West Asiatic Architecture PDF

WEST ASIATIC ARCHITECTURE aka mesopotamian architecture MASSIVENESS MONUMENTALITY GRANDEUR MESO/POTAMIA greek word for in between rivers mesos = middle. potamos= river "the fertile crescent" tigris and euphrates = "in between rivers" GEOGRAPHICAL= tigris and euphrates - ‘in between rivers" 4...

WEST ASIATIC ARCHITECTURE aka mesopotamian architecture MASSIVENESS MONUMENTALITY GRANDEUR MESO/POTAMIA greek word for in between rivers mesos = middle. potamos= river "the fertile crescent" tigris and euphrates = "in between rivers" GEOGRAPHICAL= tigris and euphrates - ‘in between rivers" 4 main civilizations: SUMER Iraq (Baghdad to Persian Gulf) BABYLON. Iraq ASSYRIA. Northern Iraq and Southeastern Turkey PERSIA. Iran GEOLOGICAL ASSYRIA AND BABYLON clay turned into bricks sun-dried bricks for ordinary finish kiln-dried bricks for lacing important color-glazed bricks for decorative purposes GEOLOGICAL PERSIAN used timber and colored limestone CLIMATIC ASSYRIA & BABYLON temples on platforms due to flooding ZIGGURATS CLIMATIC PERSIAN open-type buildings due to extreme heat CLIMATIC IN-GENERAL COURTYARD form of buildings due to desert conditions RELIGIOUS used king-headed winged lions, bulls, and monsters (PERSIA) for decorations of doorways of palaces. RELIGIOUS Babylon and Assyria ZIGGURAT: temple on platforms to be closer to heaven HISTORICAL SUMERIANS [KISH, URUK, UR] characterized by monumental temples of sun-dried bricks faced with burnt/glazed bricks structures are often built upon the ruins of ther predecesor. example: sumerian high temple at khafaje ASSYRIANS BABYLON capital of babylonia characterized by mud-brick construction with walls articulated by pilasters & recesses faced with burnt/glazed bricks Palaces and temples were decorated with enameled brick friezes of bulls and lions. - developed POLYCHROME friezes designed in color-glazed brick work tower of babel ASSYRIANS [nineveh, dun, khorsabad, nimrud, assur] characterized by mud-brick buildings stone was used for carved monumental decorative sculptures interiors were all large and filled with columns -temples lost their importance to palaces PERSIANS modern day Iran characterized architectural IMPORTANT PERSONALITIES SUMER KING UR-NAMMU- erected the Great Ziggurat of Ur, Iraq BABYLONIA KING NEBUCHADNEZZAR II erected the: The Great Palace of Nebuchadnezzar Ishtar Gate Hanging Garden of Babylon KING HAMMURABI wrote the first ever codes of law in cruciform HAMMURABI’S CODE SARGON II erected the Palace of Sargon, Khorsabad, Iraq ASSYRIA SENNACHERIB transferred the Assyrian Empire's capital to Nineveh CYRUS THE GREAT father of the Iranian Nation and the Persian Empire XERXES I executed most of the construction of the Palace of Persepolis started the construction of the Hall of the Hundred Columns (aka the Throne Hall) erected the Gate of All Nations ARTAXERXES 1 finished the construction of the Palace of Persepolis and the Hall of the Hundred Columns ARCHITECTURAL DIFFERENCES between civilizations CONSTRUCTION METHOD BABYLON and ASSYRIA ARCH & VAULT; BUTTRESSED PERSIA COLUMNAR & TRABEATED BUILDING TYPES BABYLON. MASSIVENESS, MAGNIFICENCE AND GRANDEUR PERSIA LIGHT AND AIRY MAGNIFICENCE BUILDING CHARACTER BABYLON CHIEF TEMPLES HAVE SACRED ZIGGURATS PERSIA LARGE COLUMNAR HALLS WALLS BABYLON AND WHITE-WASHED AND PAINTED IN COLOR. BURNT ASSYRIA BRICKS AS ACCENT PERSIA DOUBLE MUD BRICK WALLS OPENINGS BABYLON AND ASSYRIA NO WINDOWS, VENTILATION VIA TERRACOTA PIPES PERSIA SMALL WINDOWS WITH LINTEL ORNAMENTATION: LAMASSU the monumental stone sculptures of human-headed, winged bulls or lions that guarded the entrances to the temples and palaces Mesopotamian Structures ZIGGURATS aka holy mountains temple-tower built in diminishing stages of mud brick with buttressed walls faced with burnt bricks topmost part accessed only by priests corners face to cardinal points (north, east, west, south) GREAT ZIGGURAT OF UR Tell El-Muqayyar, Iraq erected by King Ur-Nammu A temple dedicated to the moon god TEMPLE OVAL- Khafaje Iraq WHITE TEMPLE & ZIGGURAT- Khafaje, Iraq Borssipa Ziggurat Birs Nimrud. Rebuilt by Nebuchadnezzar II City of Babylon- Largest Population PALACE OF NEBUCHADNEZZAR II largest archeological site in the Middle East ISHTAR GATE reconstruction at Pergamon Museum, Berlin 8th gate to the inner city of Babylon Large 4-storey portal dominating the processional avenue through the city Covered in glazed bricks, colorful tiles, and decorative friezes of bulls & dragon HANGING GARDENS OF BABYLON Seven Wonders of the Ancient World Built for Nebuchadnezzar's wife, Amytis of Media TEMPLE OF MARDUK aKa ESAGILA Marduk = Supreme god TOWER OF BABEL PALACE OF SARGON- Khorsabbad, Iraq by Sargon Il First palace in world history PALACE OF SUSA- Darius I PALACE OF PERSEPOLIS Fars Province, Iran Greek word which means City of Persians started construction: Darius I did majority of the construction: Xerxes I finished construction: Artaxerxes I PARTS OF THE PALACE OF PERSEPOLIS GATE OF ALL NATIONS by Xerxes I -Xerxes I name was written in 3 different languages to inform everyone that he ordered the Gate of All Nations to be built THE APADANA by Darius I aka the Grand/Royal Audience Hall Considered as the most impressive part of the Palace of Persepolis TACHARA PALACES of Darius I and Xerxes | the smallest buildings but among the first TRIPYLON by Artaxerxes ! served as the Reception Area and Guard Room THE TREASURY by Darius I served as the armoury and storehouse HALL OF THE HUNDRED COLUMNS aka The Throne Hall columns having capitals of double bull and double unicorn started construction : Xerxes I finished construction: Artaxerxes