Social Science Notes on the Industrial Revolution PDF

Social science notes 8.2 Beginning of Industrial Revolution - Population growth During the revolution from an estimated 6.5 million people in 1750 to around 32.5 million people in 1900 - Transformation - Factories and mills Industrial revolution led to thousands of new factories and mil...

Social science notes 8.2 Beginning of Industrial Revolution - Population growth During the revolution from an estimated 6.5 million people in 1750 to around 32.5 million people in 1900 - Transformation - Factories and mills Industrial revolution led to thousands of new factories and mills Factories relied heavily on large numbers of workers and machinery to manufacture massive quantities of goods in one place - Modern towns and cities Great industrial and commercial cities grew due to people moving to work at new factories Before industrial revolution only 20% lived in cities - New sources of power Development of steam powered and then electricity transformed the manufacturing and more having a major impact on humans Supplies of coal became vital - Improved transport and communication As pollution grew new modes of transport were invented to replace previous inventions Travelling conditions improved so people started travelling and living less isolated lives Soon new communication technologies were introduced - Middle class People coming from other backgrounds were neither wealthy or poor instead bankers, teachers, doctors, lawyers etc.. could afford nice things This drove for more schools, universities, and libraries - Agricultural Around 80% of people lived in or worked on small farms in rural areas Farms harvested small crops each year and raised small herds of livestock - Manufacturing- small and localised Trade employed few amounts of people in Britain Power tools were basic and powered by people, animals or waterwheels that harnessed the power of fast-flowing rivers and streams - Towns and villages Small, poor villages mostly travelled on foot or by horse - Short life expectancy Diets were inadequate Illness was common due to bad hygiene, sewage issues and polluted water supply - Strict social divisions According to wealth and position based on birth and usually didn't change Noble families made up 1% of population Noble gentlemen did not involve themselves in farming, trades or professions, instead invested in land 8.3 why the industrial revolution began in britian Rise of british empire - Expansoin of the British Empire took 2 phases 1. Establishment of the earliest British colonies in North America, over 200 years many countries around the world 2. Series of wars fought between the European powers in the 18^th^ century and early part of the 19^th^ century - American war of independence - By 1900, the British Empire had expanded to cover around a quarter of the Earth's surface and ruled by quarter of the world's population Other factors that meant Britain would lead the Industrial Revolution - Britains coal supply Lots of coal was vital fuel for steam power - Naval power and trading power Britain relied on skilled sailors, strong and experienced - Individual freedom and the capitalist spirit Great measure of individual and intellectual freedom in Britain This mean for people to be willing to try new methods/take risks - Stable government Not much political or social conflict, this encourage growth of businesses - Superior banking system Increased trade = expanded to support trade 8.4 agrarian/agricultural revolution \- from mid 1600s, many changes in farming occurred across Britain \- Without these changes many believe industrialisation wouldn't be possible \- during Agricultural revolution, forests were cleared and other spaces changed to grow crops \- Agriculture became a business = making profit \- Farming conditions increased (wheat produced in Britain increased by 75%) - Enclosures Smaller areas of land were changed to creat large farms Enclosure laws meant that where local farmers worked on was changed to private landowners By 1790 ¾ of lands was owned by wealthy landlords Those affected would move abroad or move into cities - Crop rotation Despite hardship, it led to improve management of the crops Previously farmers would leave a field for a period to avoid exhausting the soil '4 field system' 1^st^ = wheat 2^nd^= barley 3^rd^ = veggies 4^th^ = clover Each season they'd rotate leaving soil always busy and rich in minerasl Wheat + barley for humans, clover for grazing animals - Improved farm machinery and methods 1800s -- new mechanical drills for planting seeds, machines for harvesting and threshing machines to separate valuable grain from other things Made efficient farming -- increased profit Animals breeding improvement and rearing Robert Bakewell invented quick-fattening sheep w/ finer wool and tastier meat, also bred cattle for beef production 8.5 Traditional textile industry - Industrial revolution production saw improvements of cotton, wool, coal and iron - Most important 'invention' was a way of producing goods on a large scale Factory sytem - Before factories, work was done in small workshops or cottages - Workers had to use arm muscle power or water power to largely hand -make items - Factories brought people together and were very little skilled because machines did the job for them - Machines were powered with water and first and then by steam and then electricity Cotton and wool production - First factories were cotton mills - Invention in Britain paved the way for cotton and wool production Inventions: Spinning Jenny Water Frame Flying Shuttle Crompton's mill Innovation in the textile industry - Pioneering industry -- shift from handmade to machine made products - Skilled weavers were no longer needed -- children and women starting working - World demand - Working 16 hour working days - Entrepreneurs and investments - Technological inventions Changes Mid 1760s Britain was the centre of cotton production - Raw cotton imports from India and USA - Mills and machines for spinning and weaving - Originally waterwheels, so had to be close to rivers/streams - Water power turned to steam - Once steam-power was invented, factories were in cities closer to potential customers - City locations -- workforce and market Skills of workers changed - Weavers were replaced by worker who were only required to feed the raw cotton or cotton yarn into machines - Women and children stated to work because the jobs were simple and easy to pay - Mill owners wanted more money which meant long working days Working conditions were poor + exceptions - Harsh working conditions for everyone - Cotton mills operated by Robert Owen were better -- children were educated and taken good care of Iron production - 1709 Abraham Darby -- burning coke in blast furnaces - Generating the necessary heat to melt iron ore requited charcoal - Wood supplies across Britain were dwindling - Coke replaced coal and iron and coal industries strongly linked - 'Puddling' and 'rolling' to produce pig iron and increased from 25000t to 60 000t - Production increased, new uses were found for iron -- knives, forks, pots and pans Steam "Revolutionised" manufacturing and transport and later used to generate electricity - Coal supplies were vital to fuel the Industrial Revolution and people wanting more coal led to new mines opening up - Digging deeper coal mines required better pumping systems - While repairing a steam engine, James Watt found a way to increase efficiency Development - Watt did not invent the steam engine but e made a more practical and pwoeful invention - 1775 Watt formed a partnership with Matthew Boulton to manufacture new machines 1710 Thomas Newcomen and 1698 Savery both developed steam engines 8.6 Transport Importance of transport - Need for reliable means for transporting large quantities of raw materials to the factory and finished products away from the factory New inventions Steam locomotives Richard Trevithick - Built by English engineer Richard Trevithick in 1801 - Driven on roads rather than rails, 1804 Trevithick was the first person to drive on rails of a tramway George Stephenson - First locomotive built for commercial purposes in 1829 and remains one of the most famous - Dramatic economic impact - Designs became more sophisticated and powerful Steam ships - 1807 paddle wheels to screw propellers - Went through many designs and improvements over 100 years Brunel - Iron hulled steam ships, screw propellers, ocean crossings - 1838 "great western" - 1843 "great Britain" - Steamship began to replace sailing ships Internal combustion engine - Steam engine was too large for smaller businesses and vehicles 1859 Etienne Lenoir -- modern cars and engines - Sucked coal, gas and air into a cylinder, ignited by a spark, pushing down a metal piston that turned a wheel 1885 Daimler Reitwagen-gasoline - Engine that used a new fuel = gas or petrol - First used the power a wooden bike 1886 Benz patent -- Motorwagen - First petrol powered car - Internal combustion became more powerful, cars became more common - Normally built by hand and high costs were for the rich 1908 Ford Model T -- assembly line - Adapting the factory system to creat an affordable car - Assembly line = produce more cars much more cheaply and quickly Roads - Roads built and maintained by local inhabitants who only repaired when high necessary = poor condition - Little roads managed by turnpike trusts -- agencies that collected fees from travellers in return to look after roads - Industrialists led to a dramatic increase in turnpike trusts = roads improved and travel times decreased - More reliable and convenient ways of crossing rivers grew - Bridges link a small mining town with nearby factories Canals - Transportation of goods by water had always been important in Britain - Linking major rivers and creating a transport network for the transportation of food and freight - Larger loads could be transported on boats and barges - Engineering feats -- bridges, locks, tunnels etc... - First major canals of the -Lancashire coalfields 1757 Sankey Canal 1761 Bridgewater canal- John Brindley New canals caused price of coal to drop by half 'Towpath' Navies employed Canal Mania - Private ownership of canals -- fees and profits - Cost savings - Financial success -- investments in canal building Railways - First railway was built in 1823 - Locomotion no.1 -- combined 2 innovations steam engine and rail mounted mining trucks - Linked 2 major cities - Throughout the 1830s and 40s rail tracks were strong meaning iron production doubles 1829 Stephenson's 'rocket' Railways expand - Permission for new railway lines granted by parliament between 1844 and 1846 - 200 000 men were employed to lay railway tracks - 1848 over 40 million train journeys were made - Before the Industrial Revolution journey from London to Edinburgh took 10-12 days but by 1836 took under 2 days by train and by 1850 it dropped to around 12 hours - Travelling for holidays became common - Commodities became more available fresh flowers, milk 8.11 Working conditions -- "Dark satanic Mills" - Increase in proportion of pople working in industry - 40%-60% 1871 working in industry - Many people were still employed in agriculture, construction, domestic service or smaller workshops (lives remained the same) - Long hours (12-16 hours/day) - Dangerous -- high rates of injury, disease and death - Harsh rules and discipline - Low wages - No government regulation - Women and children = cheaper labour - Child labout - "Dark Satanic Mills" refers to the miserable working conditions - Contrasts in the living and working conditions between the working poor and the middle class and unequal distribution of wealth Growth cities - (1750s) the beginning of the Industrial revolution only 15% of the population lived in towns/cities - By 1880 it had risen to 80% - growth is due to changes in farming practises, production methods etc... Living conditions - Major differences between rich and poor - Prior to industrial revolution, Britain's feudal history and strict class system dictated how people lived and where they worked - Revolution made the gap between rich and poor significant Hierarchy: Aristocracy -- - Royal blood, strong family traditions and reputations - Landowners lived prestiges lives as members of the 'high society' - Lived in manor homes with extreme wealth Middle class -- - Factory owners, doctors, lawyers, industrialists and more - Lived on outskirts of cities with clean air and more space for larger homes - New railway lines grew allowing rich to go from home to work in the city Working class -- - Lived close to factories, poor sanitation - Houses built back to back to save space - Houses/apartments built quickly and cheaply to meet demand - Very few building or fire regulations so accidents were common - No sewage, fresh water or garbage disposal - Average life expectancy = 29yr old - With bad conditions they turned to alcohol, drugs and other bad addictions to help cope PROBLEMS - Tenements, huts, terraced houses, shanty towns - Narrow city streets - Crowded unsanitary conditions - Vermin, disease, pollution IMPROVEMENTS - Better street lighting - Encouraging leisure activities