DRRR Reviewer (1st Quarter) PDF

DRRR Reviewer (1st Quarter) A. Disasters and Disaster Risks - In 2020, the world was hit by the - Disaster - A serious disruption of the COVID-19 pandemic. It became an functioning of a community or epidemic as cases of infection soc...

DRRR Reviewer (1st Quarter) A. Disasters and Disaster Risks - In 2020, the world was hit by the - Disaster - A serious disruption of the COVID-19 pandemic. It became an functioning of a community or epidemic as cases of infection society causing widespread human, rapidly increased. material, economic, or - Epidemic - A disaster caused by a environmental losses and impacts, biological hazard - in this case, a which exceed the ability of the virus. affected community to cope using its - Pandemic - The disease spread own resources. Examples: across different countries around the Typhoons, earthquake, landslide, world. and fire. - March 29, 2021, 13,186 patients - Disaster Risk - The probability of have died from the viral disease, harmful consequences or expected exceeding the death toll recorded losses (deaths, injuries, livelihoods, due to Typhoon Yolanda. assets, services) resulting from the interactions between natural or Vulnerability human-induced hazards and - A condition determined by physical, vulnerable conditions. social, economic, and environmental - Disaster Risk Reduction - A factors or processes which increase proactive approach being adopted. the susceptibility of a community to Where risks are reduced and the impact of hazards” (UNISDR, managed. The risk could be high, 2007). medium, or low, depending on - Elements at risk include: persons, physical, environmental, and buildings, crops, and other socio-economic factors. Example: components exposed to known Communities along river banks have disaster hazards and which are likely a high risk of flooding. to be adversely affected by the impact of these hazards. Disaster Situation of the Country - Different Types of Vulnerabilities: - Philippines ranks 9th in the World 1. Physical and Environmental Risk Report 2019 for having the Vulnerability - Refers to the highest disaster risk worldwide out of “human-made environment” of the 180 countries that were buildings and infractures, and the assessed. “natural environment” of agriculture, - October 15, 2013 - The province of forestry and aquaculture. Factors Bohol was hit by an earthquake. that determine the magnitude of - November 8, 2013, the Philippines physical vulnerability was struck by Typhoon Yoland, one a. Geographic pattern of the of the strongest and deadliest severity of hazards typhoons in history. b. Exposure of the elements to hazards  c. Geological and - The opposite of Vulnerability. environmental characteristics - It is the combination of a of the community community’s strengths, d. Effects of Local Conditions characteristics, and resources that 2. Social Vulnerability - refers to the can be utilized to achieve certain susceptibility of the population, the goals. social institutions or organizations - There are capacities that can be that ensure the sustenance of mobilized to aid recovery from families, communities, and society. disasters. The factors affecting social vulnerability are the following: B. Vulnerability of the Philippines to a. Special Categories of Disasters vulnerable groups of people The Philippines and its Vulnerability to such as women and children, Disasters people with disability, the - Typhoon Yolanda - The strongest elderly, chronically ill typhoon in the world so far, persons, indigenous people, devastated the provinces of Leyte, the lesbian, gay, bisexual, Samar, Cebu, and other areas in and transgender (LGBT) Visayas, as well as the northern sector, among others. islands of Palawan.3 days before the b. Educational Attainment disaster, the public was warned to c. Knowledge and Awareness evacuate but no one evacuate d. Location and type of housing except those living in houses made e. Population density up of light materials. The strength of f. Perception of risk the typhoon rendered their efforts g. Values and Traditions useless and resulted in 6,201 dead, h. Absence of local institutions 1785 missing, and 28, 626 injured. 3. Economic Vulnerability - Pertains to - June 17 - Muslim Festival Eid the assets and resources of the two al-Adha, a non working holiday disasters, communities that are celebration where on Money susceptible to disasters, including Morning, an earthquake happened in the production, distribution, and Bohol that reportedly claimed 223 utilization of goods and services that lives and injured 877 people. ensure the well-being of the people. - The location of the Philippines in the Factors affecting economic Pacific makes it very vulnerable to vulnerability are the following: meteorological disturbances such as a. Sources of Livelihood typhoons. b. Community Resources - PAGASA or Philippine Atmospheric, c. Household income and Geophysical, and Astronomical savings Administration states that around 19 d. Markets and access to goods to 20 typhoons enter the Philippine and services Area of Responsibility every year. - The Philippines is also located in the Capacity western ring of the pAcific Ocean  where many active faults, trenches, - As disasters impact the vulnerable and volcanoes can trigger sectors, these cause damages to earthquakes. their economic and social life, thus - Locations that used to be safe from pushing them to worse conditions. storms but then became (ISDR, 2009). typhoon-ridden are: Western - The unequal allocation and Visayas and Northern Mindanao. distribution of resources also - The Central Luzon earthquake in contribute to their situation. 1990, the Negros Oriental - Typhoon Ondoy (2009) affected earthquake in 2011, and the Bohol people from all socioeconomic eathquake in 2013 are some of the groups in Metro Manila. Rich people strongest experienced in the country. were able to recover quickly while the poor families had to move into Distribution of Active Faults & Trenches in evacuation centers or stay in their the Philippines flooded homes. Two months after - PHIVOLCS - Philippine Institute of the disaster, some were still staying Volcanology and Seismology, a in evacuation centers that were also government agency responsible for flooded due to the expansion of forecasting volcanic eruptions and Laguna de Bay. earthquakes, released the Valley Fault System Atlas. Disaster Risk-Poverty Nexus - Big One - The maps highlight the Global Drivers cities, municipalities and barangays 1. Uneven Economic and Urban that are along the fault lines in Metro Development Manila, Rizal, Bulacan, Cavite, and 2. Climate Change Laguna. This is an earthquake that 3. Weak Governance and limited can happen in the future, which may endogenous capabilities have a magnitude of 7 and above Underlying Risk Driver that can happen anytime. 1. Poor Urban and local Governance - Many active volcanoes in the 2. Vulnerable rural livelihood country also pose a danger to our 3. Ecosystem Decline communities. 4. Lack of access to risk transfer and - Mt. Pinatubo Eruption (1991) - It social protection burned the crops, killed 722 people, Intensive Risk left more than 200,000 homeless, - Major concentration of vulnerable and even affected the weather population and economic assets around the globe. exposed to extreme hazard. Extensive Risk Poverty and Vulnerability - Geographically dispersed exposure - Poor - usually have lesser access to of vulnerable people and economic better homes, public facilities, and assets to low or moderate intensity livelihood opportunities, which hazard. makes them vulnerable to disaster. Everyday Risk  - Households and Communities indigenous people, women, children, exposed to food insecurity, disease, and communities marginalized by crimes, accidents, pollution, lack of the exploitation of natural resources sanitation, and clean water. usually end up as victims of Poverty disasters as they are the most - Economic poverty and other factors vulnerable groups. such as powerlessness, exclusion, 4. The aftermath of disaster paves the illiteracy, and discrimination. Limited way for disaster prevention efforts - opportunities to access and mobilize Disasters encourage collaboration in assets. addressing the roots of disaster Disaster Impact risks, engaging in volunteerism, and - Major Mortality and economic loss building the resilience of and Damage to housing, local communities. infrastructure, livestocks, and crops. C. Hazards Poverty Outcomes - Hazards - Potentially damaging - Short- and long-term impacts on physical events, phenomena or income, consumption, welfare, and human activities that may cause equality. injury or loss of life, damage to property, social and economic Disaster as a Social Phenomenon disruption, or environmental - While a disaster is mainly caused by degradation (UNISDR, 2007) natural hazards and has physical Types of Hazards effects, it is also a social 1. Natural Hazards - are beyond phenomenon because natural human control. Examples are: events “have social consequences a. Hydro-meteorological and only as a result of the actions of climatological hazards human beings and societies” b. Geologic Hazards - Here are points to further prove this c. Biological Hazards, and; point: d. Astronomical Hazards 1. Harmful practices worsen 2. Hazards induced by humans - may vulnerability to disasters - In be due to accidents, carelessness, production of goods and services, or inability to implement protective people often ignore the disaster risks measures. Examples are: involved. a. Fire, 2. Population growth and shortage of b. Industrial and technological hazards, land have further pushed c. Hazards related to high-risk low-income families to worse living recreation activities such as conditions, which make them more mountain climbing, and vulnerable to disasters - They d. Other hazardous human activities usually live in marginal lands such 3. Deliberate Hazards - Are sometimes as ravines, steep slopes, or even deliberately planned by people riverbends and banks. because of personal or political 3. The poor, the elderly, people with interests, resulting in massive loss of disabilities or special needs, lives and properties. Examples are:  a. Arson on Community Disaster b. Terrorism, and Preparedness issued in 1978. It is c. Wars mandated by the Philippine Disaster Management System. Hazard Analysis - Disaster Preparedness - Improves - It is the identification, study, and the concept of emergency monitoring of any hazard to management by going one step determine its potential, origin, backward before a disaster or crisis characteristics, and behavior happens. (UNISDR, 2007). The purpose of - D 𝐻𝑥𝑉 = - It is in this context that the 𝐶 this analysis is to: concept of vulnerability (V) and 1. Provide descriptions of the hazards; capacity (C) came about, replacing 2. Help in setting priorities preparedness in the equation. corresponding to the need for - Vulnerability - The condition protection; and determined by physical, social, 3. Assist in designing the appropriate economic, and environmental factors DRRM system, plan, programs, and or processes that increase the services. susceptibility of a community to the impact of disasters. Here are the tools in doing a hazard - Capacity - A combination of all the analysis strengths and resources available 1. Community hazards and disaster within a community, society or history construction organization that can reduce the 2. Hazard and vulnerability mapping level of risk or effects of a disaster” 3. Factor Analysis 𝐻𝑥𝑉𝑥𝐸 - D= 𝐶 - In another formula, the Hazard Signs and Symbols exposure of people or community D. Disaster Risk Reduction (E) Management - Disaster Management - An approach Paradigm Shift: From Emergency that conceptualized as a cyclical Management to Disaster Reduction model that features prevention, - Linear Model: Disaster (D) = Hazard mitigation, preparedness, disaster (H) response (formerly emergency - Emergency Management - The way response) to manage the impact of disaster or - Disaster Risk = 𝐻𝑥𝑉𝑥𝐸 - A new 𝐶 losses. formula where it shows the need to - Disaster Preparedness - An reduce the risks, so that disaster improvement in the approach where impacts will be mitigated. the relevance is saving lives and alleviating suffering. Cyclical Model of Disaster Management - Presidential Decree 1566 - 1. Disaster Impact Strengthening the Philippine 2. Response Disaster Control, Capability and 3. Recovery Establishing the National Program 4. Development  5. Prevention and Mitigation perpetuated by unsustainable 6. Preparedness development leading to disaster occurrence. Citizenry-Based and Development-Oriented - Disaster Risk - The probability of Disaster Response (CBDO-DR) injury, loss of life, damage to - Formulated by the Citizen Disaster property, disruption of services and Response Center and its partners in activities, and negative 1987. It aims to contribute to environmental effects. pro-people development for the - Disaster Risk Management - The general improvement of the systematic process of using well-being and quality of life for the administrative decisions, majority of the Filipinos. organization, operational skills and - Has six main distinguishing features capacities to implement policies, that are interrelated: strategies, and coping mechanisms 1. It raises a question of vulnerability of the society and communities to when it comes to disasters. lessen the impact of natural hazards 2. It recognizes people’s existing and related environmental and capacities and aims to strengthen technological disasters. These them. comprise all forms of activities, 3. It contributes to addressing the roots including structural and of vulnerabilities and to transforming non-structural measures to avoid or removing the structures (prevention) or to limit (mitigation generating inequity and and preparedness) the adverse underdevelopment. effect of hazards. 4. It considers people’s participation - Disaster Risk Reduction - The essential to disaster management. conceptual framework of elements 5. It puts a premium on the considered with the possibilities to organizational capacity of the minimize vulnerabilities and disaster vulnerable sectors through the risks throughout a society, to avoid formation of grassroots disaster (prevention) or to limit (mitigation response organizations. and preparedness) the adverse 6. It mobilizes the less vulnerable impact of hazards within the broad sectors into partnerships with the context of sustainable development. vulnerable sectors in disaster management and development Disaster Risk Management Processes work. 1. Prevention - Refers to activities that provide outright avoidance of the Continuation… adverse impact of hazards and the - The new framework is disaster risk means to minimize related reduction and disaster risk environmental and biological management. disasters. - These two frameworks are a 2. Mitigation - This involves structural strategy that focuses on studying the and non-structural measures underlying conditions of risk undertaken to limit the adverse  impacts of natural hazards, individuals, communities, and environmental degradation, and national development. technological hazards. - It emphasizes that disaster risk 3. Preparedness - This entails reduction is a central issue for pre-disaster activities that are development policies, in addition to undertaken within the context of being of interest to various science, disaster risk management and are humanitarian, and environmental based on sound risk analysis. fields. 4. Relief/Response - This refers to the - It expects a substantial reduction of provision of assistance or disaster losses in investment, in intervention during or immediately lives, and in social, economic, and after a disaster for life preservation environmental assets of and to meet the basic needs of communities and countries. those affected. - Three Goals: 5. Recovery - This includes decisions Integration of DRR into and actions taken after a disaster sustainable development with a view of restoring or improving policies and planning. pre-disaster living conditions of the Development and stricken community while strengthening of institutions, encouraging and facilitating mechanisms, and capabilities necessary adjustments to reduce to build resilience to hazards. disaster risk. Systematic incorporation of 6. Development Planning Process - risk reduction approaches This involves proactive actions that into the implementation of allow national, sectoral, regional, or emergency preparedness, local governments and its partners response, and recovery to support and engage the programs. intellectual, physical, and economic - In September 2009, Typhoon Ondoy resources to chart a course toward a affected Metro Manila and adjacent desired future of development provinces. This disaster served as a related on each level. wake-up call for the government to pass a new law on disaster risk Frameworks reduction and management. 1. Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015: Building the Resilience 2. Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk of Nations and Communities to Reduction 2015-2030 Disasters - It was endorsed by the UN General - It is adopted by 168 countries Assembly during the 2015 Third UN including the Philippines. World Conference on Disaster Risk - It is a comprehensive, Reduction (WCDRR). action-oriented response to - Four Priorities for Action: international concern about the a. Understanding Disaster Risk growing impacts of disasters on b. Strengthening Disaster Risk Governance to manage disaster risk  c. Investing in disaster risk reduction for resilience Association of the Southeast Asian Nations d. Enhancing disaster preparedness for (ASEAN) effective response and to “Build - Consists of 10 Members Back Better” in recovery, - Came up with a binding agreement rehabilitation, and reconstruction. to provide an effective mechanism for reduction of disaster losses and E. Government Policies and to respond jointly to disaster Programs for Disaster Risk emergencies. Reduction - Agreed to mainstream disaster risk - Government - Plays a very important reduction into all sustaining role in disaster risk reduction and development policies, planning, and management. programming at all levels. - Provincial Disaster Risk Reduction - ASEAN Agreement on Disaster and Management Council Management and Emergency (PDRRMC) - Conducts a damage Response (AADMER) - Ratified in assessment and needs analysis with 2010 by ten countries namely: the assistance of the technical and Brunei Darussalam, Philippines, scientific groups. Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam, - Post-Great Bohol Earthquake Myanmar, Cambodia, Indonesia, Rehabilitation Plan - covers the Laos, and Malaysia different sections, The development - AADMER established the ASEAN included the recovery plan for Coordinating Centre for hospitals, rural health units and Humanitarian Assistance (AHA birthing stations, schools, day care Center) as the operational centers and historical sites and coordination and engine of structures. AADMER. - June 6, 204 - The province of bohol received a check amounting to 2.39 The National Mandate billion pesos from the national - Republic Act 10121 - or the government. The fund was allocated Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction for the second phase of Bohol’s and Management Act of 2010 is the rehabilitation progress, which legal basis for strengthening the included the repair and construction disaster risk reduction and of partially and totally damaged local management system in the country. government halls. The law adheres to the principles of international agreements such as International Agreements the Hyogo Framework, the Sendai - The policies and programs of the Framework, and the AADMER. Philippine government on disaster - National Disaster Risk Reduction risk reduction and management and Management Council subscribe to the principles and (NDRRMC) - The highest priorities of the international government body empowered with community. policy making, coordination,  integration, supervision, monitoring development, implementation, and and evaluation functions. NDRRMC coordination of disaster risk is headed by the Secretary of management programs. They are National Defense. There are four also responsible for organizing, Vice-Chairpersons, namely: training and supervising the local Secretary of the Department emergency response teams and of Science and Technology volunteers. for Disaster Prevention and - Barangay Disaster Risk Reduction Mitigation and Management Committee Secretary of the Department (BDRRMC) - does the function of the of the Interior and Local LDRRMO (Sec. 10, 11, 12) Government for Disaster - Chairperson Secretary of NDRRMC Preparedness - DND or Department of National Secretary of the Department Defense of Social Welfare and Development for Disaster Four Major Institutional Mechanisms for Response, and DRRM in the country as provided for under Director-General of the the law. National economic 1. The Disaster Risk Reduction and Development Authority for Management Councils at the Disaster Rehabilitation and national, regional, provincial, city, Recovery and municipal levels, and BDRRM - Office of Civil Defense (OCD) - committees at the barangay level. Which serves as the secretariat of 2. Local Disaster Risk Reduction and the NDRRMC. It administers a Management Offices comprehensive national civil defense 3. Office of Civil Defense and disaster risk reduction and 4. Disaster Volunteers management program by providing leadership in the continuous National Disaster Risk Reduction and development of strategic and Management Plan (2012-2028) systematic approaches… to reduce - National Disaster Risk Reduction the vulnerabilities and risk to and Management Plan (NDRRMP) - hazards and manage the Serves as the national guide in consequences of disasters. achieving sustainable development - Local Disaster Risk Reduction and through inclusive growth while Management Council (LDRRMC) - building the adaptive capacities of Serves as the local policy and communities, increasing the implementing body for DRRM. It resilience of vulnerable sectors, and ensures the integration of DRR and optimizing disaster mitigation climate change adaptation into local opportunities. development plans and programs. - DRRM framework - the vision to - Local Disaster Risk Reduction and have safer, adaptive, and disaster Management Office (LDRRMO) - resilient Filipino communities Responsible for setting the direction, towards sustainable development.