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NG Di2CstEFFECTI OLD& integration of Seamless &Tamil Nadu Books. AEW NCERT standardized Chapter a Follows covering relevant Plan and each NCERT & New content from Old...

NG Di2CstEFFECTI OLD& integration of Seamless &Tamil Nadu Books. AEW NCERT standardized Chapter a Follows covering relevant Plan and each NCERT & New content from Old Tamil nadu Class V! to XIl and Bòoks. student-friendly Developed ina manner No overlap material with suiting learning flow of the content re d paterns. Every part of the Book is marked of each with a code at the end the section. The code defines material. correct source of the Tamil Nadu 10/NewI7A Chapter Texthook No. Class NCERT Old/New Books Book No. Tamil Nadu Tamil Nadu Tan Nau Tamii Nadu Tail Nadu NCERT NCERT NCERT NCERT NCERT Digesl Digest Economlcs General Sclence Geography LEAP TO SUCCESS  Unit-A: Anclent Hstory CHAPTER 1 Sources for History Writing want to bring back is the old pattem of society Knowing about the Past and culture. The most important thing about the past know Sucha situation demands a far better about what people used to eat, the typc of clothes understanding of the past. they used to wear, the houses in which they lived. There is no doubt that ancient Indians made Knowing about the lives of hunters, herders, remarkable progress in different fields of life, farmers, rulers, merchants, priests, crafts persons, but these advances cannot enable us to compete artists, musicians, and scientists. with the achievements of modern science and The games children used to play, the stories they technology. have heard, the songs they sang. We cannot ignore the fact that the ancient Indian 6/New/II society was marked by gross social injustice. The Importance of Ancient Indian History NationalistApproach and Contribution Ancient Indian history is interesting because India proved to be a crucible of ethnic groups. All this naturally came as a great challenge to The pre-Aryans, the Indo-aryans, the Greeks, the Indian scholars, particularly to those who had Scythians,' the Hunas,the Turks, etc., made India received western education. their home. n They were irked by the colonialist distortions Each ethnic group contributed its might to of their past history and at the same time the evolution of Indian social system, art and distressed by the contrast between the decaying architecture, and literature. feudal society of India and the progressive All these peoples and their cultural traits mixed capitalist society of England. up so inextricably with one another that at present A band of scholars took, upon themselves not none of them can be clearly identified in their only the mission to reform Indian society but original form. also to reconstruct ancient Indian history in such A remarkable feature of ancient Indian culture has a manner as to make case for social reforms and, been the commingling of cultural elements from more importantly, for self-government. the north and thesouth, and from the cast and the In doing so most historians were guided by the west. nationalist ideas ofHindurevivalism, but there was Relevance of the Past to the Present no dearth of scholars who adopteda rationalist and The study of India's past assumes special objective approach. To the second category belongs Rajendra Lal significance inthe context of the problems we face Mitra (1822- 1891), who published some Vedic in modem times. texts and wrote a book entitled Indo-Aryans. Some people clamour for the restoration of A great lover of ancient heritage, he took a ancient culture and civilization,and a good many rational view of ancient society and produced are sentimentally swayed by what they consider a forceful tract to show that in ancient times to be the past glories of India. This is different people took beef. from the concern for the preservation of ancient Others tried to prove that in spite of is heritage in art and architecture. What they really peculiarities the caste system was not basically  Sources for AZ History on and judicial records, and diterent froin the cass ystem based for registers Writing in pre-industral and aTd taxes. of uisoc df labour fount Maruscnpts collected by accounts enciat.soctiets of Eurone wealthy Maiareshtrs, Ranakrishna Cipal Bhandarkar tnonastenes and| temples people, and placed , nulers and VishuaAth Rashinath Rajwade and archhves provide alot R1925 of in libraTIES detailed TS69.4926) emerged s wo great dodicated to ustornuns but are information atso difficult to se schoars who ptoced sogether varicd sources to Serites had to copy he manuscripts onstruct the socaal snd politicat hstury of the they made slight changes while by hand changes over the centuries doing so. a cuistry grew #RG Bhndarkar reeanstructed te political hustory mamuspts of lhus the same text diflerent other main of the Decan of the Satavahanas nd the history bocame very difficult from ca to fndthe ongma of ViastnavTSM and other sects author of mamscripts. A great socal retormer, through his researclhes 14th-century chronicler Ziyauddin he advcated wadow marriages and castigated hs chroncle first 1356 and Barant years in l another WIt fhe cvils ef the caste system and childmITiage late. But historians did not know version about tu Wth his unadulierated passion for escarch. existence af the first version untilthe VK Rajwade went from village to remained lost in large library vllage in e collections Maharashtra in scarch uf Sanskrit Historins and archaeologists manuscripts are like and sourres of Maratha hstory the sources came who use all these sources detecte like clues to to be publshed in twenty-two vournes nbout our pasts ind wu He dd not wrte much. but the history of the 7/New/I institustion of narrage thst he wrote in Murath n 1926 willcontinue to be a clasic because of Historical Sense its solid base in VediC snd other texts, and also Ancient ndisns are charged because of the authar's insight mto the stages in with the lack historical sense. It the evolutson of mariage in India. is obvious that they did Pandurang Vaman Kane (I880- 1972), a great wite hustory in the manner it is done now, nor dui Sanskntist wedded luo SOcial refurn, contnued the they write it in the way the Greeks did. carlier tradition of scholarshp. We have u sort ofhistory in the Puranas which are His monumental work entitied the History of the eighteen in number (Eighteen was a conventiona! Dharmasastra published in five volutnes in the term). R Iwenlieth century is atn encyclopacdia of acient social Though encyclopedie in contents, the Purana laws and customs. It enables us to makea study of provide dynastic history up to the beginning o! sOcial processes in ancient Inda. "the Gupta nute. The Vikrarna Samvat began in 57 B.C., the Shab. Samvatin A.D. 78, and the Gupta era in A.D. 319 Inseriptions record events in the context of tune Historians and thelr Sources and place. Historians are scholars who study the past. During the third century B.C. Ashokan inscripuo Historians use coins, inscriptions, architecture show considerable historical sense. and textual reconds to learn about the past The Ashoka ruled for 37 years. His inscriptionsrecord number and variety of texnual records nereased events that happened from the eighth to tlhe dramalcally during this penod, stowly displacing wenty- seventh regal year. So far events relating other type of availahle infarnuaton. tD only nne regnalyears appear in the insciplions Once sources are found, learning about the past that have been discovered. becomes an advcnture, as we reconstruct it bit B.C. Kharavela of Kalinga records a good many by biL. events of his life ycar-wise in the Hathigumpha Paper gTAdually became cheaper and more widely inscription. Available sense n tis used to write holy texts. chroticies Indians display considerable historical of rulers, etterx and teachings of saints, petitions biographical writings.  urces for History Writing A-3 A good example is the composition of the But the major part of these remains lies buried Harshacharita by Banabhatta in the seventh in the mounds scattered all over the country (The century A.D. mound is an elevated portion of land covering It is a semi-biographical work written in omate remains of old habitations). style, whichbecame the despair of later imitators. It may be of diflerent types single culture, major It describes the carly career of Harshavardhanan. culture and multi-culture. Single- culture mounds Although full ofexaggerations itgives an excellent represent only one culture throughout. Idea of the court life under Harsha and the social Some mounds represent only Painted Grey Ware and religious life in his age. (PGW) culture, others Satavahana culture, and Bilhana's Vikramanakadevacharita recounts the still others Kushan culture. achicvenents of his patron, Vikramaditya VI In major culture mounds, one culture is dominant (1076-1127). the Chalukya king of Kalyan. andthe others are not so important. Even the biographies (charita) of some merchants Multi-culture mounds represent sceveral important of Gujarat were written in the twelfth- thirteenth may cultures in succcssion which occasionally overlap centurics A.D. Similar historical works with one another, Like the Ramayana and the have been written in south India. Mahabharata, an excavated mound can be used But so far only one such account has been for the understanding of successive layers in discovered. This is called the Mushika Vamsha, material and otheraspects of culture. which was written by Atula in the eleventh century. A mound can be excavatcd vertically or It gives an account of the dynasty of the Mushikas, which ruled in northern Kerala. horizontally. Vertical excavation means lengthwise digging to But the best example of the earliest historical uncover the period wise sequence of cultures: it is writing is provided by the Rajatarangint or The Stream ofKings' written by Kalhana in the twelfth generally confinedto a part of the site. century. It is a string of biographies of the kings Horizontal excavation means digging the mound of Kashmir, and can be considered to be the first as a whole or a major part of it. The method may work which possesses several traits of history as enable the excavator to obtain a complete idea of it is understood in our times. the site culture in a particular period. (I1/OlMI Archaeologists Manuscripts E One is to search for and read books that were An archaeologist is a person who studies the written long ago. These are called manuscripts, remains of buildings made of stone and brick, paintings and sculpture. because they were written by hand (this comes from the Latin word 'manu', meaning hand). They also explore and excavate to find tools, weapons, pots, pans, omaments and coins. Manuscripts were usually written on palm leaf, or on the specially prepared bark of a tree known as They also look for bones of animals, birds, and fish to find out what people ate in the past. the birch, which grows in the Himalayas. The palm leaves were cut into pages and tied 6/New/I together to make books. Over the years, many manuscripts were eaten Types of sources and Historical away by insects, some were destroyed, but many Construction have survived, often preserved in temples and monasteries. Material Remains Manuscripts dealt with all kinds of subjects: The Ancient Indians left innumerable material religious beliefs and practices, the lives of kings, remains. medicine and science. The stone temples in south India and the brick There were epics, poems, plays. Many of these were written in Sanskrit, others were in Prakrit monasteries in eastern India sill stand to remind us of the great building activities of the past. (languages used by ordinary people) and Tamil.  Sources A-4 for History Flace of Habitation In the country asa whole the were recorded on stone. earliest *People have lived along the banks ofthe Narmada ofthe Christianera, copper in the inscini But river for several hundred thousand years. These plates early people stayed on the bank of Namada river as for this purpose. sbegan Sou they knew about the vast wealth of plants in the B Even then the practice of on engraving stone continued in south surrounding forests. India They used to collect roots, fruits and other forest Most inscriptions bearing onansoih produce for their food. Sometimes on larg Guptathe Maurya, post-Maurya and they also hunted animals. a tines Ca published in series of collections The areas where women Inscriptionum Indicarum. havebeen and men first began to caled grow crops such as wheat and barley was about CopuS S000 years ago. Famous story of Decipherment People also began to look after animals Rosetta is a town on the: north like sheep, coast goat, and cattle and used to here an inscribed stonee was of live in villages. found, which The places where rice was inscriptions in three different first grown are to the languages neontned north of the Vindhyas. (Greek, andtwo forms of About 2500 years ago, cities Egyptian). andscigs developed on the Scholars who could banks of the Ganga and its tributaries, read Greek figured and along the names of kings and queens were out the sea coasts. little frame, called a enclosedthat E In ancient times, the area along cartouche. They the Greek:andthe Egyptian ina its tributary rivers,to the the Ganga and signs side thenplaced south of the Ganga was identified the sounds for which byside,and known as Magadha which is now lying in the state stood. As you can see, a the Egyptian of Bihar. Its rulers were very powerful, lion stood forL, leters and set up for A. Once they knew what andaabird a large kingdom. Kingdoms were set up the letters in other (they could read other inscriptions stood for, as well, parts of the country as well. Inscriptions Inscriptions are writings on 6/NewI1 relatively hard Coins surfaces such as stone or metal. = In the past, when kings Although a good wanted their orders number of coins and inscriptions inscribed so that people could see, has been found on read and obey the surface, many of them haye them, they used inscriptions been unearthed by digging. for this purpose. There are other kinds The study of coins is of inscriptions as well, called numismatics. Ancient where men and women (including Indian curency was not kings and issued in the form of paper queens) recorded what they as is being used did. For example, these days, but as metal coins. records of victories in battle. Ancient coins were made of metal-copper, silver, All inscriptions gold, or lead. Coin moulds contain both scripts and made of burmt clay languages. Languages which were have been discovered in large numbers. used, as well as scripts, have Most of them belong to the changed over time. Kushan period, ic. Scholars understand the first three Christian centuries. The use o! what is inscribed on inscription through a process such moulds in the post-Gupta periods almost known as decipherment. disappeared. Inscriptions Literary Sources Far more important than coins are inscriptions. Although the ancient Indian knew writing as eary Their study is called as 2500 B.C., our most ancient manuscripls a10 epigraphy, and the old writing usedin inscriptions the study of have records is called palaeography. and other old not older than the fourth centuryy A.D., and been found in Central Asia. Inscriptions were carved on E about 30,000 seals, stone pillars, The Sangam rocks, copper plates, literature comprises eight temple walls and bricks or images. lines of poetry, which are arranged in anthologies called Ettuttokal. rces for History Writing A-5 ne poems are collected in groups of hundreds Foreign Accounts ch as Purananuru (The Four Hundred of the The Greck writers mention Sandrokottas, a xterior) andothers. contemporary of Alexander the Great who are two main groups Patinienkil Kannakku here invaded India in 326 B.C. Prince Sandrokottas is The Bighteen Lower Collections) and Pattuppattu identificd with Chandragupta Maurya, whose date The TenSongs). of accession is fixed at 322 B.C. assumed to be older than "he former is generally This identification has served as the sheet-anchor ne latter, and hence considered to be of much in ancient Indian chronology. istorical importance. The Indika of Megasthenes, who came tothe court Che Sangam texts have several layers, but at on basis of Chandragupta Maurya, has been preserved bresent they cannot be established the onlyin-fragments quoted by subsequent classical bf style and content. As shown later, these layers can be detected on the basis of stages in social, writers. evolution. gration of People escape from natural disasters like floods droughts.or Men and women moved in search of livelihood and also to caravans Sometimnes men marched in armies, conquering others' lands. Besides, merchants travelled with or ships, carrying valuable goods from place to place. to offer instruction and advice Religious teachers walked from village to village, town to town, stopping on the way. Finally, some people perhaps travelled driven by spirit of adventure, wanting to discover a new and exciting places. All these led to the sharing of ideas between people. Movements of people enriched our cultural traditions. People have shared new ways of carving stone, composing music, and even cooking food over several hundreds of years. tPhyslcal Map of the Subcontinent sulasa/ NAR Hiils Caro Vindbys Satpura Mahindi Ti R R GodnaiR. Bay of Bengal DECCAN KibuR Arabian Sea Kani R Lakshactweep In dian Oc e an A-6 Sources for History Origin of fndia's Name Niing Our country is known by both words i.e India and Bharat. The word India comes from the Indus. called Sindhu in Sanskrit. The Iranians and came through the northwest about 2500 years ago called it the Hindos or the)Indos, the Greeks and east of the river was called India. land he ho The name Bharata was used for a group of people who lived in the northwest, and who tothe in the Rigveda, the earliest compositionin Sanskrit (datedto about 3500 ycars ago arementioned for the country. ). Later itwas New andOld Terminologies usea E Theterms and meaning of words change over time. For example, "Hindustan'" today means The term was first used in the 13th century by Minhaj-i-Siraj, a chronicler who Wrote "India contains the areas of Puniab, Haryana and the lands between the Ganga and Yamuna in Peersian In carly 16th century, Babur used Hindustan to describe the geography, and the fauna and the inhabitants ofthe subcontinent,, same as culture how 14th-century poet Amir Khusrau used the of A simple term like "foreigner" is used today to mean sotmeone who is not an word"Hind"the Indian. period, a "foreigner" (Pardesi) was any stranger who appeared in a given village, Inthe mcdicval not a part of that society or culture. Someone who was A city-dweller might regard a forest-dweller as a "foreigner", but two peasants living village are not foreigners to each other, even they have diferent religious or if inthe same caste backgrounds. 7/New/I/1) Different Aspects of Past The word draw attentiontothe fact that 'pasts' has been used in plural fornto the past was different for different groups of people. People followed different practices and customs in different parts of the country. Archacology did not help us to know more about the ordinary people in the past because they did not keen records of what they did. Whereas, kings used to keep the records of their victories and the battles the fought. Meaning of Dates s Ycars are counted from the date generally assigned to the birth of Jesus Christ, the founder of Christianity,. All dates before the birth of Christ are counted backwards and usually have the letters BC (Before Christ) added on. AD stands for two Latin wods, Anno Domini", meaning 'in the year of the Lord' (i.e. Christ), So 2012 can also be written as AD 2012. E CE is used instead of AD and BCE instead of BC. The leters CE stand for 'Common Era' and BCE for 'Before Common Era'. We use these terms because the Christian Era is now used in most countries of the world. The letters BP means 'Before Present'. 6Newil/l )  GHAPTER2 Pre-historic Age Source of Information about Earliest The Palaeolithic Period: Hunters and People Food Gatherers Archacologists have found some of the things The Earth is over 4000million years old. The evolution of its crust shows four stages. hunter-gatherers made and used. The fourth stageis called the Quaternary, which Pcople made and used tools of stone, wood and diVided into Pleistocene (most recent) and bone, of which stone tools have survived best.a1S Holocene (present); the former lasted between Some of these stone tools were used to cut meat 2,000,000 and 10,000 years before the present and bone, scrape bark (from trees) and hides and the latter began about 10,000 years ago. (animal skins), chop fruit and roots. Man is said to have appeared on the carth in the Some may have been attached to handles of bone early pleistocene, when true ox, true elephant and or wood, to make spears and arrows for hunting. true horse also originated. But now this event Other tools were used to chop wood, which was used seems to have occurred in Africa about three as firewood. Wood was also used to make huts and million years back. They call the earliest period the Palaeolithic. This tools. comes from two Greek words, 'palaeo', meaning : old, and lithos', meaning stone.. Place of Settlement (Site) 6/New/T2 Sites are places where the remains of things (tools, pots, buildings etc.) were foun. These Palaeolithic tools, which could be as old as were made, used and left behind by people. 100,000 B.C., have been found in the Chotanagpur plateau. Such tools belonging to 20,000 B.C. These may be found on the surface of the earth, 10,000 B.C. have been found in Kumool district buried under the earth, or sometimes even under in Andhra Pradesh about 55 km from kurnool. water. 11/0la/I/s Rock Painting Hunter-gatherers and Their Movement Many of the caves in which these early people E People lived in the subcontinent as carly as two lived have paintings on the walls. Some of the best million years ago. The carliest people were known examples are from Madhya Pradesh and southern as hunter-gatherers. Utar Pradesh. These paintings show wild animals, The name comes from the way in which they got drawn with great accuracy and skill. their food. Generally, they hunted wild animals, caught fish and birds, gathered fruits, roots, nuts, seeds, leaves, stalks and eggs. Earliest People selected sites which were located Hunter-gatherers moved from place to place due near sources of water, such as rivers and lakes. to different reasons. As stone tools were important, people tried to They had stayed at one place for a long time, they find places where good quality stone was easily would have eaten up all the available plant and available. animal resources. Therefore, they would have bad to go elsewhere in search of food.