkCover, workplace agreements and awards Management and entrepreneurial activity - Role in design and technological activity - establishing the marketing opportunity - organising financial backing - protecting the final design’ - organising raw materials, and labour - manufacturing - advertising - sales, distribution and serving Legal and ethical issues - Entrepreneurs need the necessary knowledge of government regulations and legal requirements relevant to starting a new business. - They should ensure that the idea is legally protected, and all trading and production activities meet required standards H3.2 uses creative and innovative approaches in designing and producing Developing ideas - Collaboration - discussing ideas with others - Sprint sketching - Thumbnail sketches - Prototypes - Brainstorming - Crazy 8 - Research [surveys, focus groups, primary, secondary, experimentation] Designer Area of work Design process used Critically evaluate their work Dinosaur Designs Jewellery and → sketchbooks → each piece is unique homeware designs →prototypes made (clay/wax) → crafted by hand → refined by development team → sketching + prototyping → resin is moulded in casts  → left to set → hand sanded H4.1 identifies a need or opportunity and researches and explores ideas for design development and production of the major design project - Needs analysis - Researching and developing ideas - Identifying opportunities - Formulating an individual design proposal - Research and methods of experimentation to generate ideas ​4.2 selects and uses resources responsibly and safely to realise a quality major design project Safety - Implementing safe work practices - Throughout all phases of the life cycle from design through manufacture and use to disposal - Safety through ethical, moral and professional perspectives, legal responsibilities, environmental issues - WHS laws → Everyone is responsible for the safety of eachother; employers, employees and visitors - Safe work principles include: purchasing safe resources, avoiding damaged or dangerous malfunctioning equipment, use personal protective equipment Ethics - Designer → ethical code of responsibility towards the environment, consumer, and society - cheap production capacity in other countries → changed the ethical principles for designers regarding consumerism. - Sweatshop conditions refer to the cramping of hundreds of employees in unsafe conditions for excessively low wages. Case Study: Richard Cole; Architect - Architects must have a deep understanding of environmental concerns that may influence their designs. - Aims to incorporate the environment into his designs, noting that architecture is not only about the shelter. creating a sustainable design in the Northern Beaches which used recycled materials  - Windows are placed strategically to allow breeze space, lowering the need for air conditioning and cooling. H4.3 evaluates the processes undertaken and the impacts of the major design project - Project evaluation - Ongoing evaluation - Criteria to evaluate success - Analysing criteria for evaluation - Implementation of design solution - The impact of the major design project - On the individual - On society - On the environment (local and global) - In relation to potential social or environmental costs or benefits H5.1 manages the development of a quality major design project - Project management - Including methods of managing action, time and finance appropriate to the nature of individual design projects - Documentation procedures for developing management plans H5.2 selects and uses appropriate research methods and communication techniques - Research methods - Data collection, analysis, interpretation and application of conclusions - Communication - Presenting information - Visualising solutions - Communication and presentation methods appropriate to the target market H6.1 justifies technological activities undertaken in the major design project through the study of industrial and commercial practices → Collaborative designing  - Working alongside another offering different skills and expertise → Implementing safe work practices - Ethical, moral, professional perspectives - Legal responsibilities - Environmental issues - Production and disposal concerns → The work health and safety laws - The legal basis for setting and enforcing rules in workplace to protect the health and safety of all people in the workplace, including visitors Work Health Safety Act → Work Health and Safety Act 2011 was created to: - protect the health safety and welfare of all employees employers and self-employed people in the workplace → Aim of the act: - Address increasing rates of injuries and illnesses → Risk assessment and hazard reduction → Safe work principles → Controls to remove / minimise hazards 1.) Eliminate the risk 2.) Substitution 3.) Isolate the hazard 4.) Minimise the risk H6.2 critically assesses the emergence and impact of new technologies, and the factors affecting their development Drone technology Rescue drone (the little ripper) → saved 2 teenage girls in 70 seconds who were stuck in a rip by dropping an inflatable rescue pod, what would have taken a life saver at least mins Military drones → fight wars, surveillance, gather intelligence, save lives, monitor speeding drivers on highways Life cycle analysis: - Resources - Material proccessing - Manufactoring - Distribution - Use - End of life Issues: - Social Issues: - Patriotism - Change in lifestyles - Multiculturalism - Equality - Ethics - Consumer patterns - “Social class” - Economical Issues: - Total buying power - Public confidence - Decline of local production - Manufacturing costs - Wages - State of economy with impact sales of design - Political issues: - Taxes, tariffs, quotas → GST (Good and Services Taxation) - Common Wealth Trade Practices Act (1974) - Free trade agreements - Global issues: - Marketing environment - Balance of payments  - Foregin ownership - Transportation - Communication - Manufactoring centres - Technological developments Basic steps of design process: - Design → processes where evaluation and feedback are used to improve and modify the design. - Successful design needs steps based on research and testing to gain inspiration and establish a need. 1. Analysis → need, opportunity, problem (initial consultation to develop design brief) 2. Investigation → research to identify parameters and constraints. 3. Ideas and possible solutions → in response to the need or problem 4. Research and testing → determine the best solution and ensure it will work + solve the problem 5. Modification and refinement → Response to results to improve the solution