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HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1 MODULE 1: PRE-HISTORIC ARCHITECTURE PREPARED BY: Ar. Haidee V. Bernardo, uap AR120-1 - SY 2024-25 Term 1 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE Architecture is defined as the development and design of built structures. It encompasses both religious and secula...

HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1 MODULE 1: PRE-HISTORIC ARCHITECTURE PREPARED BY: Ar. Haidee V. Bernardo, uap AR120-1 - SY 2024-25 Term 1 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE Architecture is defined as the development and design of built structures. It encompasses both religious and secular structures, such as public buildings and homes. To understand the urban built environment that entails the social responsibility towards the earth and the society. ARCHITECTURE – living evidence of a country's culture, It's location and people. TIMELINE WHERE ARCHITECTURE EMERGED PRE-HISTORIC ARCHITECTURE Movement of wandering to settling - SURVIVAL The first of the architectural eras, Prehistoric architecture encompasses the building of structures beginning around 40,000 BC. Homes often used bone or timber as a framework that supported mud and organic matter. PREHISTORIC ARCHITECTURE Humans spread from Africa into Southern Europe Asia could not settle far north due to the cold climate From Siberia by foot into North America From Southeast Asia by boat into Australia PREHISTORIC ARCHITECTURE Before 9000 BC, nomadic life of hunting & food gathering By 9000 BC, farming and agriculture was practiced Fertile soil and plentiful food Animal domestication for work, milk, wool PALEOLITHIC AGE (30,000 BCE–10,000 BCE) Palaeolithic people were nomadic. This means they were always moving with their families. They gathered food, firewood, and materials for tools, clothes and shelter, all from their surroundings. They used every part of the animal to help them live, the meat for food, fur and skin for clothes and bones for marrow and glue. Their discovery of fire also helped them stay warm, cook and frighten away dangerous animals. TEMPORARY CAMP MADE BY LLAMAS 11,000 YEARS AGO MESOLITHIC AGE (10,000 BCE–8,000 BCE) Mesolithic people moved around the country side following animal herds and finding the best flint which could be used for tool making. They travelled in groups of about 10-40 people and hunted animals in woodlands. IMPRESSION OF HUNTER GATHERER 5000 BC NEOLITHIC AGE (8,000 BCE–3,000 BCE) Around 4,000BC, people begin to stop moving around, and start to live in one place permanently. They began to farm crops like spelt and wheat, and kept animals like goats and sheep. More land was needed for farming, and lots of woodlands were cut down to make space. Flint was still used to make tools, and flint mines were used to find the best flint deep underground. PRE-HISTORIC ARCHITECTURE Evidence of the first uses of stone construction began around 3180 BC, as well as the first discovered incidence of ceremonial structures, usually worship buildings or tombs. MONOLITH OR MENHIR MEGALITHS Isolated great upright stone Huge stones that were hauled in raised position DOLMEN AT GANGHWA ISLAND, SOUTH KOREA (C. 300 BC) MENHIR DE CHAMP-DOLENT TYPES OF MEGALITHS a. DOLMEN – 2 or more upright stone supporting horizontal slab b. CROMLECH – 3 or more upright stone capped by unhewn flat stone c. STONE CIRCLES - e.g. Stonehenge – Location: Salisbury Planes, Wiltshire, England d. STONE ROWS – same as stone circles; It may have been for rituals and gatherings, or a sign of land ownership Poulnabrone dolmen, the Burren, County Cromlech Stone Rows - Carnac, France Clare, Ireland STONEHENGE, ENGLAND (2800 – 1500 BC) Most spectacular and imposing of monolithic monuments Outer ring, inner ring, innermost horseshoe-shaped ring with open end facing east. Largest stones weigh 45 to 50 tons, came from Wales 200 km away Stones transported by sea or river then hauled on land with sledges and rollers by hundreds of people, raised upright into pits, capped with lintels TYPES OF TOMBS 1. PORTAL TOMB – forms as doorways to the chamber 2. PASSAGE TOMB– burial chamber is reached along a low passageway 3. WEDGE TOMBS - has a gallery which is split into small chambers 4. COURT TOMBS – aligned north to south; main feature is the court, the rest of the tomb are; ▪ OPEN COURT TOMBS ▪ DOUBLE COURT TOMBS ▪ CENTRAL COURT TOMBS ▪ FULL COURT TOMBS 5. TUMULI, TUMULUS (singular) - BARROWS BURRIAL MOUNDS TYPES OF TOMBS PORTAL TOMB PASSAGE TOMB WEDGE TOMB COURT TOMB TUMULUS TYPES OF DWELLINGS 1. CAVES - or cavern is a natural void under the Earth's surface. 2. HUTS – reeds, grasses, leaves, twigs, waffle, stones, mud. 3. TENTS – tree, branches, animal skin 4. TEEPEE - conical tent with wooden poles as framework 5. IGLOO - Innuit (Eskimo) house constructed of hard-packed snow blocks built up spirally TYPES OF DWELLINGS IGLOO 6 INFLUENCES OF ARCHITECTURE GEOGRAPHICAL - based on or derived from the physical features of an area GEOLOGICAL – based on earth's physical structure and substance. CLIMATIC – general weather conditions RELIGIOUS – strong belief of deities and gods SOCIAL – community, group of people and their organization. HISTORICAL – past events and previously known teachings 4 CONSTRUCTIVE PRINCIPLES POST AND LINTEL CONSTRUCTION ARCH AND VAULT CONSTRUCTION CORBEL OR CANTILIVER CONSTRUCTION TRUSSED CONSTRUCTION – Introduced in Greek Architecture ELEMENTS OF ARCHITECTURE STRUCTURAL PROTECTIVE CIRCULATORY DECORATIVE WALLS DOMES DOORS MOULDING COLUMNS VAULTS WINDOWS ORNAMENTS ROOFS  END OF TOPIC PREPARED BY: Ar. Haidee V. Bernardo, uap AR120-1 - SY 2024-25 Term 1  HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1 MODULE 1: WEST ASIATIC ARCHITECTURE PREPARED BY: Ar. Haidee V. Bernardo, uap AR120-1 - SY 2024-25 Term 1 MESOPOTAMIA SUMER BABYLON ASSYRIAN PERSIA GEOGRAPHICAL INFLUENCE West Asian Architecture developed and flourished between the twin rivers. MESOS - middle POTAMUS – river Land between the rivers TIGRIS EUPHRATES GEOGRAPHICAL INFLUENCE Fertile Crescent refers to a crescent-shaped region in Western Asia Marshlands with few natural advantages aside from water and soil Import materials like hardwood and metals Deserts of the Arabian Peninsula Mountains and plateaux from west to east a crescent-shaped region in Western Asia ARCHITECTURAL BUILDING TECHNOLOGY No good natural stone deposits in Mesopotamia, Assyria and Babylonia, hence use of sun-dried bricks. Also lack of timber (imported from Lebanon), hence only limited use of burned bricks covered by bitumen as outer layer (floods and heavy rains). Persia: Good stone, much wood, hence use of TIMBER and LIME STONE. ARCHITECTURAL THEORY: CHARACTER 3 CHARACTERISTICS MESOPATAMIAN OR ANCIENT NEAR EAST STRUCTURE MASSIVENESS MONUMENTALITY GRANDEUR SEQUENCE OF CIVILIZATION 4500 BC to 2000 BC – Sumerian Civilization 2350 BC to 2200 BC – Sargon's Rule over Sumerian's (Akkadian Empire) 1792 BC to 1570 BC – Old Babylonian Empire 1350 BC to 612 BC - Assyrian Empire 625 BC to 539 BC – Neo Babylonian Empire 560 BC to 275 BC – Perian Empire SUMERIAN ARCHITECTURE Earliest known Civilization (around 4000 BCE) Located at the Eastern part of Mesopotamia ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS AND CHARACTER Sumerians experience flood but when the sun comes, the land becomes dry. Due to this they established an irrigation system to save their food production Mud was their main building material. Walls are built for protection. Walls were thick to compensate he weakness of mud. ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS AND CHARACTER Walls were reinforced with buttresses. Buttresses and recesses were used to relieve the monotony of the plastered wall surfaces RELIGION Sumerians worshipped many gods (polytheism). Their life was centered around religion. CITY STATES OF SUMER UR City States all had URUK separate rulers and kings until SARGON, UMMA leader of Akkad, invaded and KISH conquered all states and built an empire. LAGASH SUMERIANS ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES Invention of wheel Earliest writing system First to use maps Invented sails for navigation First Literature – Epic of Gilgamesh (written in Cuneiform) Mathematical systems based on 60 (ex. 60 mins, 60 secs) SUMERIAN HOUSES The houses were usually punctuated by narrow openings that serve as entrance to houses. Houses have narrow streets between them. Street layout is irregular and "chaotic" no canalization SUMERIAN TEMPLES Principal Architectural monuments of Sumerian Cities Oval Temple of Khafaje ZIGGURAT Built of mud bricks Major building and centerpiece of each Sumerian City. A temple tower, built in several diminishing storeys, culminating in a summit shrine reached by a series of stairways. Also called: Step Pyramid Walls are ornamented on the outside with alternating buttresses and recesses. Interior wall ornament often consist of patterned mosaics of terra cotta panels, painted in bright colors. ZIGGURAT THREE TYPES OF ZIGGURAT ARCHAIC ZIGGURAT The White Temple and the Great Usually one flat top rectangular Ziggurat, Uruk mound carrying the temple TWO OR MORE STOREY ZIGGURAT Rectangular in plan, design with several Ziggurat of Ur tiers. SEVEN STOREY ZIGGURAT Hanging Gardens of Babylon Rectangular in plan, design with Built by King Nebuchadnezzar II several tiers. BABYLON Babylon – means The Gate of the God The old Babylonian Empire was ruled by KING HAMMURABBI - Instituted laws to keep order - Invention of writing - pictograms or cuneiform records on clay tablets Cuneiform – one of the Earliest writing system ever developed (Syllabi, contra Alphabet and Pictograms) ASSYRIAN ARCHITECTURE The Assyrians conquer babylon and start of the Assyrian Empire Assyrians are known for their military might and cruelty. The Assyrians were great warriors and hunters, this was reflected in their art. Sculptures and carvings in stone depicting violence BABYLONIAN REVIVAL Assyrians were defeated by Nabopolassar and he start of BABYLONIAN EMPIRE BABYLONIAN REVIVAL BABYLONIAN REVIVAL BABYLONIAN REVIVAL BABYLONIAN REVIVAL The Hanging Gardens of Babylon were an impressive example of architecture. King Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon had the gardens built as a gift to his wife Semiramis, a Persian princess, to ease her homesickness for the green forests of her homeland. BABYLONIAN REVIVAL BABYLONIAN REVIVAL TEMPLES AND TOWERS were also prominent Architectural elements of Babylon The legendary tower of Babel located at he end of procession street is mentioned in the Christian bible. PERSIA The heart of ancient Persia is in what is now southwest Iran, in the region called the Fars. In the second half of the 6th century B.C.E., the Persians (also called the Achaemenids) created an enormous empire reaching from the Indus Valley to Northern Greece and from Central Asia to Egypt. PERSIAN EMPIRE The Persia Empire became an example for other empires. Begun and ruled by Cyrus the Great from 559 to 529 BC and later on by Darius the Great. CYRUS THE GREAT He is recognized for his achievements in human rights, politics, and military strategy. Freed the Jews that were exiled in Babylon Conquered Babylon using propaganda. He turned the Babylonian people against their king instead using warfare. DARIUS THE GREAT Organized a new uniform monetary system. The Empire was centralized and unified during his reign. Darius ruled the Persian Empire after Cyrus the Great. During his empire he made Aramaic the official language. PERSOPOLIS Constructed as a new capital for the Persian Empire Surrounded by a fortification wall which encloses three terraces, remains of the great palaces of Darius and Xerxes. PERSOPOLIS Constructed as a new capital for the Persian Empire Surrounded by a fortification wall which encloses three terraces, remains of the great palaces of Darius and Xerxes. PERSOPOLIS Constructed as a new capital for the Persian Empire Surrounded by a fortification wall which encloses three terraces, remains of the great palaces of Darius and Xerxes. PROPYLEA Gateway of Xerxes Entrance hall designed by Xerxes PALACE OF DARIUS THE GREAT The entire Palace was located on an artificial terrace covering 12 hectares, only entablature five of which featured colonnade constructions: the rest was composed of open spaces, tiled to the east towards the Darius Gate, perhaps with some gardens around the Hypostyle Hall, or, according to some hypotheses, with a basin to the north. Darius army PALACE OF DARIUS THE GREAT Darius Hall, Apadana, Pillars adorned with Gold, Silver and Tapestry. Water and Drainage System PALACE OF DARIUS THE GREAT Darius Hall, Apadana, Pillars adorned with Gold, Silver and Tapestry. Water and Drainage System PALACE OF DARIUS THE GREAT PERSARGARDAE Persargardae (pa-sar-gard), Paradaisia (Greek) the first world’s majestic garden. “Creating gardens was held in such esteem that the Persian Kings wished to be remembered as gardeners.” PALACE OF XERXES AND APARTMENTS MAIN FEATURE: Apadana – Royal Central Hall, hundred of columns 200ft x 200 ft, 100ft shaft. 8 drums The palace of Xerxes at Persepolis, called Hadiš in Persian, "dwelling place", was twice as large as the Palace of Darius. A terrace connected the two royal mansions, which are not very far apart. Yet, compared to the palace of Darius, the house of Xerxes is badly damaged. PALACE OF XERXES AND APARTMENTS MAIN FEATURE: Apadana – Royal Central Hall, hundred of columns 200ft x 200 ft, 100ft shaft. 8 drums The palace of Xerxes at Persepolis, called Hadiš in Persian, "dwelling place", was twice as large as the Palace of Darius. A terrace connected the two royal mansions, which are not very far apart. Yet, compared to the palace of Darius, the house of Xerxes is badly damaged. TOMB OF DARIUS Example of rock cut tomb, free standing tomb, cut into the cliffs and featuring carvings of architectural facade. CONCLUSION Temples and Palaces were the most prominent building types in the West Asiatic. Across all the civilizations, cities were usually walled. The walls were massive brick material, with evenly distributed towers serving as buttresses. Importance of temples and palaces varied during the different periods of the ancient near east. Temple building declined during the Assyrian Period. Stone and Timber suitable for building was rare in the plains of the Tigris and Euphrates. Sun dried brick became the standard building material. The Babylonians introduce glazed brick. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS PLANS BABYLONIANS PALACES AND TEMPLES WERE BUILT ON ARTIFICIAL PLATFORMS 30 DEGREE ABOVE THE PLAIN. ZIGGURAT WHICH GROWS SEVERAL TIERS HAD THEIR ANGLES TO THE CARDINAL POINTS, SAME WITH ASSYRIANS. PERSIANS HAS LOWER LEVEL AND IN TERRACES. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS WALLS BABYLONIAN WALLS ARE NORMALLY MADE UP OF SUN DRIED BRICKS FACED WITH KILN BURNT. ASSYRIAN WALLS ARE ALSO MADE OF SUN DRIED BRICKS WITH POLYCHROME PERSIAN FOLLOWED THE ASSYRIAN STYLE OPENINGS BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN DOORS ARE USUALLY SPANNED BY SEMI CICRCULAR PERSIAN SPANNED BY LINTELS AND MONSTERS PRIOR TO DOORWAYS COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS WINDOWS BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN WINDOWS ARE NOT IN USE PERSIAN ARE ALSO SPANDED WITH LINTELS ROOF GENERALLY FLAT COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS COLUMNS BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN HAVE NO COLUMNS PERSIANS WITH MOULDED BASE, FLUTED SHAFTS, BRACKETING SYSTEM AND WITH CAPITALS MOULDINGS BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN WERE OF LITTLE USE PERSIANS ADOPTED FROM EGYPTIANS COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS ORNAMENTS BABYLONIAN MOSTLY FLORA FAUNA ELEMENTS ASSYRIAN AND PERSIAN THEY HAVE A MONSTER FLANKING ELEMENTS IN BRICKS WITH COLOUR  HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1: EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE 3200 B.C. – AD First Century PREPARED BY: Ar. Haidee V. Bernardo, uap AR120-1 - SY 2024-25 Term 1 INFLUENCES A. GEOGRAPHICAL Banks of Nile River Valley Deserted Plateaux Northern Part – MEDITERRANEAN SEA Eastern Part – RED SEA MAP OF EGYPT INFLUENCES A. GEOGRAPHICAL Banks of Nile River Valley Deserted Plateaux Northern Part – MEDITERRANEAN SEA Eastern Part – RED SEA MAP OF EGYPT INFLUENCES B. GEOLOGICAL The natural products, such as timber, brick, clay and stone, largely determine the character of the country’s architecture. STONE abundant in Egypt in quantity and variety that was used for buildings, vases and ornaments Chief kind of stones used for buildings are – limestone, sandstone, alabaster Hard stones available are – granite, quartzite, and basalt LIMESTONE, SANDSTONE, ALABASTER INFLUENCES FINE LIMESTONE Famous quarries at Tura and Ma’sara in the Mokattam Hills near the southern Cairo Unsuitable for long beams and was replaced by the red or grey granite (syenite) found at Aswan. Limestone rocks extend up-river from Mokattam Hills as far as Edfu, and there are other quarries along the river valley. SANDSTONE GREY GRANITE Quarried much in Silsila which Ancient Egypt’s finest temples were built. It is a more durable building material SANDSTONE INFLUENCES The gigantic scale which distinguishes Egyptian Architecture was made possible not only by the materials, but also by the methods of quarrying, transporting and raising enormous blocks of stone into position. QUARRYING – done with copper tools and by the METHOD OF QUARRYING use of timber wedges which, when swollen by water, split the blocks away from the natural rock. DOLERITE – massive blocks of harder stones were obtained by laboriously pounding trenches around it using balls of dolerite. It was also used for dressing hard stones BALLS OF DOLERITE INFLUENCES SUN-DRIED BRICKS Palaces, houses and most buildings other than tombs or temples were constructed of large sun- dried bricks for façade weather protection. TIMBER CONSTRUCTION – very little SUN-DRIED BRICKS ACACIA – used in making boats METHOD OF QUARRYING SYCAMORE – mummy cases PALM – its logs were used for roofing PALM LEAVES, REEDS AND RUSHES – light weight materials used to frame of reinforce mud-brick constructions. Also used as mats, panels, partitions, fences that creates permanent influence of form an character of stone structure. MUD BRICKS INFLUENCES C. CLIMATIC Two seasons – spring and summer These conditions have contributed to the preservation of buildings. It also causes to conduced in simplicity of design among its structures. Light reached the interior of temples through doors and roof slits, there are no windows. Thus, unbroken massive walls causes Protection of interior from direct sun heat Uninterrupted surface for hieroglyphics ROOF – usually flat roof stone slabs with no drainage. LIMESTONE, SANDSTONE, ALABASTER INFLUENCES D. SOCIAL Egyptian civilization is among the most ancient that we had clear knowledge derived from ancient literature sources, from records on papyri and clay tablets and particularly Egyptian buildings and its inscriptions. GREAT SPHINX OF GIZA It is a ruled-government by Pharaohs employing large staffs of trained craftsmen for the erection of monumental buildings. HIEROGLYPHICS PAPYRUS INFLUENCES RAMESES II - Made the prisoners of war turned to become labourers employed to do public works and build enduring monuments of Old Egypt as recorded in Exodus - The story of Children of Israel in Egypt (1360 – 1230 BC) THI – wall sculptures of tombs which portrays the Egyptians at war, at play,, at the chase, on farm, weaving shed, or doing business. RAMESES II INFLUENCES KINGS OF ANCIENT EGYPT – PHARAOHS The strong belief in the future state is the main reason to built such everlasting monuments as pyramids for preservation of the dead. Dwelling house – temporary lodging Tomb – permanent abode TEMPLE OF ABU SIMBEL Temples are for gods and Pyramids are for the early kings. SARCOPHAGUS INFLUENCES E. HISTORICAL INFLUENCE – 30 Dynasty Started from 3rd Millenium BC to Roman Period. Egypt was part of Roman Empire for 2 centuries before the invasion. 1. ANCIENT KINGDOM (1ST – 10th Dynasty) MASTABA – rectangular superstructure MASTABA STEP PYRAMID PYRAMID 2. MIDDLE KINGDOM (11th – 17th Dynasty) MENTUHOTEP II – developed the 3rd type of tomb “Rock-cut Tomb” SENUSRETS – erected the earliest known “Obelisk” @ Heliopolis AMENEMHAT I – founded “Great Temple of Ammon Karnak” – grandest of all temples 3. NEW EMPIRE (18th – 30th Dynasty) MENTUHOTEP II SENUSRETS AMENEMHAT I INFLUENCES E. RELIGION 11 Prominent Gods & Godesses Osiris – god of underworld Isis – wife of Osiris Horus – sky god Seth – god of chaos OSIRIS ISIS HORUS SETH PTAH Ptah – craftsmen and builder Ra – god of sun Hathor – motherhood and fertility Anubis – funerary practices Thoth – writing and wisdom Bastet – representation of woman, protection Amon – god of the air RA HATHOR THOTH BASTET AMON TOMBS A. MASTABA - Arabic word means, “sone bench” - Tombs built for higher officials. - rectangular superstructure of ancient Egyptian tombs, built of mud brick or, later, stone, with MASTABA OF SHEPSESKAF sloping walls and a flat roof. A deep shaft descended to the underground burial chamber. PARTS OF MASTABA Serdab – statue chamber Offering chapel with a stele (stone slab) Vent shaft Sarcophagus chamber TOMBS STEP PYRAMID OF DJOZER AL GIZA DESERT, GIZA, EGYPT ARCHITECT: IMHOTEP B. PYRAMID - Tomb of the Ancient Egyptian kings - 4 Side of the pyramid were oriented towards the cardinal points TYPES OF PYRAMID BENT PYRAMID OF SNEFERU 1. Step Pyramid – uses flat platforms, or steps, ROYAL NECROPOLIS AT DASHUR receding from the ground up, to achieve a completed shape similar to a geometric pyramid. 2. Bent Pyramid - stands at 105 meters tall and has two distinct sections: a lower section that rises at 54 degrees, and an upper section that rises at 43 degrees. TOMBS PYRAMIDS OF GIZA GIZA NECROPOLIS, EGYPT 3. Slope Pyramid – a monumental structure constructed of or faced with stone or brick and having a rectangular base and four sloping triangular sides meeting at an apex. KHUFU (CHEOPS) KHAFRE (CHEFREN) MYKERINOS (MENKAURE) MAP OF GIZA NECROPOLIS TOMBS PARTS OF THE PYRAMID 1.King’s Chamber 9.Entrance Passage 2.Ante Chamber 10.19th Course of Masonry 3.Great Step 11.35th Course of Masonry 4.Grand Gallery 12.Dead-End Passage 5.Queen’s Chamber 13.Subterranean Chamber 6.Passage to Queen’s 14.Passage to Subterranian Chamber Chamber 7.Ascending Passage 15.Pit 8.Granite Plug 16.“Star Shafts” TOMBS C. ROCK-CUT TOMBS/ ROCK-HEWN TOMB - is a burial chamber that is cut into an existing, naturally occurring rock formation - They are usually cut into a cliff or sloping rock face, but may go downward in fairly flat ground. BENI HASAN TOMB, ALIMINYA Beni Hasan Tomb - primarily used for the burial of high-ranking officials and administrators during the Middle Kingdom period of ancient Egypt. Valley of the Kings - known to contain 65 tombs and chambers, ranging in size from the simple pit. It was the principal burial place for the New Kingdom's major royal figures as well as a number of privileged nobles. TOMBS C. ROCK-CUT TOMBS/ ROCK-HEWN TOMB - is a burial chamber that is cut into an existing, naturally occurring rock formation - They are usually cut into a cliff or sloping rock face, but may go downward in fairly flat ground. VALLEY OF THE KINGS LUXOR, EGYPT Beni Hasan Tomb - primarily used for the burial of high-ranking officials and administrators during the Middle Kingdom period of ancient Egypt. Valley of the Kings – “corridor tomb”, known to contain 65 tombs and chambers, It was the principal burial place for the New Kingdom's major royal figures as well as a number of privileged nobles. BURIAL CHAMBER OF KING TUTANKHAMUN TEMPLE STRUCTURES A. ALLEY OF SPHINX B. PYLON – monumental gate of Egyptian temples C. GREAT COURT D. HYPOSTYLE HALL E. SANCTUARY F. DIM SECRET ROOMS TEMPLE OF KHONS, KARNAK TEMPLE TEMPLE OF ABU SIMBEL - a symbol of Pharaoh Rameses II's power and devotion. The temples were built to also honour the gods Amun, Ra-Horakhty, and Ptah. - Great Temple of Rameses II - Small Temple of Hathor & Nefertari GREAT TEMPLE OF RAMESES II RAMESSEUM – mortuary temple of Pharaoh Aswan, Egypt Ramesses II. RAMESSEUM Edfo, Egypt SMALL TEMPLE OF HATHOR & NEFERTARI TEMPLE GREAT TEMPLE OF AMUN, KARNAK - grandest of all temples - massive temple complex was the principal religious center of the god Amun-Re in Thebes during the New Kingdom - it was a place of worship and provides clues about the ancient Egyptian religion. GREAT TEMPLE OF AMUN, KARNAK AERIAL VIEW ALLEY OF SPHINX GREAT HYPOSYLE HALL TEMPLE MORTUARY TEMPLE OF QUEEN HATSHEPSUT - Its three massive terraces rise above the desert floor and into the cliffs of Deir el- Bahari. Hatshepsut was the daughter of Thutmose I and Great Royal Wife, Ahmose. Upon the death of her husband and half-brother Thutmose II, she MORTUARY TEMPLE OF QUEEN HATSHEPSUT, DEIR EL-BAHARI had initially ruled as regent to her stepson, Thutmose III, who inherited the throne at the age of two. TEMPLE OF LUXOR - Built by Rameses II, located on the east bank of the Nile River in the city today known as Luxor (ancient Thebes) - Luxor temple is dedicated to the rejuvenation of kingship - Obelisk was made of red granite TEMPLE OF LUXOR TEMPLE MAMMISI TEMPLE - A mammisi (mamisi) is an ancient Egyptian small chapel attached to a larger temple. - Derived from an ancient Egyptian word meaning, “birthplace”. - Houses a small shrine for goddess Isis. PHILAE MAMMISI NOTABLE SAMPLES: Mammisi of Nectanebo – known as “old mammisi” built bu Pharaoh Nectanebo I Philae Mammisi - surrounded on three sides by a colonnade of floral topped columns crowned with a sistrum and Hathor-headed capital Edfu Mammisi - Dedicated to Harsomptus, the son of Horus and Hathor. Roman Mammisi - was built by Augustus immediately after his conquest of Egypt ROMAN MAMMISI DENDERA OTHER STRUCTURES SPHINX - is a mythical creature that serves as a guardian or protector of the tombs and temples in the area. ▪ ANDROSPHINX – body of a lion and head of a person ▪ CRIOSPHINX – body of a lion and head of a ram ▪ HIEROCOSPHINX – body of a lion and head of a hawk OBELISK - Monumental pillars; - height 9D or 10D BUILDERS: 1. THOTMES I – Began the additions to the Temple of Ammon, Karnak 2. HATSHEPSUT – Queen of Egypt, famous for her funerary temple @ Mt. Der-El-Bahari 3. THOTMES IV – the one responsible for the cleaning away of sand from the “Sphinx” 4. AMENOPHIS III – erected the “Colossi of Memnon”, one of the wonders of the world TEEMPLE OF AMMON, KARNAK 5. RAMESES I – began the construction of the “Great Hypostyle Hall”, @ Karnak 6. RAMESES II – finished “Hypostyle Hall”, & erection of the “Rock-Cut Temple at Abu Simbel” and the “Ramesseum, Thebes” 7. SETI – built the Great Temple, Abydos 8. PTOLEMY II – Built “Pharos” or Light House 9. PTOLEMY III – founded the “Great Serapeum, Alexandria” MORTUARY TEMPLE OF HATSHEPSUT BUILDERS: 1. THOTMES I – Began the additions to the Temple of Ammon, Karnak 2. HATSHEPSUT – Queen of Egypt, famous for her funerary temple @ Mt. Der-El-Bahari 3. THOTMES IV – the one responsible for the cleaning away of sand from the “Sphinx” 4. AMENOPHIS III – erected the “Colossi of Memnon”, one of the wonders of the world THOMES IV - SPHINX 5. RAMESES I – began the construction of the “Great Hypostyle Hall”, @ Karnak 6. RAMESES II – finished “Hypostyle Hall”, & erection of the “Rock-Cut Temple at Abu Simbel” and the “Ramesseum, Thebes” 7. SETI – built the Great Temple, Abydos 8. PTOLEMY II – Built “Pharos” or Light House 9. PTOLEMY III – founded the “Great Serapeum, Alexandria” COLOSSI OF MEMNON BUILDERS: 1. THOTMES I – Began the additions to the Temple of Ammon, Karnak 2. HATSHEPSUT – Queen of Egypt, famous for her funerary temple @ Mt. Der-El-Bahari 3. THOTMES IV – the one responsible for the cleaning away of sand from the “Sphinx” 4. AMENOPHIS III – erected the “Colossi of Memnon”, one of the wonders of the world HYPOSTYLE HALL 5. RAMESES I – began the construction of the “Great Hypostyle Hall”, @ Karnak 6. RAMESES II – finished “Hypostyle Hall”, & erection of the “Rock-Cut Temple at Abu Simbel” and the “Ramesseum, Thebes” 7. SETI – built the Great Temple, Abydos 8. PTOLEMY II – Built “Pharos” or Light House 9. PTOLEMY III – founded the “Great Serapeum, Alexandria” ROCK-CUT TOMB OF ABU SIMBEL BUILDERS: 1. THOTMES I – Began the additions to the Temple of Ammon, Karnak 2. HATSHEPSUT – Queen of Egypt, famous for her funerary temple @ Mt. Der-El-Bahari 3. THOTMES IV – the one responsible for the cleaning away of sand from the “Sphinx” GREAT TEMPLE, ABYDOS 4. AMENOPHIS III – erected the “Colossi of PHAROS OF ALEXANDRIA Memnon”, one of the wonders of the world 5. RAMESES I – began the construction of the “Great Hypostyle Hall”, @ Karnak 6. RAMESES II – finished “Hypostyle Hall”, & erection of the “Rock-Cut Temple at Abu Simbel” and the “Ramesseum, Thebes” 7. SETI – built the Great Temple, Abydos 8. PTOLEMY II – Built “Pharos” or Light House 9. PTOLEMY III – founded the “Great Serapeum, Alexandria” BUILDERS: PILLAR OF POMPEY & SERAPIS SPHINX 1. THOTMES I – Began the additions to the Temple of Ammon, Karnak 2. HATSHEPSUT – Queen of Egypt, famous for her funerary temple @ Mt. Der-El-Bahari 3. THOTMES IV – the one responsible for the cleaning away of sand from the “Sphinx” 4. AMENOPHIS III – erected the “Colossi of Memnon”, one of the wonders of the world 5. RAMESES I – began the construction of the “Great Hypostyle Hall”, @ Karnak 6. RAMESES II – finished “Hypostyle Hall”, & erection of the “Rock-Cut Temple at Abu Simbel” and the “Ramesseum, Thebes” 7. SETI – built the Great Temple, Abydos 8. PTOLEMY II – Built “Pharos” or Light House 9. PTOLEMY III – founded the “Great Serapeum, Alexandria” ALEXANDRIA GREAT SERAPEUM OF ALEXANDRIA - Considered the most significant building of the ancient world that is the first Idea of Alexander the Great - PTOLEMY I – Ordered his architect, Parmeniscus to design. - PTOLEMY II – founded the erection of Alexandria PHAROS OR LIGHTHOUSE - It was the third-longest surviving ancient wonder, after the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus - was severely damaged by three earthquakes between 956 and 1323 AD and became an abandoned ruin. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER SIMPLICITY, MASSIVENESS, & MONUMENTALITY MATERIAL – Brick for dwelling, houses and palaces STRUCTURAL SYSTEM – Columnar & Trabeated PLANS – Often with regards to symmetry Circular Plan buildings – domical covering Rectangular plan buildings – tunnel shaped covering or flat roof WALLS – Solid without window; Battered walls OPENINGS – No windows; square headed doors ROOFS – Flat; made of massive stone slabs ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER SIMPLICITY, MASSIVENESS, AND MONUMENTALITY COLUMNS – Prominent internal structure; Height: 6D a. Volute Capital b. Papyrus c. Palm d. Lotus e. Osiris Pilars MOULDINGS a. Torus or roll mouldings b. Gorge or hollow mouldings ORNAMENTS – Symbolical, Hieroglyphics for walls a. Scarab / sacred beetle – resurrection b. Solar disc & vulture with spread wings – projection c. Spirals & feather - eternity  END OF TOPIC PREPARED BY: Ar. Haidee V. Bernardo, uap AR120-1 - SY 2024-25 Term 1  HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1: ROMAN ARCHITECTURE 300 B.C. – A.D. 365 Preceded by Etruscan, 750-100 B.C. PREPARED BY: Ar. Haidee V. Bernardo, uap AR120-1 - SY 2024-25 Term 1 INFLUENCES A. GEOGRAPHICAL Italy – a few natural harbours and few island along her shores Great chain of Apennines runs like a spine down the centre of Italy and much of the country is very mountainous. Mediterranean Sea enabled Rome to act as an intermediary in spreading art and civilization over Europe, Western Asia and North Africa. INFLUENCES B. GEOLOGICAL INFLUENCE Etruria – mineral wealth of early IRON ISLAND Italy IRON Elba – iron island TIN Etruscan mainland – copper and tin These provided the means of economic exchange and were the principal materials of its COPPER manufacturers, crafts and arts. There is an adequate good stone and timber for building materials INFLUENCES B. GEOLOGICAL INFLUENCE TUFA TAVERTINE Romans could procure suitable earths for the making of terra-cotta and brick – very extensively used, even for important buildings. LAVA TUFA – building stones with varying degrees of hardness from calcareous deposits PEPERINO – stone of volcanic origin from Mount Albano. TAVERTINE – a hard limestone of fine quality from Tivoli PEPERINO LAVA – from volcanic eruptions SAND AND GRAVEL INFLUENCES POZZOLANA B. GEOLOGICAL INFLUENCE CONCRETE – led to great structural innovations, formed of stone or brick rubble and a mortar of which the important ingredient was POZZOLANA. POZZOLANA – a volcanic earth, found in thick strata in and around Rome and in the region of Naples. CONCRETE – favorite material and helped to give uniformity of style throughout the Empire. CEMENT A detailed illustration showcasing the construction techniques and materials used in Ancient Roman architecture, highlighting the use of concrete, various types of stone (marble, travertine, tuff), and advanced brick-making techniques such as opus latericium, opus reticulatum, and opus testaceum. INFLUENCES C. CLIMATIC NORTH ITALY – climate of the temperate region of Europe, Central Italy is genial and sunny, while the south is tropical. This variety of climatic conditions is sufficient to account for diversity of architectural features and treatment in the peninsula itself. Differing climates of the various Roman provinces produced local modifications in details. INFLUENCES D. HISTORICAL AND SOCIAL ETRURIA – west-central Italy, occupied by the Etruscans; immigrants from Asia Minor. ETRUSCANS – 8th century B.C. Known as the great builders, redoubtable sailors and skilled craftsmen in metalwork and pottery. ITALY – inhabited by several races; Ligurians – North of Etruria Picenes – East Samnites and Latins – South INFLUENCES D. HISTORICAL AND SOCIAL ROME – foundation during 6th century B.C., a hill town in South Etruria under Etruscan domination. Towards the close of the 6th century B.C., Etruscans supremacy began to decline and 5th century B.C. is the fall of the monarchy and the collapse of Etruscan power in Rome. Rome became an independent republic city upon its separation to Etruria in 474 B.C. Etruscan power was undermined by its defeat in a sea battle by Syracusans, allies of Cumae, oldest of the Greek colonies in South Italy. INFLUENCES D. HISTORICAL AND SOCIAL Dominance of Rome increased especially after the defeat and conquest of Veii, the nearest of the great Etruscan cities. Declaration and development of a constitutional republic and civil service of Roman. Soldiers dutiful to authority, law and justice. Meanwhile, the Roman conquest to South Italy was accomplished by 273 B.C. Roman influence expanded to Carthage, heralding the first was with people outside Italy. INFLUENCES D. HISTORICAL AND SOCIAL THE FIRST PUNIC WAR (264-241 B.C.) – against Carthage ended with the annexation of Sicily as the first Roman province. THE SECOND PUNIC WAR (218-201 B.C.) – became a bitter struggle for survival. HANNIBAL – a great Carthaginian General, defeated Roman armies and ravaged Italy for years. SCIPIO – counter-attack Hannibal and victory at Zama broke Carthaginian power by the THIRD PUNIC WAR (149-146 B.C.) INFLUENCES D. HISTORICAL AND SOCIAL THE FIRST PUNIC WAR (264-241 B.C.) – against Carthage ended with the annexation of Sicily as the first Roman province. THE SECOND PUNIC WAR (218-201 B.C.) – became a bitter struggle for survival. HANNIBAL – a great Carthaginian General, defeated Roman armies and ravaged Italy for years. SCIPIO – counter-attack Hannibal and victory at Zama broke Carthaginian power by the THIRD PUNIC WAR (149-146 B.C.) INFLUENCES D. HISTORICAL AND SOCIAL PROVINCES OF ROMAN EMPIRE; Carthage (Roman province in Africa) Macedonia (168 B.C.) Greece (146 B.C.) Major parts of Asia Manor and Hellenistic monarchies of the eastern Mediterranean world (Roman province of Asia, 133 B.C) Spain (133 B.C) Syria (64 B.C) INFLUENCES D. HISTORICAL AND SOCIAL JULIUS CEASAR – famous of practicing reform and controlled republican government and gave rise to succession of military dictatorships. THE SECOND TRIUMVIRATE – defeated attempts to revive republican government, but became a battle of supremacy. Marcus Aemilius Lepidus Marcus Antonius Caius Octavius (great-nephew of J. Ceasar) Egypt became a Roman province in 30 B.C. by the victory of Octavius, the supreme in Roman world promoting centralized government. INFLUENCES D. HISTORICAL AND SOCIAL REPUBLICAN ARCHITECTURE – mainly utilitarian, adopting the influence of Greek with shift of emphasis to the monumental, beautiful and decorative. CAIUS OCTAVIUS – his reign formed the Roman Empire in its true sense. He is given the title of “Imperator” in 27 B.C. and that of “Augustus” that served as a surname of all Roman emperors. His long reign – Augustan Age – was one of the great eras in the world’s history. INFLUENCES D. HISTORICAL AND SOCIAL IMPERIAL STYLE – affected by Hellenistic influences, was established to improve the capital city of the Empire as the population increased and make it the largest city in the ancient world. Augustus – no direct heir and was only uneasily solved by Imperial family from the descendants of Julius Ceasar Tiberius (A.D. 14-37) Caligula (A.D. 37-41) Claudius (A.D. 41-54) Nero (A.D. 54-68) INFLUENCES D. HISTORICAL AND SOCIAL The violent death of Nero left the Imperial succession vacant. Vespasian, eventually restored order and founded the FLAVIAN DYNASTY that were responsible for Imperial building and further expansion of Roman frontiers in Britain and Illyria. Vespasian (69-79) Titus (79-81) Domitian (81-96) INFLUENCES D. HISTORICAL AND SOCIAL ANTONINE AGE – after the death of Domitian Nerva (96-98) Trajan (98-117) – Empire reached its greatest extent and military advances alongside with Imperial building Hadrian (117-38) – greatest of all Roman Emperors, second golden age; establishment of Pax Romana – culture and enlightenment enabled outburst of building activity Antonius Pius (138-61) Marcus Aurelius (161-80) INFLUENCES D. HISTORICAL AND SOCIAL The social life of Romans was clearly revealed in their architecture; THERMAE – for bathing and games CIRCUSES – for races AMPHITHEATRES – for gladiatorial contests THERMAE THEATRES – for drama CIRCUS MAXIMUS BASILICAS – for lawsuits STATE TEMPLES – for religion DOMUS – apartment house for family FORUM – center of public life and commerce PARTIA POTESTAS – supreme power of father, was the foundation stone of family life. INFLUENCES AMPHITHEATRES D. HISTORICAL AND SOCIAL The social life of Romans was clearly revealed in their architecture; THERMAE – for bathing and games CIRCUSES – for races AMPHITHEATRES – for gladiatorial contests THEATRES THEATRES – for drama BASILICAS – for lawsuits STATE TEMPLES – for religion DOMUS – apartment house for family FORUM – center of public life and commerce PARTIA POTESTAS – supreme power of father, was the foundation stone of family life. INFLUENCES BASILICAS D. HISTORICAL AND SOCIAL The social life of Romans was clearly revealed in their architecture; THERMAE – for bathing and games CIRCUSES – for races AMPHITHEATRES – for gladiatorial contests THEATRES – for drama BASILICAS – for lawsuits STATE TEMPLES – for religion DOMUS – apartment house for family FORUM – center of public life and commerce PARTIA POTESTAS – supreme power of father, was the foundation stone of family life. STATE TEMPLES INFLUENCES DOMUS D. HISTORICAL AND SOCIAL The social life of Romans was clearly revealed in their architecture; THERMAE – for bathing and games CIRCUSES – for races AMPHITHEATRES – for gladiatorial contests THEATRES – for drama FORUM BASILICAS – for lawsuits STATE TEMPLES – for religion DOMUS – apartment house for family FORUM – center of public life and commerce PARTIA POTESTAS – supreme power of father, was the foundation stone of family life. INFLUENCES D. HISTORICAL AND SOCIAL DIOCLETIAN (284-305) – effected a devastating overhaul of the Imperial System and reorganized the civil service into a more efficient but ruthless bureaucracy; Emperor became a divine autocrat. CONSTANTINE (306-337) – further organized and reunited the Empire; accepted Christianity (313) and realizing the Rome was no longer defensible from frontier threats. BYZANTIUM – inaugurated as the City of Constantine or Constantinopolis in 330 AD INFLUENCES E. RELIGIOUS POLYTHEISTIC RELIGION – fusion of several cults owed most to Etruscans. Etruscans involved a scrupulous attention to ritual, to conformity and to the will of the gods. Chief Roman gods acquired similar attributes to those of the Greeks but retained their Latin names and rites. POLITICO-RELIGIOUS – religion is part of constitution of the state policy. Emperors were described as the head of the deities during Imperial times. INFLUENCES E. RELIGION Roman Gods and Goddesses 1. JUPITER supreme god, ruler of sky 2. JUNO wife of Zeus, goddess of marriage 3. APOLLO god of law and music, art, poetry 4. MINERVA goddess of wisdom and learning 5. NEPTUNE god of the seas 6. BACCHUS god of wine, feasting, and revelry 7. CERES goddess of earth and agriculture 8. DIANA goddess of the chase 9. MERCURY messenger of the gods, god of commerce 10. VENUS goddess of love and beauty 11. VULCAN god of fire and handicrafts 12. MARS god of war 13. VESTA goddess of hearth (sacred fire) 14. SOL sun god 15. LUNA moon goddess 16. HERCULES mortal god of strength and labour 17. AESCULAPIUS mortal god of healing INFLUENCES E. RELIGION Roman Gods and Goddesses 1. JUPITER supreme god, ruler of sky 2. JUNO wife of Zeus, goddess of marriage 3. APOLLO god of law and music, art, poetry 4. MINERVA goddess of wisdom and learning 5. NEPTUNE god of the seas 6. BACCHUS god of wine, feasting, and revelry 7. CERES goddess of earth and agriculture 8. DIANA goddess of the chase 9. MERCURY messenger of the gods, god of commerce 10. VENUS goddess of love and beauty 11. VULCAN god of fire and handicrafts 12. MARS god of war 13. VESTA goddess of hearth (sacred fire) 14. SOL sun god 15. LUNA moon goddess 16. HERCULES mortal god of strength and labour 17. AESCULAPIUS mortal god of healing ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER ROMAN ARCHITECTURE Reflected the civil aspects of society putting greater emphasis on designing cities with a core central arenas VASTNESS AND MAGNIFICENCE OSTENTATION & ORNATENESS Introduced the principle of arch as a structural element Revolutionized architecture with the development of concrete Required spacious areas. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER ROMAN ARCHITECTURE MATERIAL – concrete with pozzolana & lime for walls, vaults and domes STRUCTURES Temples Basilicas Thermae Amphitheatre STRUCTURAL SYSTEM – arch & vault PLAN – boldness & variety ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER ROMAN ARCHITECTURE WALLS – made of stone / concrete - Face externally with stone, brick, or stucco and internally, marble a. Opus Reticulatum b. Opus Incertum (random rocks) c. Opus Quadratum (shiner) d. Opus Testaceum (stretcher) e. Opus Mixtum – mix of layment e) ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER ROMAN ARCHITECTURE BUTTRESSES – to avoid stresses on walls due to the weight of the roof a. HEMICYCLE OR NICHE – used for retaining earth b. SPUR – catches the thrusts of main vaults c. PINNACLE – used to avoid oblique thrusts. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER ROMAN ARCHITECTURE OPENINGS – square and semi-circular - Window - segmental in shape - Collonades & arcades used both internally and externally ROMAN ARCH – Rome’s architectural contribution that resulted in the mastery of arches. ROOF – vaults and domes are principal Roman innovation and often covered. a. Wagon-headed barrel, semi-circular b. Cross vaults – 2 crossed barrels c. Domes ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER ROMAN ARCHITECTURE COLUMNS – standardized proportions COLUMN HEIGHT ENTABLATURE TUSCAN 7D 1.75D DORIC 8D 2D IONIC 9D 2.25D CORINTHIAN 10D 2.50D COMPOSITE 10D 2.50D - Andrea Paladio - Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola - Vincenzo Scamozzi - William Chambers ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER ROMAN ARCHITECTURE MOULDINGS – “Approche” – parts of circle in profile ORNAMENTS – mosaic and fresco paintings a. ACANTHUS LEAF – special character of Roman Architecture b. OPUS TESSELATUM – vermiculatum – tesserae in square pattern used in ceilings c. OPUS SECTILE – scutulatum – tesserae are cut into various shapes and used on walls d. OPUS SPOCATUM - chevron -/herring - bone pattern used on the floor ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER ROMAN ARCHITECTURE MOULDINGS – “Approche” – parts of circle in profile ORNAMENTS – mosaic and fresco paintings a. ACANTHUS LEAF – special character of Roman Architecture b. OPUS TESSELATUM – vermiculatum – tesserae in square pattern used in ceilings c. OPUS SECTILE – scutulatum – tesserae are cut into various shapes and used on walls d. OPUS SPOCATUM - chevron -/herring - bone pattern used on the floor ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER ROMAN ARCHITECTURE MOULDINGS – “Approche” – parts of circle in profile A ORNAMENTS – mosaic and fresco paintings a. ACANTHUS LEAF – special character of Roman Architecture b. OPUS TESSELATUM – vermiculatum – tesserae in square pattern used in ceilings C c. OPUS SECTILE – scutulatum – tesserae B are cut into various shapes and used on walls d. OPUS SPICATUM - chevron/herring - bone pattern used on the floor D STRUCTURES FORUM ROMANUM ROMAN ARCHITECTURE FORUM – central open space used as a meeting place, market and for political speech. FORUM ROMANUM PANTHEON, ROME PANTHEON, ROME – most significant building in Rome. - Best example oof Roman Architecture - Corinthian Temple, front portico = 110’ wide x 60’ deep - Converted into a Christian Church and now known as ‘Sta. Maria Rotunda, La Rotunda, Italy’ STRUCTURES MAISSON CARREE, NIMES ROMAN ARCHITECTURE MAISSON CARREE, NIMES – best preserved Roman Temple - Served as model for Thomas Jefferson’s Capitol @ Richmond, Virginia TEMPLE OF VESTA – most scared shrine in Rome whose eternal light signifies the Home Hearth TEMPLE OF VESTA STRUCTURES TEMPLE OF VENUS AND ROME ROMAN ARCHITECTURE TEMPLE OF VENUS AND ROME, Rome – largest and most splendid of Rome Temples Architect: Apollodorus of Damascus BASILICA – a hall of justice and commercial TRAJAN’S BASILICA exchange TRAJAN’S BASILICA Architect: Apollodorus of Damascus STRUCTURES HADRIAN’S BATHS @ LEPUS, MAGNA THERMAE – a palatial public bath BALMEUM – public bath at the palace a. TEPIDARIUM – warm lounge b. SUDATARIUM (loconicum) – hottest room for drying and sweating c. CALIDARIUM – hot water bath - HYPOCAUST – hot water passageway d. FRIGIDARIUM – cooling room with its THERMAE OF CARACALLA Can accommodate 1600 people swimming bath e. APODYTERIA – dressing room f. UNCTURIA – for oils and perfumes g. PALAESTRA – gymnasium h. XYSTUS – a large open space, well- landscaped & a park like enclosure surrounding the central structure STRUCTURES THERMAE – a palatial public bath BALMEUM – public bath at the palace a. TEPIDARIUM – warm lounge b. SUDATARIUM (loconicum) – hottest room for drying and sweating BATH’S OF DIOCLETIAN c. CALIDARIUM – hot water bath Can accommodate 3000 People - HYPOCAUST – hot water passageway d. FRIGIDARIUM – cooling room with its swimming bath e. APODYTERIA – dressing room f. UNCTURIA – for oils and perfumes g. PALAESTRA – gymnasium h. XYSTUS – a large open space, well- landscaped & a park like enclosure surrounding the central structure HADRIAN’S BATHS @ LEPUS, MAGNA STRUCTURES THEATRE OF MARCELLUS ROMAN ARCHITECTURE THEATRE – like the Greek but is ½ of circle in plan and built on a hillside and plain THEATRE OF MARCELLUS, ROME – best example of half circle theatre built on level site. THEATRE ORANGE THEATRE ORANGE – partly constructed and partly hollowed out of the hillside STRUCTURES COLLOSEUM, ROME ROMAN ARCHITECTURE AMPHITHEATRE – used in gladiator contests. COLLOSEUM, ROME – Flavian Dynasty - An ellipse plan with dimension of 620 feet length x 513 feet wide - Has an oval shape arena with dimension of 287’ x 180’ - Eternal façade divided into 4 storeys CIRCUS – used for horse and chariot racing CIRCUS MAXIMUS, ROME – measured about 2000’ length by 650’ wide and held about 250,000 spectators CIRCUS MAXIMUS STRUCTURES MONUMENTAL TOMB TOMBS a. COLUMBARIA – where ashes of the deceased place in a vase b. LOCULI – entire corpses placed in a coffin and laid in a wall niches c. MONUMENTAL TOMBS – rest of a quadrilateral podium d. PYRAMIDAL TOMB – Pyramid of Cestius PYRAMIT OF CESTIUS e. TEMPLE SHAPED TOMB f. SCULPTURED MEMORIAL g. CENOTAPH / MEMORIAL MONUMENT – person buried elsewhere h. TRIUMPHAL ARCH – emperors and generals i. PILLARS OF VICTORY – to record triumph of victorious generals STRUCTURES SCULPTURED MEMORIAL TOMBS a. COLUMBARIA – where ashes of the deceased place in a vase b. LOCULI – entire corpses placed in a coffin and laid in a wall niches c. MONUMENTAL TOMBS – rest of a quadrilateral podium d. PYRAMIDAL TOMB – Pyramid of Cestius CENOTAPH PYRAMIT OF CESTIUS e. TEMPLE SHAPED TOMB f. SCULPTURED MEMORIAL g. CENOTAPH / MEMORIAL MONUMENT – person buried elsewhere h. TRIUMPHAL ARCH – emperors and generals i. PILLARS OF VICTORY – to record triumph of victorious generals STRUCTURES TRIUMPHAL ARCH TOMBS a. COLUMBARIA – where ashes of the deceased place in a vase b. LOCULI – entire corpses placed in a coffin and laid in a wall niches c. MONUMENTAL TOMBS – rest of a quadrilateral podium d. PYRAMIDAL TOMB – Pyramid of Cestius e. TEMPLE SHAPED TOMB PILLARS OF VICTORY f. SCULPTURED MEMORIAL g. CENOTAPH / MEMORIAL MONUMENT – person buried elsewhere h. TRIUMPHAL ARCH – commemorate military triumphs of emperors and generals i. PILLARS OF VICTORY – to record triumph of victorious generals STRUCTURES TOMBS a. COLUMBARIA – where ashes of the deceased place in a vase b. LOCULI – entire corpses placed in a coffin and laid in a wall niches c. MONUMENTAL TOMBS – rest of a quadrilateral podium d. PYRAMIDAL TOMB – pyramid of Caesticus e. TEMPLE SHAPED TOMB f. SCULPTURED MEMORIAL g. CENOTAPH / MEMORIAL MONUMENT – person buried elsewhere h. TRIUMPHAL ARCH – emperors and ARCH OF TITUS generals - Built to commemorate the capture i. PILLARS OF VICTORY – to record triumph the capture of Jerusalem of victorious generals STRUCTURES ROMAN ARCHITECTURE TYPES OF ROMAN HOUSES A. DOMUS – Private House VESTIBULUM – entrance room TABERNA – shop IMPLUVIUM – decorative pool COMPLUVIUM – hole in ceiling CUBICULUM – bedroom LARARIUM – household shrine ATRIUM – central public area ALA/ALAE – hallway or alley CULINA – kitchen TABLINUM – office/study area TRICLINIUM – dining area PERISTYLIUM – colonnade path HORTUS – garden PISCINA – fish pond/fountain EXEDRA – indoor garden STRUCTURES ROMAN INSULA ROMAN ARCHITECTURE TYPES OF ROMAN HOUSES A. DOMUS – Private House B. INSULA – block of tenement C. VILLA – country house AQUEDACTS – water supply for Roman City ROMAN VILLA FOUNTAINS A. LOCULI – similar to large basin of water where water is stationary B. SALIENTES – provided with a sprouting jets. STRUCTURES ROMAN ARCHITECTURE TYPES OF ROMAN HOUSES A. DOMUS – Private House B. INSULA – block of tenement C. VILLA – country house AQUEDACTS – water supply for Roman City FOUNTAINS A. LOCULI – similar to large basin of water where water is stationary B. SALIENTES – provided with a sprouting jets. STRUCTURES ROMAN ARCHITECTURE TYPES OF ROMAN HOUSES A. DOMUS – Private House B. INSULA – block of tenement C. VILLA – country house AQUEDACTS – water supply for Roman City FOUNTAINS A. LOCULI – similar to large basin of water where water is stationary B. SALIENTES – provided with a sprouting jets.  End of topic. PREPARED BY: Ar. Haidee V. Bernardo, uap AR120-1 - SY 2024-25 Term 1  HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1: GREEK ARCHITECTURE 3000 B.C. – 30 B.C. PREPARED BY: Ar. Haidee V. Bernardo, uap AR120-1 - SY 2024-25 Term 1 INFLUENCES A. GEOGRAPHICAL Island of Crete Aegean culture extended to Greece Founded on the trade along the whole eastern Mediterranean Seaboard With Asia Minor, Cyprus, Syria, Palestine, Egypt and Libya ARCHIPELAGO INFLUENCES B. GEOLOGICAL Ample supplies of good building-stone Marble – greatest importance of Greek Arch. As the most beautiful and monumental Marbles are found in abundance in the mountains of Hymettus and Pentelicus near Athens and in the Island of Paros and Noxos. This material signifies the importance to the quality of fine-grained marble and producing exact outlines and smooth surfaces. TEMPLE OF PAESTUM, ITALY INFLUENCES C. CLIMATIC Intermediate between rigorous cold and relaxing heat. The clear atmosphere and intensity of light was conducive to the development of precise forms which are special attributes of Greek Architecture. Light casting on porticoes and collonades INFLUENCES PALACE OF KNOSOS D. HISTORICAL AND SOCIAL AEGEAN - embraces the civilizations of Crete and mainland Greece from about 1100 B.C. and was developed to achieved equal power like Mesopotamia in between 1800 B.C – 1600 BC. - Palace of Knossos indicates highly centralized, bureaucratic system and its character shows elegance, sybaritic society, entertainment and athletic pursuits - There was evidence of monumental class structures within this time. CRETAN - known as Minoan after King Minos of Knossos. - balance of power and influence was evident between 1600 BC – 1400 BC - Knossos and other palace towns were destroyed during 1450 – 1400 BC INFLUENCES CITADEL OF GREEK - ATHENS D. HISTORICAL AND SOCIAL MYCENAEAN - 1400 – 1100 BC, mainland civilization of Greece - Required defense due to the quarreling and violence among the towns perpetuated insecurities to mainland - Mycenae and Tiryns built up an atmosphere of barbaric architecture for their fortifications in contrast with refined art of Greek Era until they absorb the Cretan Ideas and use of their craftsmen - Citadel palaces became centres of mercantile for trading HELLADIC - 1300 BC the wealth began to decline leading to the Trojan War about 1200 BC. - There were further race migrations and invasions among the Aegean and Near-East people during this time - “Archaeans” – Homer’s name for Greeks - “Dorians” – Greek invaders TROJAN WAR INFLUENCES D. HISTORICAL AND SOCIAL HELLADIC - Earlier arrival immigrates called Achaeans or Aeolians, fled to Asia Minor as Ionians where they built anew. - Destruction of Helladic Citadels brought about the end of Bronze Age civilization. - Iron Age arrive in Greece – Homer’s “Dark Age” – Extinction of civilization of centuries from Bronze Age - Building was small-scale, local and impermanent. HELLENISTIC – 800 – 323 BC, classical Greece - “Polis” or the city state emerged as the basis of Greek society - Greeks adopted the alphabet from Phoenicians resulting for the development of language and literacy - Small settlements evolved to become independent communities with no authority. HOMER (8TH CENTURY) - An ancient Greek poet who - They impose federal unity as derived from common wrote Illiad and the Oddesey, two epic poems language, customs and religion. INFLUENCES PAESTUM, SOUTH ITALY D. HISTORICAL AND SOCIAL HELLENISTIC - Due to emigration, new cities were established particularly in Sicily and South Italy and due to the homeland conservatism, colonial cities developed; - PAESTUM in South Italy - SYRACUS, SELINUS, and AGRIGENTRUM in Sicily - While wealthy commercial cities emerge in Ionian Greece such as in Didyma, Ephesus and Miletus AGREGENTO, SICILY Greece in 600 BC - Settle down on various forms of government – oligarch, tyrannic and democratic. - Democratic process was an Athenian influence - Rule of Pericles (444-429 BC) climax of Athenian prosperity and reconstruction to express the development of Hellenic Art and Architecture. INFLUENCES CITY OF ATHENS D. HISTORICAL AND SOCIAL ATHENS - Its supremacy and methods used to maintain the city aroused resentment and jealousy on its adjacent cities, especially Sparta. - Peloponnesian War (431-404 BC) provoked by preliminary hostiles that exhaust and disrupt the economy of Greece and the become the ultimate defeat of Athens resulting to the decline of democratic spirit. PELOPONNESIAN WAR - Despite political dissensions and military excesses; - 5th century – Greek philosophies emerged - 7th and early 6th century – law-making - 6th century – philosophy and science INFLUENCES PYTHAGORAS D. HISTORICAL AND SOCIAL GREEK PHILOSOPHERS - PHYTAGORAS – a philosopher-scientist best known in 6th century - SOCRATES – thinker of the 5th century, concerning nature of knowledge and the human soul, physics, mathematics, astronomy and music SOCRATES GREEK THEATHRE - Tragic Drama – originated in the festival of the worship of Dionysos and developed from the those archaic festivities. - Dramatic medium for questioning man’s relations with the Gods. - Theatres has a profound religious attributes. INFLUENCES PHAROS D. HISTORICAL AND SOCIAL HELLENISTIC GREECE (323-30 BC) - The fall of Sparta - Macedonia – imposed a federal system to Greece - Unification of Greece was accomplished under Philip (359-336 BC) and was established by his son Alexander the Great (336- 323 BC) who embarked national crusade against Persian Empire. - New cities were founded in which Alexandria was to be the largest and most famous ALEXANDER THE GREAT - Died at the age of 32 followed by the division of the empire among his generals within forty years until it settled unto three monarchies - Antigonous in Greece - Seleucis in Asia Manor - Ptolemy in Egypt They then become unified adopting the culture of Hellenistic world when the Romans intruded. Greece itself became a Roman province in 146 BC RUINS OF ALEXANDRIA INFLUENCES HORNS OF CONSECRATION E. RELIGION NATURE WORSHIP - Primitive form of religion of “Aegeans” - They tend to divine human form represented by small idols, rocks and stone pillars - All sorts of trees and animals - Masculine force represented by sacred bull symbolizing “horns of consecration” - Sacrificial double axe symbolizing a shield - RHEA, later HERA by Greeks, supreme deity of fertility or mother-goddess - Priestesses rather than priests, conducted religious rites. - Worship centered on sacrificial altars, in open-air enclosures, caves, small chapels or household shrines - Temples were built after the fall of Aegean civilization when Greeks began to represent their deities in large statues. - Gods as personification of NATURAL ELEMENTS as they also worship natural phenomena INFLUENCES E. RELIGION GREEK OLYMPIANS 1. ZEUS supreme god, ruler of sky 2. HERA wife of Zeus, goddess of marriage 3. APOLLO god of law and reason, art, music, poetry 4. ATHENA goddess of wisdom and learning 5. POSEIDON god of the seas 6. DIONYSOS god of wine, feasting, and revelry 7. DEMETER goddess of earth and agriculture 8. ARTEMIS goddess of the chase 9. HERMES messenger of the gods, god of commerce 10. APHRODITE goddess of love and beauty 11. HEPHAESTUS god of fire and handicrafts 12. ARES god of war 13. HESTIA goddess of hearth (sacred fire) 14. HELIOS sun god 15. SELENE moon goddess 16. HERCULES mortal god of strength and labour 17. ASCLEPIUS mortal god of healing INFLUENCES E. RELIGION GREEK OLYMPIANS 1. ZEUS supreme god, ruler of sky 2. HERA wife of Zeus, goddess of marriage 3. APOLLO god of law and reason, art, music, poetry 4. ATHENA goddess of wisdom and learning 5. POSEIDON god of the seas 6. DIONYSOS god of wine, feasting, and revelry 7. DEMETER goddess of earth and agriculture 8. ARTEMIS goddess of the chase 9. HERMES messenger of the gods, god of commerce 10. APHRODITE goddess of love and beauty 11. HEPHAESTUS god of fire and handicrafts 12. ARES god of war 13. HESTIA goddess of hearth (sacred fire) 14. HELIOS sun god 15. SELENE moon goddess 16. HERCULES mortal god of strength and labour 17. ASCLEPIUS mortal god of healing ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER AEGEAN ARCHITECTURE - Architecture of Crete and other islands differed from that of the mainland. - Island people that are partly Asiatic, their buildings had the flat roofs typical of eastern countries. - Flat roofs allowed buildings to go as high as four-storeys - Light-wells being used to admit natural light to the inner parts of the blocks - Spacious stairways were developed - Mainland people brought their northern practices and used low-pitched roofs and has single storey - It has an allowance (setback) between the comparatively small units for removal of rain water. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER AEGEAN ARCHITECTURE - The characteristic of mainland domestic unit was the MEGARON – a living apartment - Deep plan - Columned entrance porch - Anteroom - vestibule - Central doorway - Central hearth and columns supporting the roof - Thalamus – Sleeping-room / throne room ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER AEGEAN ARCHITECTURE - Mainland elevated sites encircled by massive defensive walls - Houses and palaces are the principal building types representative of Aegean Architecture. - Buildings were constructed of rubble or cut stonework to dado height (2/5 of the wall height). - upper parts having a heavy, double frame of timber - Panels being infilled with sun-dried bricks or stone rubble - Walls are coated with stucco outside and painted with patterns. - Gypsum, plentiful in Crete, served to make polished floors, roof deck and slab. - “Cyclopean” – a masonry type that compromised great boulder-like stones, used in fortifications, to coarse or fine ashlar of heavy block’ - Mortar was never employed and they employed clay instead. - Polygonal walling – invented after Hellenistic times - False arches of heavy blocks or corbels in layers to form CORBEL ARCHES triangular header opening in stone walls STRUCTURES TOMBS - Treasury of Atreus, Mycenae – Tomb of Agamemnon - Tholos of Beehive originally modeled on underground hut - Square, masonry pillars with a bracket form of capital giving intermediate support on lower floors - Cypress wood – distinctive type of column with downward tapering, cylindrical shaft, a disc-like base and widely- projecting capitals with two main parts - A circular abacus above & bulbous echinus below DROMOS TREASURY OF ATREUS MYCENAE STRUCTURES PALACES - The Palace of King Minos, Knossos - Open court – 51.8m x 27.4m - West side – paved market court - North – theatrical area flanked with broad steps for public display and sports - Buildings were atleast two-storey - Throne Room – a chapel for religious observance, containing alabaster throne for the priest-king PALACE OF KING MINOS, KNOSSOS STRUCTURES PALACES - The Citadel of Tyrins - A hill-top citadel surrounded by defensive walls upwards of 3.7m - The masonry used is cyclopean type - It occupies the highest part of the elongated enclosure being divided by a defensive cross wall from a lower terrace Lion Gate, Mycenae - Most famous feature Tyrins Citadel - Standing in the circuit of massive wall in cyclopean type. - The gateway symbolizes the triangular void of Hellenistic Architecture CITADEL OF TYRINS ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER GREEK ARCHITECTURE – Simplicity and Harmony - Purity of lines - Perfection of proportion - Refine of details MATERIAL – Marble STRUCTURES – Temples STRUCTURAL SYSTEM – Columnar & Trabeated ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER GREEK ARCHITECTURE PLAN – Symmetrical most of the time 1. Crepidoma - the multilevel platform on which the superstructure of the building is erected 2. Pteroma - A walkway, in a Greek temple, between the cella and surrounding colonnade. 3. Colonnade - row of columns generally supporting an entablature (row of horizontal moldings) 4. Pronaos (facing east) - a vestibule at the front of a classical temple, enclosed by a portico and projecting sidewalls 5. Naos - dwelling of a god, inner part of a temple, shrine 6. Epinaos (Posticum) - a room in the rear of the cella of an ancient Greek temple OPISTHODOMOS – Relic Chamber ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER GREEK ARCHITECTURE WALL – Blocks of marble w/o mortar CORNICES – Top of walls and entablatures OPENINGS – Doors and windows – Square- headed with cornice *Temples doesn’t have windows ROOF – Timber and covered with marble slab PEDIMENT – with acroteria at ends and antifixae on side LACUNARIA – Coffered ceiling ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER GREEK ARCHITECTURE WALL – Blocks of marble w/o mortar CORNICES – Top of walls and entablatures OPENINGS – Doors and windows – Square- headed with cornice *Temples doesn’t have windows ROOF – Timber and covered with marble slab PEDIMENT – with acroteria at ends and antifixae on center LACUNARIA – Coffered ceiling ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER GREEK ARCHITECTURE COLUMNS DORIC – used often IONIC CORINTHIAN – less used PROPORTIONS OF GREEK ORDERS ENTABLATURE COLUMN HGT DORIC ¼ HGT OF ORDER 4-6.5 D IONIC 1/5 HGT OF ORDER 9D CORINTHIAN 1/5 HGT OF ORDER 9D ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER GREEK ARCHITECTURE COLUMNS DORIC – used often IONIC CORINTHIAN – less used PROPORTIONS OF GREEK ORDERS ENTABLATURE COLUMN HGT DORIC ¼ HGT OF ORDER 4-6.5 D IONIC 1/5 HGT OF ORDER 9D CORINTHIAN 1/5 HGT OF ORDER 9D ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER GREEK ARCHITECTURE EDGE TO EDGE PYNOSTYLE 1.5 D COLUMNS SYSTYLE 2D Intercolumniation EUSTYLE 2.25D - space between columns DIASTYLE 3D ARAEOSTYLE 4D TYPES OF TRIGLYPH MONOTRIGLYPH – interval of 1 triglyph DITRIGLYPH – 2 triglyph POLYTRIGLYPH – more than 2 ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER GREEK ARCHITECTURE Description of rectangular temple according to the number of column HENOSTYLE 1 HEPTASTYLE 7 DISTYLE 2 OCTASTYLE 8 TRISTYLE 3 ENNEASTYLE 9 TETRASTYLE 4 DECASTYLE 10 PENTASTYLE 5 DODECASTYLE 11 HEXASTYLE 6 ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER GREEK ARCHITECTURE Types of Greek Temple Plan A IN-ANTIS Temples have 1-4 columns at front; usually 2 only B AMPHI- 1-4 columns between ante at front and ANTIS rear; usually 2 each C THOLOS circular, vaulted roof, with or without a peristyle, or surrounding colonnade D PROSTYLE Have a portico of columns @ the front E AMPHI- Portico of columns @ front and rear PROSTYLE F PERIPTERAL Single line of column surrounding naos G PSEUDO- Flank columns attached to naos wall PERIPTERAL H DIPTERAL Double line of columns surrounding naos I PSEUDO- Double line of columns with flank DIPTERAL columns attached to naos ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER GREEK ARCHITECTURE MOULDINGS – approached very closely to various comic sections - Parabola, Hyperbola and Ellipse NAME ORNAMENT A FILLET B SCOTIA C CYMA RECTA ANTHEMION / HONESUCKLE D CAVETTO E ASTRAGAL BEED AND REEL F TORUS GUILLOCHE OR PLATI G OVOLO EGG & DART H CYMA REVERSA (OGEE) WATER-LEAF & TOUNGUE I DENTIL ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER GREEK ARCHITECTURE ORNAMENT – completed the important buildings * Anthemion or Honeysuckle – prominent 1. ARCHITECTURAL SCULPTURE FRIEZE: METOPES - Element that fills the space between two triglyphs in a Doric frieze Tympana of Pediments - vertical recessed triangular space forming the center of a pediment ACROTERIA at the base & summit of pediment SCULPTURE FIGURES - CARYATID – Female figure as columns - CANEPHORAE – female with basket - ATLANTES/TELAMONES – male figure ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER GREEK ARCHITECTURE ORNAMENT – completed the important buildings * Anthemion or Honeysuckle – prominent 1. ARCHITECTURAL SCULPTURE FRIEZE: METOPES - Element that fills the space between two triglyphs in a Doric frieze Tympana of Pediments - vertical recessed triangular space forming the center of a pediment ACROTERIA at the base & summit of pediment SCULPTURE FIGURES - CARYATID – Female figure as columns - CANEPHORAE – female with basket - ATLANTES/TELAMONES – male figure ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER GREEK ARCHITECTURE ORNAMENT – completed the important buildings * Anthemion or Honeysuckle – prominent 1. ARCHITECTURAL SCULPTURE FRIEZE: METOPES - Element that fills the space between two triglyphs in a Doric frieze Tympana of Pediments - vertical recessed triangular space forming the center of a pediment ACROTERIA at the base & summit of pediment SCULPTURE FIGURES - CARYATID – Female figure as columns - CANEPHORAE – female with basket - ATLANTES/TELAMONES – male figure ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER GREEK ARCHITECTURE 2. SCULPTURED RELIEFS HI-RELIEF – creates shadow LOW-RELIEF – does not cast shadow 3. FREE – STANDING STATUETORY - Single or group of figures BIGA – 2 horse chariots QUADRIGA – 4 horse chariots STRUCTURES GREEK ARCHITECTURE - TEMPLES TEMENOS – an upper city; Citadel of Acropolis PROPYLEA, ATHENS – gateway to Temenos Architect: Mnesicles PARTHENON – finest Greek temple & greatest historic monument - a peripteral octastyle temple with 17 doric columns on the flank - tallest of all buildings Architect: Icnitus & Callicrates Sculptor: Pheidas ERECTHEON – asymmetrical plan TEMPLE OF ATHENA, NIKE – smallest of all temples STRUCTURES PROPYLEA GREEK ARCHITECTURE - TEMPLES TEMENOS – an upper city; Citadel of Acropolis PROPYLEA, ATHENS – gateway to Temenos Architect: Mnesicles PARTHENON – finest Greek temple & greatest PARTHENON historic monument - a peripteral octastyle temple with 17 doric columns on the flank - tallest of all buildings Architect: Icnitus & Callicrates Sculptor: Pheidas STRUCTURES ERECTHEION GREEK ARCHITECTURE - TEMPLES TEMENOS – an upper city; Citadel of Acropolis ERECTHEION – asymmetrical plan; unusual temple due to the caryatid porch - called an apteral temple due to the absence of side colonnades. TEMPLE OF ATHENA NIKE Architect: Mnesciles TEMPLE OF ATHENA NIKE APTEROS, ATHENS – an iconic temple; - it is dedicated to “wingless temple” - smallest of among Greek Group Buildings; it is 23’ high Architect: Callicrates STRUCTURES TEMPLE OF OLYMPIAN ZEUS, AGRIGENTUM GREEK ARCHITECTURE – TEMPLES TEMPLE OF ZEUS, AGRIGENTUM – Second largest Greek Temple - Temple with 3 Naos and Atlantes Figures ARCHITECT: Theron and Phaiax TEMPLE OF ARTEMIS, EPHESUS – Hellenistic TEMPLE OF ARTEMIS temple housing a deity statue Architect: Deinocrates Sculptor” Scopas STRUCTURES GREEK ARCHITECTURE – THEATRES THEATRE OF DIONYSOS – 30,000 Spectators; Prototype of all Greek Theatres ORCHESTRA – elevated complete circle between the THEATRE OF DIONYSOS cavea and skene CAVEA – seats for audience, THEATRE OF EPIDAUROS auditorium SKENE – scene building and dressing area THEATRE OF EPIDAUROS – Most beautiful and best preserved Greek Temple with unique acoustic element Architect: Polycleitos AGORA OF ATHENS STRUCTURES GREEK ARCHITECTURE – PUBLIC BUILDINGS AGORA – Open public space used as market or political demonstration STOA – colonnaded shelter PYTHANEION – senate house BOULEUTERION – council house STOA ODEION – for musical performances and sports competition BOULEUTERION STADIUM – foot racecourse HIPPODROME – for horse and chariot racing PALAESTRA – wrestling school GYMNASIUM – all types of exercises STRUCTURES ODEION GREEK ARCHITECTURE – PUBLIC BUILDINGS AGORA – Open public space used as market or political demonstration STOA – colonnaded shelter PYTHANEION – senate house BOULEUTERION – council house ODEION – for musical performances and HIPPODROME sports competition STADIUM – foot racecourse HIPPODROME – for horse and chariot racing PALAESTRA – wrestling school GYMNASIUM – all types of exercises STRUCTURES PALAESTRA GREEK ARCHITECTURE – PUBLIC BUILDINGS AGORA – Open public space used as market or political demonstration STOA – colonnaded shelter PYTHANEION – senate house BOULEUTERION – council house ODEION – for musical performances and HIPPODROME sports competition STADIUM – foot racecourse HIPPODROME – for horse and chariot racing PALAESTRA – wrestling school GYMNASIUM – all types of exercises STRUCTURES GREEK ARCHITECTURE – TOMBS THE MAUSOLEUM OF HALICARNASSOS – one of the most famous tombs and one of the seven wonders of ancient world. Architect: Satyros & Pythius  END OF TOPIC. PREPARED BY: Ar. Haidee V. Bernardo, uap AR120-1 - SY 2024-25 Term 1  HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1: EARLY CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE 313 - 800 PREPARED BY: Ar. Haidee V. Bernardo, uap AR120-1 - SY 2024-25 Term 1 INFLUENCES A. GEOGRAPHICAL Christianity birth is on Judaea, eastern province of Roman Empire. Carried by St. Peter, St. Paul and other missionaries to Rome – center of empire B. GEOLOGICAL Ruins of Roman buildings often provided the quarry where materials were obtained. Roman architectural features worked into basilican churches of the new faith INFLUENCES C. HISTORICAL & SOCIAL Early Christian period is generally taken from Constantine to the coronation of Charlemagne, Emperor of the Romans. Conflicting forces were battling in Europe due to the spread of new religion and in 451, Christianity in Europe was consolidated. Charlemagne was crowned by a pope in Rome in 800 and the Empire was styled as Holy Roman Empire. INFLUENCES D. RELIGION Christianity has the most record in all human history that was developed rapidly in outstanding phenomenon worldwide. The purpose of Christian church was to shelter worshippers who met for prayers and praise an unseen deity. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER EARLY CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE Simplicity in Design and Treatment Coarseness in Execution MATERIAL – salvage and recycled materials taken from the ruins of old Roman Buildings STRUCTURES – Basilican Church and Belltower STRUCTURAL SYSTEM – combination of trabeated and arcuated ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER EARLY CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE PLAN – basilican – rectangular PARTS OF THE CHURCH ATRIUM – open court with an impluvium NARTHEX – entrance NAVE – central aisle AISLE – space for walking with rows of seats CHOIR – services are sung AMBO – where the gospel is read CANCELLI – enclosure of choir HIGH ALTAR – holliest part of the church ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER EARLY CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE PLAN – basilican – rectangular PARTS OF THE CHURCH ATRIUM – open court with an impluvium NARTHEX – entrance NAVE – central aisle AISLE – space for walking with rows of seats CHOIR – services are sung AMBO – where the gospel is read CANCELLI – enclosure of choir HIGH ALTAR – holliest part of the church ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER EARLY CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE WALLS – followed Roman method OPENINGS - spanned by a semi-circular arc or square-headed - Windows in naves are placed above the aisle roof forming a clerestory ROOFS – timber truss on the nave, the dome over the apse and vaults on the side aisles. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER EARLY CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE COLUMNS – recycled columns obtained from Roman Buildings MOULDINGS – coarse variation of Romans’ ORNAMENTS – colorful glass mosaic in accordance to the teachings in the Bible. STRUCTURES BASILICAN CHURCHES S. CLEMENT, ROME – shows the suitability of a basilican plan for Christian ritual and for sheltering worshippers. THE BASILICAN CHURCH OF S. PETER, ROME – erected by Constantine near the site of the martyrdom of S. Peter. STRUCTURES BASILICAN CHURCHES S. GIOVANNI in LATERANO, ROME – a double aisled basilica S. MARIA MAGGIORE, ROME – the only church that has an evidence that it was a pagan basilica. STRUCTURES BASILICAN CHURCHES S. GIOVANNI in LATERANO, ROME – a double aisled basilica S. MARIA MAGGIORE, ROME – the only church that has an evidence that it was a pagan basilica. STRUCTURES BASILICAN CHURCHES THE CHURCH OF THE NATIVITY, BETHLEHEM – built by Constantine over the traditional birthplace of Christ. It is surrounded by highwalls which encloses of the Latins, Greeks and Armanian who owns the church. THE CHURCH OF THE HOLY SEPULCHRE – erected by Constantine over the reputed tomb of Christ. STRUCTURES BASILICAN CHURCHES THE CHURCH OF THE NATIVITY, BETHLEHEM – built by Constantine over the traditional birthplace of Christ. It is surrounded by highwalls which encloses of the Latins, Greeks and Armanian who owns the church. THE CHURCH OF THE HOLY SEPULCHRE – erected by Constantine over the reputed tomb of Christ. STRUCTURES BAPTISTERIES BAPTISTERY OF CONSTANTINE, ROME – octagonal in plan where the roof was supported by a two-storeyed ring of marble columns. ORTHODOX BAPTISTERY, RAVENNA – completed and decorated under Bishop Neone for the Orthodox community. STRUCTURES BAPTISTERIES BAPTISTERY OF CONSTANTINE, ROME – octagonal in plan where the roof was supported by a two-storeyed ring of marble columns. ORTHODOX BAPTISTERY, RAVENNA – completed and decorated under Bishop Neone for the Orthodox community.  END OF TOPIC PREPARED BY: Ar. Haidee V. Bernardo, uap AR120-1 - SY 2024-25 Term 1  HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1: BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE 330 – 1453 and later PREPARED BY: Ar. Haidee V. Bernardo, uap AR120-1 - SY 2024-25 Term 1 INFLUENCES A. GEOGRAPHICAL Byzantium, renamed Constantinople, after Constantine the Great. Also called “New Rome”, inaugurated as capital of the Roman Empire in 330. (now, Istanbul) It stood at the junction of the Bosphorus and the Sea of Marmora, where Europe and Asia are divided by only a narrow strip of water. B. GEOLOGICAL Local materials such as clay for bricks and rubble for concrete were employed. Marble were imported from Eastern Mediterranean. INFLUENCES C. CLIMATIC Flat roofs for summer resort were combined with oriental domes. Small windows often high up in broken walls, formed their chief features of the style Sheltering arcades surrounded the open courts. INFLUENCES D. HISTORICAL AND SOCIAL Byzantium was founded as a Greek colony in 660 B.C. and in 330 AD became the capital of Roman Empire. On the death of the Emperor Theodosius I (395), the Empire was divided. Byzantium continued to be the capital of the Eastern Empire, and throughout the Middle Ages was the epitome of Christianity on the west and of Moslem on the East. Ravenna became the seat of Byzantine Emperors and its buildings still pronounced as Byzantine type. INFLUENCES D. HISTORICAL AND SOCIAL Constantinople continued up to the present day as the seat of a Patriarch of the Orthodox Church. E. RELIGION 330, Constantinople became the capital of the first Christian Empire, thus chief buildings erected were churches for the new religion. First, in basilican Early Christian type and was developed into domical Byzantine type. An Imperial decree under Pope Gregory II resulted in the admission of painted figures in the decoration of Eastern churches, statues were excluded – official style of Orthodox Church. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE Heralded the strong significance of religion to architecture Adopted the Roman method of wall construction DOME is the principal feature which gave an impression of verticality Simplicity in external design Richness in internal treatment MATERIALS – Brick for walls and Domes STRUCTURES – Churches and Baptisteries ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE Heralded the strong significance of religion to architecture Adopted the Roman method of wall construction DOME is the principal feature which gave an impression of verticality Simplicity in external design Richness in internal treatment MATERIALS – Brick for walls and Domes STRUCTURES – Churches and Baptisteries ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE STRUCTURAL SYSTEM – Domical construction and columnar style PLAN – Greek Cross ICONOSTAS – screen of pictures (retablo) WALLS – made of brick with mosaic internally OPENINGS – spanned by semi-circular arch A square plan in which the nave, chancel COLUMNS – capitals are of the cubiform types, and transept arms are of equal length often with dosseret blocks forming a Greek Cross Churches of the Greek Cross form often MOULDINGS – rarely used; mosaic walls have a NARTHEX or vestibule which stretches across the from of the church. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE STRUCTURAL SYSTEM – Domical construction and columnar style PLAN – Greek Cross ICONOSTAS – screen of pictures (retablo) WALLS – made of brick with mosaic internally OPENINGS – spanned by semi-circular arch COLUMNS – capitals are of the cubiform types, often with dosseret blocks MOULDINGS – rarely used; mosaic walls ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE STRUCTURAL SYSTEM – Domical construction and columnar style PLAN – Greek Cross ICONOSTAS – screen of pictures (retablo) WALLS – made of brick with mosaic internally OPENINGS – spanned by semi-circular arch COLUMNS – capitals are of the cubiform types, often with dosseret blocks MOULDINGS – rarely used; mosaic walls ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE ROOFING – Dome with pendentives – to cover square plan TYPES OF BYZANTINE DOMES: SIMPLE DOME – Dome and pendentives are part of the same sphere COMPOUND DOME – Dome is elevated by the pendentives as base support. - Cupola – Dome, inverted cup - Oculus – The eye of the dome MELON-SHAPED DOMES – surface of the dome is fluted. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE ORNAMENTS – absence of sculptured figures; glass mosaic and marbles slabs with the following popular symbolic figure. PEACOCK – immortal life CHIRHO – sacred monograms ENDLESS KNOT – eternity PICTORIAL ARRANGEMENTS: DOME – Head-shoulder Christ PENDENTIVES – 4 Evangelist APSE – Virgin and Child WALLS – Represents the Bible STRUCTURES IMPORTANT BYZANTINE BUILDINGS S. HAGIA SOPHIA, CONSTANTINOPLE, Turkey - Church of the Holy wisdom - Masterpiece of the Byzantine Architecture - Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorus of Miletus - Built between 532 and 537, Hagia Sophia (Holy Wisdom, Ayasofya) represents a brilliant moment in Byzantine architecture and art. It was the principal church of the Byzantine Empire in its capital, Constantinople (later Istanbul), and a mosque after the Ottoman Empire conquered the city in 1453. STRUCTURES IMPORTANT BYZANTINE BUILDINGS ST. MARK’S BASILICA, Venice, Italy - Mark's Basilica is famous for its stunning Byzantine architecture, intricate mosaics, and its status as the final resting place of Saint Mark's relics. STRUCTURES IMPORTANT BYZANTINE BUILDINGS CHURCH OF THE APOSTLES, ATHENS - Agora of Athens Polinotou STRUCTURES IMPORTANT BYZANTINE BUILDINGS ST. BASIL MOSCOW, RUSSIA - An Orthodox Church - with 8 bubble-like domes; bulbuous domes - Architect: Postnik Yakuvlen & Ivan Barma  END OF TOPIC. PREPARED BY: Ar. Haidee V. Bernardo, uap AR120-1 - SY 2024-25 Term 1