Speech Styles and Speech Acts PDF

What is speech style? When a person interacts with others, he or she uses a particular style of speaking or speech style. A speech style also indicates the level of formality with which a person speaks. In his book The Five Clocks, Dutch linguist Martin Joos identified five types of speech style:...

What is speech style? When a person interacts with others, he or she uses a particular style of speaking or speech style. A speech style also indicates the level of formality with which a person speaks. In his book The Five Clocks, Dutch linguist Martin Joos identified five types of speech style: \* Intimate \* Casual \*Consultative \* Formal \* Frozen Intimate -the complete absence of inhibitions is the most striking characteristic of intimate speech style, often observed by people with very close relationships. Casual -is a relaxed or informal dialogue where participants may use group language to conceal meaning from those that are outside their social circle. Consultative -A consultative speech style is a manner of communication that focuses on building relationships, listening to understand, and addressing the needs of the other person. This approach involves speaking with confidence and poise, engaging in active listening, being aware of non-verbal cues, and seeking out solutions that add value for all parties involved. Formal -What distinguishes the formal speech style from the consultative style is the lack of listener participation. Unlike in interactions that use the consultative style, the listener does not participate, in most cases, in an interaction that requires the formal style. Frozen -also called the oratorical style, is the most formal style and is reserved for very formal situations such as in religious services, state affairs, and court proceedings. What is speech acts? -is an utterance that a speaker makes to achieve an intended effect. Language or words are used as a tool to convey messages, ideas, and opinions. However, speech goes beyond the words that you literally say. Each time you speak, you are actually doing something; that is, you are performing an action. This is referred to as a speech act. According to J.L. Austin (1962) a philosopher of language and the developer of the Speech Act Theory, there are three types of acts in every utterance, given the right circumstances context. These are: or \* Locutionary \*Illocutionary \*Perlocutionary Locutionary act - Is defined as the act of producing meaningful utterance. However, Searle replaced this concept with what he calls the propositional act. It pertains to the act of "saying something" in the normal sense. There are two types of locution: Utterance act- this pertains to a sound that is Made or something that is said, be it a single word or a string of words that may not have a particular meaning. This is something that is said without any Intention to communicate meaning. Propositional act- this pertains to an utterance Performed when referring or predicating in an utterance. In doing a propositional act, the speaker gains the chance to interact. If the listener understands the speaker's utterance and recognizes what the speaker is referring to, then they may be able to share meanings. Illocutionary -is the meaning one wishes to communicate or convey. It is the act that a speaker performs in saying the utterance. Categories of Illocution The intended meaning of a speech act may depend on the context of where, why, when, and how something is said. In other words, this is related to the social function that the utterance has. Illocutions can be classified into five major categories: \*Expressive \*Declarations \*Assertive \*Directives \*Commisives Expressives These express a speaker's emotions and attitudes toward a particular situation. Expressives include apologizing, welcoming, thanking, and congratulating. "I'm grateful that you managed to accommodate my request despite your Declarations These are speech acts that, upon being uttered, immediately bring about a change in the situation. Examples include appointing, baptizing, declaring, firing, and nominating. Examples:"I hereby pronounce you husband and wife." "You're fired!" Assertives -these convey information regarding something. Whis could be in the form of concluding, stating, describing, asserting, Examples: Rose: Jericho's cat is missing. (1) Justin: What does the cat look like? Rose: It's a persian cat, about three months old. (2) Justin: I think we should look for the cat outside. (3) Rose: Okay. Directives -these are speech acts that cause the individual being addressed to do a particular action..These include commanding, daring, challenging, requesting, and asking Commisives -these are speech acts that commit the speaker to doing a particular action in the future. Examples of this are promising, vowing, planning, and offering. Dar: I will have this report ready by next week. (1) Sally: Would you like me to help with that? (2) Dar: Yes, Sally. Thank you Prelocutionary -is the effects, intentional or unintentional, the utterance has on the behavior, thoughts, and feelings of the addressee. To simply put it, there is a perlocutionary act when, by saying something, a speaker gets an addressee to do something. Key points: A locutionary act is the performance of an utterance.q There are two types of locutionary acts: utterance act which is something that is said without any intention to communicate meaning, and propositional act which is any utterance that specifies, points out, or identifies something eventually starting a communication and sharing possible meanings. Types of Interpersonal Communication \*Dyad Communication \*Small Group \*Public Communication \*Mass Communication Dyad Communication -refers to communication that occurs between two people. Example:You provided comfort to a friend who was feeling down. Small Group -refers to communication that involves at least three but not more than twelve people engaging in a face-to-face interaction to achieve a desired goal. All participants can freely share ideas in a loose and open discussion. Public Communication -Refers to communication that requires you to deliver or send a message in front of a group. The message can be driven by informational or persuasive purposes. Public Communication The following are the purposes of public communication; A. To Inform: This involves sharing knowledge or information with the audience. The goal is to educate or provide facts, news, or data that the audience may not already know. Example: A news broadcast delivering updates on current events to keep the public informed. B. To Entertain: This purpose aims to amuse or engage the audience, providing enjoyment or leisure through stories, performances, or other creative content. Example: A stand-up comedy show that makes the audience laugh and enjoy their time. Public Communication The following are the purposes of public communication, C. To Persuade: The goal here is to influence the audience's opinions, beliefs, or actions. Persuasive communication seeks to convince the audience to adopt a particular viewpoint or behavior. Example: A political campaign speech aiming to convince voters to support a candidate. D. To Interact: This purpose is about fostering dialogue or engagement with the audience. It involves two-way communication, where both the sender and receiver participate actively, often to build relationships or gather feedback. Example: A live Q&A session on social media where a public figure answers questions from the audience. Public Communication Examples: 1. You deliver a graduation speech to your batch. 2. You participate in a declamation, oratorical, or debate contest watched by a number of people.